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OFFICIAL  PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


FOURTH  ASSEMBLY 

INTERNATIONAL  MINING 
CONGRESS       txf 


HELD  AT 


BOISE,  IDAHO,  JULY  23,  24,  AND  25,  1901. 

4 


IRWIN    MAHON,  SECRETARY, 
CARLISLE,  PENNSYLVANIA. 


Additional  Copies  of  this  Report  will  be  furnished  on  application 
to  E.  L.  Shafner,  President,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Fred  B.  Reed,  Vice- 
President,  Boise,  Idaho,  or  Irwin  Mahon,  Secretary,  Carlisle,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


Butte  Miner  Co.,  Printers,  Engravers  and  Binders 
Butte,  Montana 


T/VS" 


OFFICIAL  ROSTER      J  ; 

OF  THE  OFFICERS  OF  THE 

INTERNATIONAL  MINING  CONGRESS 

FOURTH  SESSION  MEETS  AT  BOISE,  IDAHO, 
JULY  23,  24  AND  25,  1901. 


OFFICERS. 

President,  Hon.  L.  Bradford  Prince,   Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 
Vice-President,  Hon.  A.  P.   Swineford,  Ketchikan,   Alaska. 
Secretary,    Irwin    Mahon,    Carlisle,    Penn. 
Treasurer,  E.   C.  Atwood,  Empire,  Colo. 
Assistant  Secretary,  W.  H.  Savidge,  Boise,  Ida. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Hon.  L.  Bradford  Prince,  Chairman,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. ;  Hon.  A.  P. 
Swineford,  Vice-Chairman,  Ketchikan,  Alaska ;  E.  C.  Atwood,  Treas- 
urer, Empire,  Colo. ;  Irwin  Mahon,  Secretary,  Carlisle,  Pa. ;  Hon.  Philo 
A.  Orton,  Darlington,  Wis. ;  J.  W.  Adams,  Dahlonega,  Ga. ;  Mrs.  Ella 
Knowles  Haskell,  Helena,  Mont. 

STATE  BOARD. 

Governor  F.  W.  Hunt,  Chairman ;  Hon.  Jules  Bassett,  Secretary  of 
State;  Hon.  John  J.  Plumer,  State  Treasurer;  Judge  B.  F.  Olden,  Chair- 
man City  Committee ;  Hon.  J.  H.  Richards,  Chairman  City  Reception 
Committee ;  Hon.  J.  A.  Lippincott,  State  Commissioner,  Boise ;  Hon.  Fred 
H.  Davis,  Assistant  State  Commissioner,  Boise;  Hon.  Martin  Jacobs, 
State  Mine  Inspector,  Boise,  Ida. 

STATE    VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

Alaska— A.   Hollis   White Ketchikan 

Arizona — George    P.    Blair Mammoth 

Arkansas — J.  S.   Hanford Batesville 

California — Col.    Thos.    Ewing Los    Angeles 

Colorado — W.  S.  Montgomery Colorado  Springs 

Georgia— Walter   P.    Andrews Atlanta 

Idaho — Frank    Steunenberg Boise 

Illinois— B.  W.  Goodsell 33  So.  Canal  St.,  Chicago 

Indiana— U.    Gulbert ^  U  y» ;  }'•  V/V Michigan   City 


4  Official  Roster 

Iowa — Dr.  H.  G.  Knapp Dubuque 

Kansas — H.    F.    Brinkham Dillon 

Michigan— A.  L.  Flewelling Crystal  Falls 

Minnesota— N.    C.    Westerfield St.    Paul 

Missouri— Geo.   P.   Paxton Joplin 

Montana— L.    S.    Woodbury Great    Falls 

Maryland— Henry    Shriver Mt.   Savage 

Nebraska— H.    M.    Rice Lincoln 

New  Mexico — R.  C.  Hatton Las  Cruces 

North  Carolina — J.   Frank  Wilkes Charlotte 

New  York — William  E.  Gray 1343  Broadway,  N.  Y.  City 

Oregon — I.   B.   Hammond Portland 

Ohio — E.    L.    Shafner .Cleveland 

Oklahoma — Ex-Gov.  W.  C.  Renfrew Oklahoma  City 

South    Dakota — Angus    MacKay Deadwood 

Tennessee — E.    C.    Camp Knoxville 

Texas— Roger    Q.    Mills Corsicana 

Utah— R.    C.    Chambers Park    City 

Washington— James   M.   Ashton Tacoma 

West   Virginia— Capt.   Thomas   Page Ansted 

Wisconsin — M.    H.    Richards Platteville 

Wyoming— Will    Reed Rawlins 

Washington,    D.   C.— Dr.   W.   Lee   White Washington 

British  Columbia— George  Alexander Kaslo 

Province  of  Ontario — Hon.  E.  J.  Davis Toronto 

Virginia— Gov.    J.    Hoke    Tyler Richmond 

STATE  ASSISTANT   SECRETARIES. 

Alaska— J.    A.    Bradley Revilla 

Arizona — C.    E.    Bowers Kingman 

Arkansas — Percy    Fitch Smithton 

California — J.    Irwin    Crowell Los    Angeles 

Colorado — William   M.   K.   Barbour. Colorado    Springs 

Idaho — J.    M.    Haines Boise    City 

Georgia — George    Seiiple Atlanta 

Illinois — D.  J.  Delong 90  Washington  St.,  Chicago 

Indiana — L.    P.   Newsby Knightstown 

Iowa — J.    W.    Miller Des    Moines 

Kansas— James    Bastgen Atchison 

Michigan— Edward   N.   Breiting Marquette 

Minnesota— E.    G.    Gridley Duluth 

Missouri— J.  W.  Marsteller Jefferson  City 

Montana — John   P.    Schmidt Helena 

Maryland — Chas.    Matt Baltimore 

Nebraska— J.  T.  Dorgan Lincoln 

New  Mexico— C.  J.  Gavin Raton 

North   Carolina— A.   H.    Isbell Murphy 

New  York— W.  L.  McCable Postal  T.  &  0.  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Oregon— Paul    Baumel < Portland 

Ohio— W.    L.    Kendall Cleveland 

Oklahoma — Henry   E.    Galsier Guthrie 

South    Dakota — Jas.    Czizek Leed    City 

Tennessee — H.    V.    Maxwell Knoxville 

Texas — Charles  B.  Edy El   Paso 

Utah — Hon.    D.    O.    Rideout Draper 

Washington— J.    T.    Thompson . Seattle 

West  Virginia— T.   E.   Hutson Elkhorn 

Wisconsin — M.   D.    Kelly Milwaukee 

Wyoming — J.  M.  Thomas,  Jr., Battle  Lake 


International  Mining  Congress.  5 

Washington,  D.  C.— Dr.  A.  McKnight 610  F  St.,  N.  W. 

British  Columbia— F.  W.  Kirby Rossland 

Virginia— Geo.    W.    Miles Radford 

Province  of  Ontario— Hon.  Thomas  W.  Gibson Toronto 

SESSIONS  OF  THE  CONGRESS  HAVE  BEEN  HELD  AS  FOLLOWS; 


DATE 


CITY 


PRESIDENT 


ADDRESS  REMARKS 


ist 

2nd 
3rd 

4th 

July    1897 

1898 
"      i»99 
June  1900 
July    1901 

Denver,  Colo. 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 
Milwaukee 

Boise,  Idaho 

Hon.  Alva  Adams 
Hon.  L.  Bradford  Prince 

Pueblo.  Colo. 
Santa  *ve,  N.  M. 

Temporary 

Passed  to 
June  1900 

Col.  M.  B.  Montgomery 
Hon.  L.  Bradford  Prince 

Cripple  Creek,  Colo. 
Santa  Fe.N.M. 

Boise,  Idaho. 

Boise,  Idaho,  where  the  fourth  annual  session  of  the  International 
Mining  Congress  was  held,  is  the  capital  city  of  the  State  of  Idaho,  and 
the  county  seat  of  Ada  county.  It  is  a  most  beautiful,  and  in  every  way 
a  most  attractive  city  of  homes,  sustained  by  extensive  sheep  and  cattle 
interests,  large  and  prolific  farms,  magnificent  orchards  and  gardens, 
and  surrounded  by  the  richest  mining  sections  to  be  found  anywhere  be- 
tween the  Rockies  and  the  Sierras. 

At  least  $2,000,000  yearly  in  gold  and  silver  finds  its  way  to  the 
United  States  assay  office  of  Boise,  a  large  portion  of  which  comes  from 
the  mines  and  placer  diggings  in  surrounding  camps,  and  this  in  itself 
is  but  an  insignificant  portion  of  the  output  of  the  mines  of  southern 
Idaho,  as  the  greater  part  of  their  production  finds  its  way  to  the 
smelters  in  Salt  Lake  City,  Kansas  City,  Denver,  Pueblo  or  San  Fran- 
cisco in  the  shape  of  crude  ore.  To  the  north  of  Boise  is  the  famed 
Boise  Basin,  which  has  a  record  of  over  fifty  millions  in  gold  since  its 
discovery,  and  its  auriferous  deposits  are  still  being  worked  on  a  large 
scale.  To  the  southeast  of  the  Boise  gold  belt  is  a  large  area  of  country 
rock  rich  in  deposits  of  the  precious  metals,  while  along  the  course  of 
the  Boise  river,  above  and  below  the  city,  there  is  almost  an  unbroken 
chain  of  placer  diggings.  In  the  eastern  portion  of  this  same  mineral 
belt  are  to  be  found  the  splendid  camps  of  Dixie  and  Neal.  Within 
twenty-five  miles  east  of  Boise,  Willow  and  Rock  Creek  districts  are 
located,  and  at  Pearl,  within  this  district  are  located,  such  noted  mines 
as  the  Red  Warrior,  the  Checkmate  and  others,  while  along  the  Snake 
river,  forming  the  Head  waters  of  the  Columbia,  the  bars  of  gold-bear- 
ing gravel  are  innumerable.  It  is  along  this  river  that  many  big  mining 
enterprises  are  now  being  successfully  inaugurated. 

In  Owyhee  county  are  some  of  the  greatest  bonanza  propositions 
ever  developed  in  the  West,  such  as  the  Trade  Dollar,  DeLamar,  Elaine, 
Black  Jack,  Poorman  and  Alta,  with  many  others  producing  millions 
annually.  In  the  Seven  Devils  district  alone  there  are  hundreds  and 
thousands  of  developed  and  undeveloped  mines  and  prospects  that  will, 
on  the  opening  of  the  Idaho  Midland  railroad,  astonish  the  world  with 
the  vastness  of  their  mineral  wealth.  Then  there  is  Thunder  Moun- 
tain, said  to  be  one  solid  body  of  gold  ore.  Professor  Mead  in  speak- 
ing of  this  mountain,  says:  "It  is  simply  a  great  mountain  of  ore," 
that  so  far  as  his  investigations  go,  he  could-  find  no  end,  top  or  bottom, 
of  the  deposit,  with  ore  enough  in  sight  to  keep  a  100-stamp  mill  run- 
ning for  years  on  ore  simply  quarried  out. 


OFFICIAL  ROSTER 

OF  THE  OFFICERS  OF  THE 

INTERNATIONAL  MINING  CONGRESS 


FIFTH  SESSION  MEETS  AT  BUTTE,  MONTANA, 
SEPTEMBER  1,  2,  3,  4,  AND  5,  1902. 


OFFICERS. 

President,  E.  L.  Shafner,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Vice-President,  Fred  R.  Reed,  Boise,  Idaho. 
Secretary,  Irwin  Mahon,  Carlisle,  Penn. 
Treasurer,  E.  C.  Camp,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

R  L.  Shafner,  Cleveland ;  Col.  J.  T.  Grayson,  Baker  City,  Ore. ;  Hon. 
L.  Bradford  Prince,  Santa  Fe ;  E.  C.  Camp,  Knoxville,  Tenn.;  Fred  H. 
Reed,  Boise,  Idaho.;  Mrs.  Ella  Knowles  Haskell,  Butte,  Mont. 

Irwin  Mahon,  Carlisle,  Penn.,   Secretary. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF 
FOURTH  ANNUAL  SESSION  OF 

INTERNATIONAL  MINING  CONGRESS 

BOISE,  IDAHO,  JULY  23,  24  AND  25,  1901. 


July  23,   1901. 
10    o'clock    A.    M. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  Hon.  L.  Bradford  Prince,  president. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  the  Right  Rev.  A.  J.  Glorieux,  as  follows : 

In  the  name  of  God,  amen :  It  is  truly  meet  and  just  that  we  at  all 
times  and  in  all  places  give  thanks  and  praise  to  Thee,  Holy  Father,  Eternal 
and  Almighty  God,  to  whom  we  now  raise  our  hearts  and  voices,  praying 
Thee  to  shower  Thy  blessings  upon  this  assemblage,  but  especially  upon 
those  who  are  to  take  part  in  the  deliberations  of  the  International  Mining 
Congress,  its  officers  and  delegates,  that  they  may  be  enabled,  by  Thy 
powerful  protection,  to  discharge  their  respective  duties  with  ability  and 
honesty,  and  for  the  good  of  their  people.  Let  the  light  of  Thy  divine  wis- 
dom direct  the  deliberations  of  this  Mining  Congress,  and  shine  forth  in  all 
its  proceedings  and  the  framing  of  its  laws,  so  that  those  laws  may  tend  to 
promote  the  mining  industry,  our  national  prosperity,  and  the  temporal, 
spiritual  and  eternal  welfare  of  the  people. 

Oil,  God,  who,  by  the  light  of  Thy  holy  spirit,  instructs  the  hearts  of 
the  faithful,  granting  them,  by  Thy  spirit,  to  have  right  judgment  in  all 
things,  and  foi  evermore  to  rejoice  in  His  salvation,  through  the  grace  of 
our  Lord,  on  this  great  auspicious  day  we  pray  Thee  also,  oh  God  of  might, 
wisdom  and  justice,  direct  the  deliberations  of  our  National  Congress  so 
that  they  may  frame  laws  for  the  development  of  our  mining  industry.  We 
pray  also  that  the  government  may  take  our  mining  interests'  into  its  spe- 
cial care  and  protection.  We  likewise  recommend  to  Thy  divine  bounty  all 
our  brethren  and  fellow  citizens  throughout  the  United  States,  and  espe- 
ciatlly  the  officers  and  delegates  of  this  Mining  Congress,  that  they  may  be 
preserved  in  union,  peace  and  mutual  brotherly  love,  and  after  enjoying 
the  blessings  of  this  life,  through  Thy  infinite  bounty,  and  through  their  own 
industry,  they  have  been  admitted  to  life  eternal.  Amen. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  Congress'  meets  this  year  in  this  great 
States  of  Idaho,  in  the  midst  of  its  wonderful  natural  resources,  and  in 
view  of  the  evidences  of  its  prosperity  and  the  industry  of  its  people. 

It  is  a  pleasant  thing  that  we  should  receive  greetings  from  those  among 


10  Official  Proceedings 

whom  we  meet,  and  especially  from  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  State,  and  I 
have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you,  to  the  members  of  the  Congress,  to 
whom  he,  perhaps,  needs  no  introduction — not  to  the  people  of  the  State 
itself — His  Excellency,  Governor  Hunt.  (Applause.) 

GOVERNOR  HUNT:  Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
Mining  Congress : — The  duty  delegated  to  me  today  to  greet  you  in  behalf  of 
the  State  is  a  pleasant  one,  and  I  wish  to  assure  you  that  this  meeting  of 
the  Mining  Congress  is  one  of  the  pleasantest  and  most  interesting  events 
that  has  ever  occurred  in  this  State. 

Last  year  we  sent  our  delegation  to  Milwaukee  not  only  to  take  part  in 
the  proceedings  of  the  Congress  and  to  guaid  and  advance  the  interests  of 
the  mining  industry,  but  also  hoping  to  induce  the  Congress  to  locate  its.  next 
annual  meeting  in  this  State  and  in  this  city,  which,  by  reason  of  its  geo- 
graphical location  we  consider  the  heart  of  the  great  Rocky  Mountain  re- 
gion, that  produces  the  bulk  of  the  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  of  the  world. 

We  have  but  a  small  city  here,  but  our  delegation,  sizing  up  the  crowd 
at  Milwaukee,  thought  that  we  could  accommodate  a  smiilar  number 
here,  and  if  by  chance  the  attendance  here  should  be  doubled,  we  would 
still  do  our  best  to  provide  for  you  and  extend  you  what  comfort  we  could 
in  this  arid  region — arid  no  longer,  I  hope,  while  you  are  with  us — though  it 
could  not  be  done  as  comfortably  as  in  some  of  the  larger  cities  asking  for 
the  Congress. 

Through  extreme  good  fortune  and  the  aid  of  some  very  warm  friends, 
our  delegation  was  successful. 

We  have  undertaken  to  secure  as  large  an  attendance  as  possible.  We 
have  tried  to  interest,  not  only  the  United  States,  but  the  world,  in  this 
Congress.  The  city  has  availed  itself  of  the  professional  services  of  Mr. 
Mahon,  the  secretary  of  your  Congress.  He  has  given  us  valuable  aid  and  it 
is  under  his  intelligent  direction  that  the  world  knows  that  the  International 
Mining  Congress  is  deliberating  in  session  today.  I  believe  the  International 
Mining  Congress  is  a  body  of  gentlemen  that  thoroughly  represents  the 
mining  industry,  and  by  that  I  mean  the  promotion,  capital  investment, 
production  and  marketing  of  ores. 

These  sessions  are  growing  in  importance.  We  are  here  to  consider  and 
recommend  needed  legislation,  so  that  our  mining  laws  may  be  made  more 
uniform,  and  I  take  it  we  aie  also  here  to  again  recommend  and  urge 
the  creation  of  a  Department  of  Mines  to  be  located  at  the  seat  of  our 
government,  and  with  an  officer  to  sit  in  the  Cabinet  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  and  care  for  the  growing  mining  interests  of  this 
country. 

We  have  brought  together  this  body  of  men  who  are  interested  in  their 
profession  and  all  that  pertains  to  it.  We  have  with  us  today  the  laborer, 
the  mechanic,  the  engineer,  the  operator,  the  owner,  the  capitalist  and  the 
promoter,  and  the  last  of  these  is  not  the  least  by  any  means.  Scripture 
tells  us  that  upon  that  last  day  the  first  shall  be  last  and  the  last  saall  be 
firs.  At  some  time  in  his  career  the  promoter  will  assuredly  be  first ;  and 
when  he  does  reach  that  position  we  are  ready  to  give  him  a  hearty  cheer. 
In  my  own  heart  1  have  a  warm  spot  for  the  promoter,  for  I  know  that  some- 
times he  is  unnecessarily  regarded  with  suspicion.  We  have  here  today  the 
representatives  of  some  of  thei  gieat  commercial  bodies;  we  have  members 
of  the  law-making  power  of  the  Federal  Government,  who  are  here  to  derive 
what  information  they  can  that  shall  be  of  benefit  in  future  legislation,  and 
we  have  the  representatives  of  some  of  the  greatest  and  most  advanced 
foreign  governments.  We  have  also  the  man  whom  we  cannot  overlook — 
the  prospector.  Next  to  the  Creator,  he  is  the  man  who  makes  the  mines, 
and  we  have  him  with  us)  today  and  honor  him.  Hei  it  is  who  blazes  the 
trails  for  us  to  follow :  who  is  the  pioneer  in  exploration,  and  although  he 
may  be  discontented  or  visionary,  yet  he  is  at  all  times  ambitious.  When 
these  high  mountains  shake  their  white  locks  and  their  piles  of  snow  come 
tumbling  down  the  gulches  in  pure  crystal  streams,  it  is  then  the  pros- 
pector packs  his  cayuse  or  his  burro  and  strikes  for  the  hills  ;  and  if  his 
rusty  bacon  or  flour  gets  low,  he  is  the  one  man  in  the  world  who  can  live 
cheerfully  on  hope.  We  have  all  these  men  with  us  today ;  a  body  of  men 
who  are  earnest  and  sincere ;  who  are  ready  to  touch  elbows  and  brush 
up  against  new  ideas ;  who  want  information  and  want  to  advance.  These 
sessions  of  the  Congress  bring  its  members  together  to  meet  new  ideas  ;  to 
come  in  contact  with  new  principles  and  to  meet  new  forces  in  the  science 


International  Mining  Congress.  11 

of  mining ;  to  exchange  valuable  information  ;  acquire  a  personal  knowledge 
of  new  country  and  of  recently  discovered  districts,  and  I  know  they  are 
a  relaxation  and  vacation  to  many  of  you  from  most  arduous  duties. 

We  had  some  hesitation  in  taking  this  Congress,  even  after  we  had  ac- 
cepted it,  but  it  was  only  through  fear  that  perhaps  accommodations  of 
our  city  might  not  be  sufficient  to  provide  for  you  comfortably,  but  we  wish 
to  assure  you  that  what  we  lack  in  quality  of,  modern  conveniences  we  will 
try  to  make  up  in  the  heartiness  of  our  welcome  to  you. 

I  wish  to  let  you  know  that  we  appreciate  the  great  honor  this  Con- 
gress is  to  us,  We  are  proud  to  have  you  with  us.  for  over  and  above  every- 
thing else  we  are  a  mining  state,  in  full  sympathy  and  accord  with  the  pur- 
poses and  objects  that  you  are  trying  to  secure. 

Some  of  you  are  from  far  eastern  and  southern  shores,  English,  Ger- 
man, French ;  of  Spanish  blood ;  of  almost  every  race  and  nation,  but  all 
miners.  Even  the  laborer  who  digs  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth  is  a  traveled 
man.  They  reach  out  all  over  the  world,  from  the  frozen  rivers  of  Alaska 
and  Siberia  to  the  torrid  belt  that  encircles  the  world,  and  from  there 
on  to  the  southernmost  confines  of  the  two  hemispheres,  so  that  I  judge 
there  are  very  few  of  you  here  who  do  not  know  something  about  the  West, 
and  perhaps  this  State  is  not  new  to  you. 

The  trip  here  at  this  season  of  the  year  is  not  very  pleasant,  coming 
either  from  the  east  or  west.  It  is  a, veritable  desert  apparently,  with  here 
and  there  an  oasis  upon  the  panorama  of  sagebrush  and  sand.  The  dust 
seethes  through  your  closed  train  on  those  hot  days,  and  you  wonder  where 
the  air  is,  which  we  claim  to  be  so  long  on  in  this  country.  But  when 
water  is  brought  upon  this  soil,  when  it  is  cultivated  and  reclaimed,  the 
sagebrush  of  the  plains  give  place  to  the  hardiest  fruits,  and  the  sifting 
sands  aie  changed  to  velvet  lawns.  We,  who  have  seen  these  changes  take 
place  slowly  and  gradually ;  who  believe  that  our  State  is  destined  for  the 
best ;  that  our  climate  is  the  healthiest  and  purest,  and  that  we  have  here 
what  is  fairest  and  happiest,  and  yet  we  are  glad  to  share  it  and  wish  a 
little  more  of  the  salt  of  the  earth  upon  this  fair  spot,  and  that  is  the  rea- 
son we  have  you  with)  us  to  abide  for  a  few  days,  or  as  long  as  you  will, 
footsoie  and  weary  though  you  may  be  with  the  regular  labors  of  your  lives, 
yet  here  to  refresh  yourselves  with  an  intercourse  that  must  be  of  value  to  each 
and  every  one  of  you,  and  of  great  benefit  to  the  industry  that  you  repre- 
sent. 

I  have  spoken  of  Idaho,  but  merely  with  the  intention  of  letting  you 
know  that  we  love  our  State  and  believe  in  it,  and  that  we  are  not  ashamed 
to  ask  people  to  come  into  it  and  share  it  with  us,  and  I  wish  to  assuie 
you  that  deep  down  in  the  hearts  of  our  people  lies  a  welcome  for  you  that 
Is  more  cordial  than  any  words  of  mine  can  express. 

We  hope  that  after  this  Congress  has  adjourned,  many  of  you  who 
have  journeyed  here  hundreds,  even  thousands  of  miles,  might  still  be 
pleased  to  wander  a  little  further  into  the  interior  of  our  State,  among  the 
mountains  which  stretch  in  one  unbroken  chain  for  three  hundred  miles  to 
the  north  and  nearly  as  far  to  the  east,  the  best  and  most  delightful  part 
of  Idaho.  So  far,  you  have  seen  its  outskirts  ;  its  least  attractive  part,  and 
I  assure  you  that  if  you  will  but  enter  the  State,  you  will  not  only  be 
pleased  with  your  experience,  but  you  will  find  gentlemen  ready  to  ac- 
company you,  and  you  will  be  received  with  a  true  western  welcome.  I 
know  that  many  of  the  other  Western  States  are  also  waiting  to  show  you 
their  country.  California,  Oregon,  Washington,  Montana,  Utah — in  fact, 
all  the  mountain  States  will  be  glad  to  have  you  look  them  over. 

I  am  here  today  in  my  official  capacity  as  Governor  of  Idaho,  to  wel- 
come you  to  this  State.  No  words  that  I  could  say  would  tell  you  so 
more  cordially  than  is  revealed  by  the  interest  and  pleasure  manifest  upon 
every  face  among  our  citizens  who  are  here  today.  Upon  the  lintel  of  our 
door  you  may  read  in  the  letters  of  light  the  word  "Welcome."  Our 
streets  and  buildings  are  ablaze  with  it.  It  means  that  we  are  of  one  pur- 
pose and  in  full  sympathy  with  the  objects  of  your  organization. 

Sometimes  words  become  fulsome  in  their  endeavor  to  express  ideas, 
so  perhaps  the  best  welcome  we  can  give  you  will  be  by  our  actions  while 
you  are  in  the  State,  and  the  impression  we  leave*  with  you  of  the  pleasure 
and  honor  of  this  occasion.  When  we  break  these  ties  I  hope  we  shall  all 
appreciate  the  value  of  this  experience  and  the  good  results  that  shall  flow 
from  it,  and  that  next  year  many  of  us  may  len'ew  this  acquaintance  where- 
ever  the  session  of  the  Mining  Congress  may  be. 


12  Official  Proceedings 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  All  of  us  who  have  never  before  been  in 
this  city  of  Boise  have  certainly  been  struck  by  the  beauty  of  the  sur- 
roundings, and  by  the  warmth  of  welcome  of  its  people. 

I  have  now  the  honor  of  introducing1  to  you  His  HonoT,  Mayor  Alex- 
ander, mayor  of  the  city  of  Boise. 

MAYOR  ALEXANDER:  Mr.  President,  and  members  of  the  Mining 
Congress :  In  behalf  of  Boise  City  I  present  to  your  President  the  keys  of 
Boise  (applause),  and  offer  you  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and  ask  you  to 
partake  of  its  hospitalities  without  stint.  Boise  City  is  proud  of  the  pres- 
ence of  the  fourth  International  Mining  Congress,  and,  for  once,  we  ask 
you  all  to  forget  that  you  are  citizens  of  any  other  State  than  the  State 
of  Idaho,  but  inhabitants  of  our  proud  little  town  called  Boise.  We  feel 
proud  of  the  honor  and  the  privilege  of  entertaining  you.  Boise  knows  well 
the  interest  of  mines  and  mining.  The  foundation  of  our  prosperity  is  min- 
ing. Upon  that  foundation  we  have  raised  a  great  superstructure,  agricul- 
ture, and  we  have  beautified  it  with  stock  raising  andi  sheep  raising ;  and, 
gentlemen  of  the  fourth  Congress,  you  are  assembled  in  a  little  town, 
which  for  its  prosperity  is  unequaled  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 
(Applause.)  These  mines  and  these  rich  hills  have  poured  forth  their 
riches  and  wealth  into  our  laps,  until  today  educational  institutions, 
cnurches,  and  all  the  good  things  of  earth  that  go  to  brighten  the  dawn 
of  the  twentieth  century  are  oui  s,  and  our  people  ask  you,  one  and  all,  to 
partake  of  our  good  things,  to  make  yourselves  at  home,  and  assimilate 
with  our  city  and  its  people,  so  that  your  stay  among  us  may  be  happy  and 
contented,  and  long  to  be  remembered  with  pleasure.  Boise  City  offers 
you  everything  in  its  power  to  make  you  comfortable  and  happy.  While 
it  may  not  be  as  large  as  some  of  the  towns  in  which  fo'rmer  sessions 
of  the  Congress  have  been  held,  within  our  hearts,  there  exists  in  our 
hearts  a  large  affection  for  you  which  will  turn  the  balance  in  our  favor. 
If  our  buildings  are  not  as  high  as  in  some  other  places,  our  aim  is  higher 
than  any  building  that  was  'ever  erected.  We  accept  the  Congress  because 
Idaho  is  a  state  of  mines,  and  Boise,  as  the  center  of  the  State  of  Idaho, 
receives  a  benefit  from  the  mines  that  cannot  be  estimated. 

Duiing  your  stay  in  our  midst  we  expect  to  treat  you  as  one  of  us, 
and  that  your  deliberations  will  redound  to  the  benefit  of  the  State  of  Idaho, 
and  of  every  state  in  the  union. 

•  The  work  for  this  Mining  Congress  has  been  done  by  my  predeces- 
sor. He  has  worked  ha'rd  and  faithfully  to  bring  forth  the  result  that  we 
have  now  accomplished ;  that  gentleman  is  Hon.  J.  H.  Richards,  ex-mayor 
of  Boise  City,  whom  I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you. 

MR.  RICHARDS :  Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Congress : 
It  has  fallen  to  my  lot,  as  a  citizen  of  our  State  and  city,  to  say  to  you  a 
few  words  of  greeting.  I  assure  you  that  I  appreciate  more  than  I  can 
adequately  express  the  honor  and  privilege  of  addressing  you  on  such  an 
occasion  as  this.  Intel-national  conventions,  of  the  importance  and  rep- 
resentative character  of  the  gathering  here  present,  are  not  yet  such  com- 
monplace incidents  with  the  people  of  Boise  and  Idaho  that  we  have 
become  accustomed  to  welcome  them  with  what  I  may  term  conventional 
politeness  merely.  We  extend  to  you  the  liberty  of  our  city  in  the  fullest 
sense  of  the  word.  We  do  not  invite  you  to  our  firesides — it  is  a  little  too 
warm  for  that — but  we  do  welcome  you,  cordially  and  sincerely,  to  our 
homes  and  our  hearts.  We  shall  endeavor  during  your  ail-too  brief  stay 
with  us  to  make  it  pleasant  for  you.  We  trust  that  when  you  go  hence 
you  will  want  to  come  back  again  some  time  in  the  near  future,  and  that 
all  your  recollections  of  this  occasion  will  be  agreeable  and  profitable. 
While  you  sojourn  with  us  we  shall  have  no  other  business  or  pleasure 
but  yours. 

Others  better  qualified  for  the  task  than  myself  will  attempt  to  in- 
terest you  in  the  great  extent  and  diversity  of  our  mineral  resources  as  a 
state,  and  we  hope  that  those  of  you  who  come  here  as  entire  strangers  will 
come  to  understand  more  clearly  what  at  first  blush  may  no  doubt  appear 
like  an  unwarranted  enthusiasm  on  our  part.  We  want  you  to  enjoy  and 
appreciate  with  us  the  display  of  natural  wealth  which  the  hand  of 
nature  has  so  lavishly  bestowed  upon  our  state,  and  we  want  you  to  profit 
thereby,  either  intellectually,  materially  or  aesthetically — or  all  together. 
In  short,  we  just  simly  want  you  to  understand  us. 


International  Mining  Congress.  13 

Fortunately  perhaps,  for  you,  I  am  not  myself  professionally  a  mining 
man.  I  shall  not  pretend  even  a  superficial  familiarity  with  all  the  subjects 
which  this  Congress  proposes  to  consider,  though  some  of  them  are  sub- 
jects in  which  I  take  a  very  great  interest.  For  many  years  before  coming 
to  this  state  I  lived  in  a  community  where  the  only  interest  was  mining; 
where  all  my  friends  were  interested  in  mining ;  where  I  had  important  in- 
terests in  mining,  too.  I  have  never  lost  that  sympathetic  interest — though 
I  "have  lost  other  things — but  it  is  not  now  so  much  a  matter  of  dollars  and 
cents  to  me  personally  as  the  consideration  of  general  ideas,  and  a  few  of 
these  I  shall  try  to  express  to  you  as  best  I  can  on  this  occasion. 

Mr.  Chairman,  as  a  nation  we  stand  at  the  portals  of  the  new 
century  with  all  its  possibilities,  and  when  we  stop  to  think,  of  those  pos- 
sibilities we  must  admit  that  they  are  not  less  marvellous  than  the  ac- 
complished facts  which  we  have  already  written  into  the  histo'ry  of  the  race. 
At  one  bound,  as  it  were,  we  have  taken  a  position  in  the  very  front  rank  of 
the  great  industrial  nations.  We  are  now  ready,  as  we  never  have  been  be- 
fore, to  compete  for  the  trade  of  the  world.  We  have  an  abundant  and 
practically  inexhaustible  supply  'of  all  the  minerals  which  are  commonly 
used  in  human  art  and  industry,  while  new  and  hitherto  unsuspected  re- 
sources are  being  disclosed  daily.  We  can  lay  all  these  products  at  the  door 
of  the  manufacturer  and  consumer  with  astonishing  cheapness.  We  pos- 
sess the  genius  to  meet  every  demand  for  new  and  more  economical  methods. 
We  have  irresistble  battalions  of  skilled  labor — the  best  on  the  planet,  be- 
cause it  is  the  most  intelligent  and  self-respecting.  American  machinery  is 
now  reaching  all  parts  of  the  world.  Our  bridges  and  locomotives,  literally 
and  not  figuratively,  carry  the  competitive  war  with  England  into  Africa. 
All  these  things  mean  an  enormous  impetus  to  every  industry  connected  with 
mines,  and  it  is  an  impetus  that  has  only  just  begun  to  be  felt. 

For,  gentlemen,  the  gates  of  the  Orient  are  opening  to  us— the  portals 
of  the  dawn.  We  here  on  the  Pacific  coast  are  watching  this  new  indus- 
trial development  in  the  far  east  with  the  keenest  interest.  It  means  a 
great  deal  to  our  whole  country,  but  it  particularly  concerns  us.  For  the 
region  which  has  already  been  planted  the  seeds  of  this  development  lies 
tributary  to  the  Pacific,  a  region  in  vastness  of  territory,  wealth  of  re- 
sources and  bulk  of  population  comparable  only  to  the  almost  illimitable 
waters  which  wash  its  shores.  Therefore  these  waters  of  the  Pacific  are 
destined  to  bear  upon  their  bosom  a  commerce  such  as  the  world  has  never 
seen  before,  and  to  meet  the  demands  of  that  commerce  beautiful  and 
opulent  cities  will  spiing  up  all  along  our  Pacific  coast,  and,  as  so  many 
times  in  the  past,  the  splendors  of  architecture,  the  refinements  of  art  and 
the  triumphs  of  intellectual  and  moral  power,  will  again  flourish  in  the 
shadow  of  the  marts  of  trade. 

Pardon  me  this  seeming  disgression,  which  is  not  wholly  a  digression, 
for  1  want  to  say  to  you  that  the  products  of  the  mine  are  going  to  be  very 
prominent  factors  in  this  mighty  onward  march  to  the  tune  of  twentieth 
century  idea.  It  has  been  the  proud  distinction  of  our  sister  state  California 
that  the  stream  of  gold  which  she  poured  into  the  lap  of  trade  and  in- 
dustry during  the  crucial  period  of  the  civil  war  contributed  in  no  small 
measure  to  our  financial  stability  at  that  time,  and  a  similar  distinction  in 
the  future  will  be  shai  ed  by  all  of  our  states  in  which  the  mining  industry 
is  prominent.  The  great  contest  for  which  we  as  a  nation  are  to  gird  our 
loins  in  the  near  future  may  not  be  one  which  involves  the  use  of  battle- 
ships and  long-range  guns.  It  may  be,  and  most  likely  will  be,  one  which 
will  be  very  largely  determined  by  the  financial  stability  assured  by  a  large 
production  of  the  precious  metals,  cheap  and  abundant  manufactures  of 
iron,  steel,  lead  and  other  metals,  unrivaled  efficiency  of  labor,  and  legi- 
timate industrial  combinations,  based  primarily  not  upon  selfishness  and 
greed,  but  upon  justice  to  labor  and  saving  to  the  consumer. 

The  mining  industry  since  the  early  morn  of  civilization  has  ever  been 
the  handmaid  of  the  advancement  of  the  human  race.  First  the  flocks  and 
herds,  then  the  tilled  field,  and  with  the  tilled  field  the  products  of  the 
mine  from  which  to  forge  tools  for  agriculture  and  weapons  for  the  defense 
of  the  home,  from  which  to  draw  the  life-blood  of  commerce  and  supply  the 
plastic  material  of  art.  Agriculture  and  mining  have  always  gone  together, 
hand  in  hand ;  the  most  powerful  civilizations  of  antiquity  were  reared  upon 
their  broad  foundations.  The  Athenians  early  acquired  a  great  advantage 
as  traders  on  account  of  the  rich  silver  mines  of  Africa.  The  Cartha- 
genians  built  up  a  lucrative  commerce  with  less  advanced  nations  by  their 
large  product  of  metals  and  proficiency  in  metal  manufacture.  The  Ro- 


14  Official  Proceedings 

mans  fostered  with  the  greatest  care  mining  in  silver,  copper,  iron  and  gold. 
And  I  venture  to  say,  gentlemen,  that  the  production  and  manufacture 
of  the  useful  and  precious  metals  is  even  more  important  today,  relatively 
speaking,  than  ever  before  in  the  history  of  the  race.  Metal  manufactures 
as  we  all  know,  are  extending  into  fields  never  before  occupied  by  them, 
and  the  products  of  the  mine  are  coming  forward  to  take  the  place  of  our 
fast  vanishing  forests ;  are  being  used  instead  of  wood  in  the  construction 
of  houses,  bridges,  ships  and  articles  of  general  utility  to  a  degree  never 
dreamed  of  even  so  late  as  twenty-five  years  ago. 

Therefore  the  time/  is  now  here,  as  we  hope,'  when  this  government  is 
going  to  grant  a  moie  intelligent  recognition  to  this  great  primary  source 
of  material  wealth  upon  which  human  advancement  so  much  depends. 
Agriculture  has  within  the  last  few  years  been  recognized  by  the  establish- 
ment} of  an  agricultural  department  at  Washington,  and  we  all  know  how 
richly  the  wisdom  of  what  many  then  considered  to  be  a  foolish  innovation 
has  been  justified  by  the  results.  The  energetic  and  far-sighted  labors  of  the 
agricultural  department  of  the  government  have  already  added  untold  mil- 
lions to  the  wealth  of  this  country.  They  have  enlarged  our  markets,  they 
have  been  the  means  of  introducing  new  and  profitable  staple  crops,  to 
the  great  advantage  of  our  farmers,  they  have  popularized  more  scientific 
methods  of  cultivation.  Now  we  intend — and  I  earnestly  hope  that 
this  Congress,  before  it  ceases  its  deliberations,  will  give  emphatic  ex- 
pression to  this  idea — we  contend  that  mining,  or  that  source  of  material 
wealth  held  in  the  miserly  clutch  of  the  insensible  rock,  shall  be  'recognized 
by  the  establishment  at  Washington  of  a  Department  of  Mines,  and  Min- 
ing, co-ordinate  in  all  respects  with  the  department  of  agriculture.  For 
each  of  these  sources  of  supply  supplements  and  inspires  the  other.  Both 
together  are  the  bedrock  upon  which  all  human  'endeavor  rests.  Agriculture 
and  mining  are  the  two  great  primary  means-,  by  which  mother  earth  pro- 
vides for  and  enriches  her  children.  All  other  forms  of  material  develop- 
ment and  progress  rest  their  hopes  on  these  twin  fountains  of  natural  sup- 
ply. When  the  department  of  agriculture  was  established  it  was  because  it 
was  discerned  that  we  could  easily  produce  enough  to  fe^d  and  clothe  the 
world ;  that  wider  markets  were  all  that  we  needed,  and  the  situation  in 
mineral  production  is  precisely  analogous.  That  production  has  now  become 
so  stupenduous  that  this  country  brings  every  year  from  the  storehouse  of 
the  rock  mineral  wealth  to  the  amount  of  one  billion  dollars.  Would  it  not 
be  well,  then,  to  have  this  production  regulated,  fostered  and  stimulated 
by  the  guiding  hand  of  our  national  government?  Why  should  the  people's 
money  be  appropriated  to  help  introduce  American  corn  and  the  American 
hog  in  Germany,  and  denied  to  help  introduce  American  silver  or  American 
locomotives  in  China? 

It  sometimes  seems  to  me,  gentlemen,  that  western  mining,  inasmuch 
as  in  many  phases  it  seems  to  be  characteristic  of  a  wild  and  woolly 
stage  of  civilization  from  the  standpoint  of  our  'eastern  friends,  has  never 
yet  had  proper  justice  done  to  its  merits  and  achievements.  Only  when  we 
consider  the  far-reaching  effect  of  mining  upon  the  general  development 
and  prosperity  of  a  people,  and  observe  what  an  impulse  its  healthy  growth 
gives  to  human  activity,  and  become  aware  of  the  sustaining  force  it 
supplies  to  a  nation  in  the  hour  of  national  trial,  do  we  begin  to  compre- 
hend its  importance.  Subtract  from  the  mighty  economic  force  of  the  east- 
ern and  middle  states  of  this  union  the  impulse  given  to  commerce  and 
industry  by  the  production  of  coal,  oil,  iron,  copper,  lead  and  zinc,  and  tell 
me  how  much  will  be  gone.  Take  from  the  west  its  mineral  production  and 
you  sap  its  vitality.  It  is  the  boast  of  mining  in  the  west  that  it  has  suc- 
ceeded in  reversing  the  order  of  nature,  for  mining  all  over  this  coast  came 
first  in  sections  apparently  so  inhospitable  to  the  agriculturist  that  many 
believed  they  could  never  be  redeemed  to  cultivation ;  and  yet  the  irrigation 
canal,  the  plow  and  the  pruning  hook  followed  from  the  very,  necessity 
of  feeding  thef  early  miners,  and  it  was  discovered  at  last  that  the  wilder- 
ness could  be  transformed  into  a  smiling  garden  and  support  miliioiis  of 
happy  homes. 

Mr.  Chairman,  the  east  and  the  west  are  inter-dependent.  I  would 
be  the  last  to  underrate  the  generosity  of  the  east.  I  admit  with 
gratitude  what  we  here  in  the  west  owe  to  her  confidence  in  us.  I  hasten 
to  concede  how  lavishly  she  has  given  of  her  substance  in  order  to  make  the 
west  what  it  is  today.  I  profoundly  deplore  the  poor  judgment  she  has 
shown,  in  some  of  her  investments.  But  I  always  feel  that  the  people  m 
that  section  owe  more  than  they  generally  realize,  perhaps,  to  the  great 


International  Mining  Congress.  15 

value,  and  utility  of  western  products  and  to  those  stout-hearted  pioneers 
who,  in  what  was  so  long  known  as  the  great  American  desert,  touched  the 
foi  bidding  rock  with  the  magic  wand  of  energy  and  intelligence  and  brought 
forth  perennial  .streams  of  gold  and  silver,  the  means  of  vitalizing  our 
financial  system,  the  means  of  adding  real  value  to  all  our  commerical  and 
industrial  life. 

This  is  what  mining  has  done  for  our  common  country.  It  was  those 
pioneers,  mostly  sons  of  the  east,  miners  in  search  of  the  precious  metals 
who  crossed  the  trackless  desert,  marking  their  course  by  the  final  resting 
places  of  comiades  who  fell  by  the  wayside,  braving  the  enmity  of  the  sav- 
age hordes,  scaling  the  almost  inaccessible  mountain  side,  penetrating  the 
gloomy  and  dangerous  ravine — it  was  these  men  who  opened  up  the  treas- 
ure vaults  of  nature  to  the  use  of  man ;  it  was  their  labor  that  sent  a 
thiill  of  fresh  life-blood  through  the  minutest  artery  of  the  world's  com- 
merce ;  it  was  their  energy  that  helped  fill  the  national  strong-box  with  hard 
cash  at  the  time  when  we  needed  it  most. 

Gentlemen,  with  the  change  and  ferment  of  the  last  three  years  to  the 
political  and  economical  world,  new  ideas  have  come  into  our  American  life. 
The  America  of  today  is  not  the  America  of  a  generation  ago,  nor  even  of 
three  years  ago.  The  conservative  ideas  of  the  past  can  only  serve  us  now 
in  the  new  light  of  the  present. 

New  occasions  teach  new  duties ; 

Time  makes  ancient  good  uncouth  ; 

They  must  upward  still  and  onward, 

Who  would  keep  abreast  of  Truth. 

The  America  of  yesterday  will  hold  its  place  only  in  history ;  it  will 
make  history  no  longer.  The  America  of  today  in  the  general  affairs  of  the 
world  has  that  assured  predominance  which  belongs  to  the  absolute  pro- 
prietor of  more  than  a  vast  continent.  What  America  can  now,  do  in  the 
world  is  limited  chiefly  by  what  it  feels  inclined  to  undertake.  I  say  to  the 
mining  men  of  the  west:  you1  must  not  forget  that  at  this  very  hour  you, 
too,  are  standing  face  to  face  with  new  conditions  and  with  a  new  world, 
that  until  lecently  you  never  dreamed  would  confront  you  as  hospitably  as 
now.  You,  like  the  rest  of  us  who  live  on  the  Pacific  slope,  must  not  for- 
get that  the  Orient,  with  her  teeming  millions  and  awakening  desires,  wants 
your  minerals  and  your  metal  manufactures  just  as  much  as  she  wants 
Hour,  lumber  and  cotton  goods. 

The  nineteenth  century  has  gone  into  history.  We  stand  at  the  thresh- 
old of  the  new  century,  with  new  prospects  and  new  hopes  and  a  fullei 
realization  of  our  power  and  our  possibilities.  The  new  century  will  be 
dominated  by  the  new  idea  that  whatever  we  do  should  be  distinctively 
American  in  spirit,  which  means :  demand  our  own,  protect  our  own,  pay 
for  what  we  get,  require  pay  for  what  we  give;  the  American  flag  on  the 
American  ships;  help  the  oppressed,  enlightenment  for  the  ignorant, 
recognition  of  the  rights  of  other  peoples  to  work  out  life's  problems  ac- 
cording to  forms  suited  to  their  conditions.  In  other  words,  with  this 
nation  from  now  on  all  our  endeavors  and  all  our  aspirations  should  be  dis- 
tinctively American.  WTe  are  getting  too  big  to  copy  Europe  any  longer. 
Less  than  ever  do  we  need  to  imitate  her  armed  camps ;  more  than  ever  do 
we  possess  the  opportunity  of  vanquishing  her  in  the  paths  of  peace.  . 

Gentlemen,  in  this  American  spirit  now  dominating  our  hopes,  with 
eager  anticipation  of  the  pleasure  of  meeting  you,  both  individually  and 
collectively,  with  sincere  appreciation  of  the  honor  you  have  conferred  upon 
us  by  assembling  here,  we  welcome  you,  one  and  all,  to  our  midst. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  We  all,  I  know,  appreciate  the  fact  that 
we  have  with  us  today  the  distinguished  senator  from  the  State  of  Idaho, 
Senator  Dubois,  who  is  known  far  and  wide,  and  has  been  from  the  time 
he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  official  life,  as  the  friend  of  the  mining  In- 
dustry. It  is  certainly  a  pleasure  to  introduce  to  this  Mining  Congress 
Senator  Dubois  of  Idaho.  (Applause.) 

SENATOR  DUBOIS :  Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  am 
here  somewhat  as  a  stranger,  or  more  as  a  guest,  than  as  one  of  the 
speaker  with  a  plax?e  upon  the  program,  and  I  should  find  it  very  diffi- 
cult to  add  anything  to  the  very  warm  and  hearty  greetings  which  you 
have  received  from  Governor  Hunt,  the  Mayor  and  the  ex-Mayor.  I  could 


16  Official  Proceedings 

not  do  it  if  I  wanted  to,  because  the  Governor  has  given  you  the  State, 
the  Mayor  has  given  you  the  city,  and  he  has  presented  the  keys  to  your 
presiding  officer,  with  instructions  to  unlock  everything  good  in  Boise  to 
the  delegates,  and  we  all  know  that  the  Mayor  has  the  authority. 

I  came  through  from  the  East  with  some  delegates  from  that  section 
— got  on  the  train  at  Pocatello,  rather — and  they  all  had  the  opportunity 
of  looking  at  the  country.  I  told  them  that  the  country  around  here  is 
the  empire  of  the  country.  It  certainly  is  the  most  populous  part  of 
Idaho.  It  is  our  great  agricultural  section.  Pretty  soon  one  of  them,  an 
old  friend  of  mine  from  Illinois,  said  he  would  enjoy  exceedingly  visiting 
the  country  around  Boise.  I  said  :  "When  you  get  to  Boise  you  will 
be  in  the  midst  of  the  greatest  fruit  growing  region  on  earth,  I  don't  even 
except  California."  Well,  he  had  heard  something  about  the  Clear  Water, 
up  north.  I  said,  "Oh,  yes;  that  is  the  only  place  on  earth  where  any 
wheat  of  any  consequence  is  raised.  He  said :  "You  seem  to  think  you 
have  quite  a  state  out  here."  I  said :  "No ;  I  am  recognized  generally  as 
one  of  the  most  modest  and  unassuming  men  in  Idaho.  When  you  get 
to  Boise  some  of  our  citizens  will  tell  you  something  of  the  resources  of 
Idaho."  (Laughter.) 

I  would  not  have  been  called  upon,  but  my  colleague  is  now  engaged 
in  a  philanthropic  mission  up  north.  Some  of  you  will  recall,  perhaps, 
that  the  Rivers  and  Harbors  Commission,  which  was  created  at  the  last 
session  of  Congress  is  now  in  the  northwest  engaged  in  examining  the 
Columbia  and  Snake  rivers.  My  colleague  is  with  them,  and  we  hope 
that  they  will  open  the  Snake  river,  and  reclaim  the  land  of  the  entire 
country.  (Applause.) 

If  you  gentlemen  want  to  see  mining  you  may  go  in  any  direction 
from  this  beautiful  fruit  section  and  see  it  in  perfection,  and  if  you  go 
to  the  Coeur  d'Alenes  you  will  see  the  greatest  mining  camp  on  earth.  It 
has  not  an  equal  on  the  globe.  That  camp  alone  produces  more  than  one- 
half  of  all  the  lead  produced  in  the  United  States,  and  the  mines  are 
conducted  with  all  the  modern  appliances.  I  think  your  president  will 
arrange  for  low  transportation,  so  that  you  can  go  to  the  Coeur  d'Alenes 
and  see  the  greatest  lead  camp  on  earth,  and  from  there  to  Butte  and  see 
the  greatest  copper  mining  camp  on  earth,  and  from  there  to  your  own 
National  park  and  see  the  greatest  wonders  that  the  world  has  in  its 
store.  (Applause.) 

I  will  close  by  saying  that  any  citizen  of  Idaho  will  tell  you  some- 
thing of  the  beauties  of  our  State. 

I  can  but  ecEo  the  sentiments  of  the  Governor,  the  Mayor  and  the 
ex-Mayor,  and  bid  you  a  most  cordial  welcome  to  our  city.  (Applause.) 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  These  cordial  and  gracious  words  of  greet- 
ing from  the  representatives  of  the  State  and  the  City  certainly  deserve 
a  fitting  response ;  and  that  response,  I  think,  should  come  from  different 
portions  of  the  territory  that  is  represented  here  by  the  mining  com- 
munity. 

I  will  call  upon  Mr.  Shafner,  of  Ohio,  coming  from  what  we  call  here 
the  eastern  part  of  tne  country,  to  express  on  behalf  of  that  section  our 
sentiments  on  this  occasion. 

MR.  SHAFNER:  Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  It  gives 
me  great  pleasure  to  meet  the  people  of  Idaho,  and  to  meet  those  from 
other  states  who  are  assembled  here.  I  am  deeply  gratified  with  the  warm 
and  cordial  reception  that  has  been  extended  to  us  by  the  Governor  of 
this  State,  and  by  the  Mayor  of  this  City. 

I  come  from  the  State  of  Ohio,  which  I  believe  to  be  one  of  the 
grandest  States  in  the  Union.  We  have  turned  out  some  very  noble  men, 
who  have  become  Presidents  of  these  United  States  ;  and  I  believe  that 
if  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  had  landed  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  that  the 
State  of  Idaho  would  have  been  the  Ohio  of  the  West.  (Applause.) 


International  Mining  Congress.  17 

I  believe  your  resources  here  are  great.  We,  in  the  city  of  Cleveland, 
on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  where  the  iron  from  the  great  Superior  re- 
gion, and  the  coal  from  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  meet,  build  ships 
that  are  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  Your  inland  conditions  will  not 
permit  you  to  do  that,  but  your  valleys  and  your  hills  are  full  of  minerals, 
of  gold  and  silver,  which  should  make  your  State  and  its  citizens  rich. 

I  do  not  intend  on  this  occasion  to  make  a  speech.  I  will  only  ex- 
press in  behalf  of  the  delegation  from  Ohio  the  warmest  appreciation  for 
your  kind  words  of  welcome,  and  for  the  arrangements  you  have  made 
for  our  comfort.  (Applause.) 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  We  have  now  heard  from  the  East.  Tak- 
ing the  Philippines  into  account,  Utah  is  just  about  in  the  middle  of  the 
country,  and  we  would  be  glad  to  hear  from  Dr.  Talmage,  of  Utah. 

DR.  TALMAGE  :'  Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  It  is  only 
since  this"  assemblage  came  together  that  I  learned  of  this  honor  re- 
served for  me,  but  I  embraced  it  most  heartily,  and  perhaps  I  can  say 
nothing  more  appropriate  than ,  this :  That  the  hospitality  of  the  State 
of  Idaho,  and  of  the  City  of  Boise  is  in  the  spirit  which  prompts  it.  I 
believe,  indeed,  coming  from  a  State  immediately  to  the  south,  that  we 
of  Utah  are  such  close  neighbors  to  the  good  people  of  Idaho  that  we 
could  almost  aspire  to  share  the  pleasures  of  host,  rather  than  accept  your 
hospitality  as  guests,  in  the  sense  of  'strange  guests.  (Applause.)  We 
being  such  close  neighbors,  often  drop  in  upon  you  and  see  you  when 
perhaps  you  do  not  know  we  are  looking  on.  and  call  upon  you  at  times 
that  are  odd,  and  at  irregular  intervals.  But  we  will  forego  the  pleasures 
of  acting  as  hosts  on  this  occasion,  and  with  the  others  share  your  gen- 
erous hospitality. 

We  realize  that  your  State  is  one  of  incalculable  resources,  we  realize 
the  blessings  that  will  accrue  to  you,  and  we  are  selfish  enough  to  say 
to  you  that  we  also  will  receive  some  of  the  benefits  that  arise  from  the 
presence  of  this"  Congress.  We  are  heartily  in  accord  with  your  efforts 
to  promote  the  mining  interests  in  this  region,  for  what  are  your  interests 
are  ours  also.  And  when  we  look  about  us  and  see  what  you  have  done 
for  this  association  in  making  it  what  it  is  we  think  you  are  capable  of 
anything  that  you  may  care  to  attempt.  (Applause.)  And  I  believe  1 
am  hardly  speaking  for  the  Utah  delegation  alone— it  is  true  that  we  are 
separated  into  sections  here,  and  properly  labeled,  so  that  those  looking 
may  know  from  what  quarter  we  come ;  but  I  believe  I  may  safely  take  to 
myself  the  honor  of  speaking  for  the  entire  assembly  when  I  say  I  da 
not  believe  sectional  feeling  or  interest  will  prevail  here.  (Applause.)  In- 
deed, I  have  had  no  intimation  that  such  feelings  are  entertained  at  all ; 
and,  being  of  one  heart  and  one  mind,  I  be.lieve  that  the  delegates  and  all 
members  of  this  Congress  will  work  together  for  the  purpose  of  making 
this  Congress  all  that  it  was  designed  and  intended  to  be,  and  more. 

In  accordance  with  some  quaint  old  custom  the  Mayor  has  graciously 
handed  the  keys  of  the  city  to  our  respected  president,  and,  therefore,  to 
us.  I  was  led  to  wonder  for  what  this  was,  and  what  was  meant  by  It 
Surely  not  to  let  us  into  the  city,  for  we  are  here.  We  have  not  learned, 
perhaps  what  good  things  of  Boise  may  be  unlocked  for  us  with  that 
bunch  of  keys ;  but  we  have  been  so  heartily  welcomed  that  we  could  hardly 
expect  very  much  more. 

Therefore,  to  His  Excellency  the  Governor,  to  His  Honor  the  Mayor. 
and  to  the  Senator  from  Idaho,  who  have  addressed  us  in  such  pleasant 
terms  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  Idaho  and  of  the  city  of  Boise,  we  re- 
turn our  most  hearty  thanks,  and  say  to  you  that  we  appreciate  your  wel- 
come, and  we  hope  to  continue  to  feel  ourselves  most  thoroughly  at  home. 
(Applause.) 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE ;  The  delegations  from  the  extreme  West 
from  Hawaii  and  the  Philippines,  have  unfortunately  been  detained  a 
short  time  and  will  not  arrive  until  the  afternoon  train.  But  perhaps 


18  Official  Proceedings 

you  will  not  feel  badly  on  that  account,  because  it  brings  to  us  as  the 
representative  of  the  West  the  western  portion  of  this  great  country, 
the  eloquent  voice  of  Colonel  Ewing.  I  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing 
Colonel  Ewing.  of  California.  (Applause.) 

COLONEL  EWING:  Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  of  this 
Congress:  I  did  not  come  here  today  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
speech.  The  distinguished  gentleman  from  Utah  who  has  been  before  you 
"has  expressed  all  that  we  could  express  here.  Although  coming  from  the 
golden  shores  of  California,  we  there  recognize  Utah  as  one  of  us.  We 
have  long  known  Utah,  long  seen  the  results  of  her  great  work  in  min- 
ing. I  once  had  the  good  luck  to  be  identified  with  Idaho,  and  I  am  proud 
of  it.  If  they  are  anything  they  are  a  hospitable,  progressive  people. 
They  have  been  so  kind  in  welcoming  us  here  that  we  can  only  thank 
them  from  the  bottom  of  our  hearts,  and  say  that  we  will  do  all  that 
is  in  our  power  to  make  it  pleasant  while  we  are  here.  (Applause.)  We 
thank  you  very  much  for  your  kindness. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  This  brings  to  a  close  this  pleasant  part 
of  the  ceieir.cnials,  the  welcomes  and  and  the  responses,  and  on  the  pro- 
gram brings  us  down  to  what  is  called  the  president's  address,  which  in 
this  case  will  bo  short. 

I  do  not  know  that  I  can  add  anything  on  behalf  of  the  whole  Con- 
gress to  the  words  that  have  been  so  well  said  in  response  by  those  who 
come  from  the  different  parts  of  the  United  States.  Perhaps  it  would 
be  proper  to  say  something  in  appreciation  of  the  confidence  that  was 
shown  to  be  reposed  in  us  by  the  presenting  of  these  keys.  It  shows  that 
in  Idaho,  at  any  rate,  the  phrase  "honest  miner"  is  regarded  as  a  fact 
rather  than  a  simile,  and  that  it  is  appreciated  in  an  honest  mining  com- 
munity. 

Some  of  us,  of  course,  have  been  here  before,  and  are  familiar  with 
the  wonders  of  this  part  of  the  country.  We  live  in  a  great  country, 
every  portion  of  which  has  its  individual  wonders.  But  those  who  have 
not  been  here  before,  and  I  am  one  of  them,  I  am  sure  have  been  sur- 
prised to  see  the  great  variety  of  resources  that  are  here  before  us,  and 
that  have  been  spoken  of  in  the  addresses  that  have  been  made.  The 
agricultural  and  horticultural  area  of  this  State  is  like  an  oasis  in  a 
desert.  The  orchards  and  gardens— I  do  not  know  when  I  have  seen  a 
more  beautiful  garden  than  I  passed  on  the  way  to  this  building  this 
morning,  with  its  variety  of  evergreens  towering  above  its  velvet  carpet 
of  green  grass.  I  have  a  great  interest  in  coming  to  this  city 'and  to  this 
State,  which,  if  you  will  pardon  me  a  moment  of  personal  remark,  I  will 
speak  of.  You  have  all  heard  the  story  of  the  old  lady  in  a  town,  who, 
meeting  a  young  man  who  had  grown  up  in  the  next  block  to  about  the 
age  of  fourteen,  said  to  him  one  day,  "Henry,  you  and  I  ought  always 
to  be  very  good  friends,  because  we  come  very  near  being  extremely  close 
relatives."  The  boy  said,  "Why,  how?"  "Why,"  said  she,  "if  I  had  only 
said  'Yes'  to  your  father  instead  of  saying  'No'  sixteen  years  ago,  I 
would  have  been  your  own  mother."  (Laughter.)  Now,  something  over 
twenty  years  ago,  through  the  kindness  of  the  president  who  presided 
over  this  nation  at  that  time,  I  was  offered  the  governorship  of  the  then 
Territory  of  Idaho.  I  am  not  today  going  to  express  vain  regrets),  but  1 
must  say  that  if  I  could  have  seen  Idaho  then,  and  if  it  had  looked  as  it 
looks  today,  the  "No"  of  that  time  would  have  been  "Yes,"  and.  while  1 
would,  not  have  been  the  mother  of  the  community,  I  might  have  been 
considered  among  the  old  settlers  here.  (Laughter.)  So  that  I  have 
naturally  felt  «,  great  interest  in  coming  to  this  State,  and  to  this  city 
at  tbiB  time.  Pardon  this  much  of  personal  allusion. 

This  body  which  meets  here  today  is  the  great  representative  body 
of  American  mining  interests.  It  is  called  international,  and  such  it  is  • 
because  at  some  of  its  sessions  there  have  been  present  representatives 
from  no  less  than  nine  foreign  countries.  I  do  not  know  that  there  are 
such  today,  but  I  believe  that  such  will  be  here  during  the  progress  of 


International  Mining  Congress.  19 

this  Congress.  At  any  rate,  it  represents  the  whole  of  the  United  States. 
We  have  representatives  on  the  floor  from  the  great  coal  and  iron  inter-? 
€sts  of  the  East,  as  well  as  those  in  the  West,  with  which  we  are  more 
familiar. 

In  the  Congress  which  met  last  year  in  the  city  of  Milwaukee,  nat- 
urally, from  the  geographical  situation  of  the  Congress  the  delegations 
from  the  eastern  part  of  the  country  were  far  larger,  those  from  Wis- 
consin, Michigan  and  Illinois  predominating.  It  is  a  national  institution, 
if  not  international.  It  has  before  it  subjects  of  great  importance  and 
great  weight.  It  is  not  proper  that  I  should  occupy  your  time  with  more 
than  an  outline  of  these.  Some  have  been  spoken  of  in  the  addresses 
that  you  have  already  "heard.  The  most  important,  perhaps,  has  thus  been 
brought  to  your  attention  already ;  the  most  important,  because  we  think 
that  if  successful  in  that  it  will  make  very  easy  of  accomplishment  all 
the  others.  We  are  asking  for  that  recognition  of  the  mining  interests  of 
the  United  States  which  would  be  found  in  the  establishment  of  a  de- 
partment of  mining,  with  a  secretary,  who  would  be  a  member  of  the 
Cabinet  (spplausej  at  its  head.  We  believe  that  this  is  not  only  a  proper 
recognition  of  the  vast  extent  and  importance  of  the  mining  interests, 
but  that  it  will  be  of  advantage  to  those  interests  and  through  them 
to  the  whole  United  States,  which  will  far  more  than  compensate  for  any 
objections  which  may  be  found  to  it.  We  ask  simply  for  the  same  recog- 
nition which  has  been  given  to  the  interests  of  agriculture ;  and  we  ask 
it  the  more  earnestly  on  account  of  the  success  which  has  followed  the 
establishment  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  That,  you  might  say, 
was  an  experiment  in  its  day.  I  remember  very  well  the  opposition  that 
was  made  to  it.  For  long  years  it  was  simply  a  bureau  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior  before  it  achieved  the  dignity  of  a  Cabinet  position. 
But  it  has  shown  by  its  work,  by  the  value  of  its  own  achievements,  that 
It  came  none  too  soon.  Those  of  you  who  are  familiar  with  the  opera- 
tions of  tha"-  department  and  know  how  much  it  has  done  for  agriculture 
and  horticulture  would  think  it  a  strange  thing  if  we  did  not  have  a 
Department  of  Agriculture  today.  Go  to  the  owners  of  these  orchards 
here  and  ask  them  with  regard  to  the  experiments  that  are  made  as  to  the 
varieties  of  fruits,  as  to  insect  pests,  as  to  the  methods  of  eliminating 
those  pests  when  they  have  overrun  portions  of  our  country,  a  thing  which 
could  not  be  done  by  individual  effort,  which  can  only  be  done  by  a  na- 
tional institutions,  and  which  have  been  done  by  them  to  the  very  great 
benefit  of  the  people. 

Now,  not  to  go  into  this  further  at  this  time,  what  we  ask  is  for 
a  department  of  mining  analogous  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
which  will  do  work  that  it  is  impossible  for  individuals  to  do ;  which  will 
make  investigations,  which  no  man  and  no  community  can  make,  for  the 
whole  country.  Let  it  conduct  a  series  of  experiments,  which  will  not 
only  aid  the  prospector,  but  which  will  reduce  the  cost  of  production  and 
treatment  of  ores  in  such  a  way  that  vast  quantities  of  ore  which  today 
are  useless  and  thrown  on  the  dumps,  or  not  taken  out  of  the  earth  at 
all.  may  be  made  available  for  the  interest  of  the  whole  country.  Every 
one  in  this  audience  knows  that  the  lower  the  grade  of  the  ore  the  greater 
its  extent.  Of  very  high  grade  ore  there  is  very  little.  It  comes  down 
like  a  pyramid,  so  to  speak;  but  the  lower  the  grade  the  more  the  amount 
of  it  is  extended.  If  the  line  should  be  across  here  (indicating)  above 
which  the  ore  is  sufficiently  valuable  to  be  dug  from  the  earth  and  be 
made  into  metal,  while  that  below  is  of  too  low  a  grade,  and  if  by  new 
discoveries  and  new  processes  the  cost  of  production  could  be  reduced, 
so  that  you  bring  tnat  line  further  down  on  the  pyramid,  and  a  lower 
grade  of  ore  could  then  be  utilized,  you  would  extend  enormously  the  min- 
ing industry.  It  is  those  things  which  cannot  be  done  by  individuals,  but 
which  can  be  done  by  a  government  like  that  of  the  United  States;  and 
this  is  one  of  the  things  that  we  desire  and  hope  for  from  a  department 
of  mining. 

There  is  another  thing  which  is  analogous  to  this,   to  which  I  beg 


20  Official  Proceedings 

to  draw  your  attention,  as  I  do  not  remember  that  it  has  been  spoken  of 
in  an/  of  your  Congresses,  and  it  is  something  which,  in  mining,  is  anal- 
ogous to  the  experimental  -stations  which  are  now  attached  to  the  agri- 
cultural colleges.  You  know  the  United  States  government  pays  $15,000 
a  year  each  to  forty-eight  experimental  stations,  $720,000  in  all.  In  each 
of  those  stations  are  skilled  men,  who  are  employed  in  experimenting  in 
matters  relating  to  agriculture  and  horticulture,  and  the  result  of  their 
experiments  is  given  to  the  whole  country  in  the  shape  of  bulletins.  Now, 
if  we  could  have  something  analogous  to  that  in  mineral  experiments, 
where  men  learned  in  their  professions  should  carry  on  experiments 
connected  with  the  mining  industry,  and  having  the  same  amount  so  ex- 
pended in  tnat,  either  scattered  over  the  forty-eight  States  and  Terri- 
tories, or  concentrated  in  two  or  three  or  four,  or  half-a-dozen  places, 
the  mining  interests  would  receive  an  enormous  benefit  from  that  expend- 
iture. (Applause.)  There  is  no  reason  that  I  can  see  why  it  should 
not  be  done,  the  same  as  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Then,  there  is  the  matter  of  the  revision  of  the  mining  laws.  Those 
laws,  you  know,  were  made  long  ago.  It  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  our 
national  legislation  that  the  mining  laws  of  the  country  have  continued 
unamended  from  almost  the  earliest  time  tnat  the  mining  industry  came 
into  public  prominence.  Conditions  have  changed.  Circumstances  have 
arisen  which  require  their  revision,  and  yet  nothing  has  been  done  in  that 
direction.  Recommendations  of  a  body  of  this  kind,  if  they  could  be  made 
with  unanimity,  I  have  no  doubt  would  receive  the  very  respectful  con- 
sideration of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States ;  and  it  is  only  by  such 
unity  of  action,  and  such  unity  of  recommendations,  tnat  we  can  hope 
to  achieve  the  desired  result. 

Now,  there  is  much  business  to  come  before  this  body.  There  are 
a  number  of  papers  that  have  been  carefully  prepared  by  experts  in  their 
different  lines  which  will  be  read  to  you,  and  which,  I  believe,  will  be 
profitable  to  us  all.  There  are  discussions  to  take  place  here  in  which  every 
one  will  take  part  who  chooses,  which  will  bring  about  an  interchange 
of  ideas  which  cannot  but  be  profitable ;  but  the  time  is  short  and  we  will 
have  to  utilize  every  moment  of  it.  So  far  as  I  can,  by  your  aid,  I  will 
endeavor  to  see  that  it  is  not  wasted.  I  simply  ask  on  the  part  of  the 
members  of  the  Congress  that  so  far  as  in  each  of  them  lies  he  will 
give  to  the  business  of  the  Congress  all  the  attention  in  his  power ;  that 
eacfi  will  act  for  the  benefit  of  all,  so  that  at  its  end  we  may  all  recog- 
nize it  as  being  the  most  useful  as  well  as  the  most  successful  of  these 
Congresses  that  has  ever  been  held. 

The  Secretary  will  now  read  the  call  for  the  Congress. 

Secretary  Mahon  read  the  call,  as  follows  : 

The  Fourth  Annual  Session  of  the  International  Mining  Congress 
will  assemble  at  10  A.  M.,  Tuesday,  July  23,  1901,  in  Columbia  Theatre, 
Boise,  Idaho,  and  continue  thereafter  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Congresa 
during  July  23,  24  and  25. 

A  new  commerce,  a  new  policy,  a  new  destiny,  and  a  new  purpose 
for  being  and  living  confronts  eighty-seven  millions  of  people  and  the 
greatest  factor  in  promoting  the  wealth,  the  growth  and  the  power  of 
this  country  is  tne  mining  industry.  It  is  therefore  urged  that  all  earnest 
scientists,  metallurgists  and  practical  mining  and  mill  men,  manufacturers 
of  miuing  machinery,  and  all  others  interested  in  advancing  the  welfare  of 
this  nation,  attend  and  participate  in  the  deliberations  of  this  coming  ses- 
sion of  the  International  Mining  Congress,  and  by  their  presece,  instruc- 
tion and  advice  make  the  proceedings  of  this  assembly  of  so  interesting 
and  educational  a  character  as  to  command  favorable  consideration 
throughout  the  civilized  world. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  era  of  national  prosperity, 
upon  which  the  United  States  has  entered  will  steadily  expand  and  be 
permanent  in  its  nature. 

The  spirit  of  tne  times  the  world  over  is  in  favor  of  a  greater  ma- 


International  Mining  Congress.  21 

terial  development  and  progress,  and  against  all  unnecessary  disturbing 
elements  that  will  interfere  with  such  a  consummation. 

Of  the  1,500,000,000  consumers  of  the  world,  825,000,00,  or  more  than 
one-naif  of  this  total  of  1,500.000,000  are  mainly  in  countries  resting  upon 
and  directly  opposite  our  Pacific  seaports,  and  in  developing  American  in- 
terests in  our  home  and  foreign  markets,  it  is  in  the  fostering  and  main- 
taining of  the  higher  advancement  of  our  mining  industry  that  we  will 
secure  the  power  that  will  most  easily,  naturally,  and  permanently  build 
up  our  home  and  foreign  trade,  restore  general  prosperity  among  the  peo- 
ple and  lay  a  firm  financial  foundation  for  present  and  future  genera- 
tions. 

It  is  not  the  object  of  this  Congress  to  confine  its  consideration 
alone  to  that  of  mining  for  gold  and  silver  and  their  by-products,  but  that 
of  iron,  coal,  marble,  stone,  the  various  fire  clays,  asphaltum  and  all 
kindred  interests  of  the  mineral  and  metallic  classes. 

To  secure  better  recognition  of  the  mining  industry  by  the  National 
Government. 

To  bring  about  needed  changes  in  the  Federal  Mining  Laws. 

To  cultivate  acquaintance,  fraternal  feeling  and  hearty  co-operation 
among  the  various  mining,  manufacturing,  transportation,  commercial  and 
labor  bodies  represented. 

To  exchange  practical  ideas  covering  the  various  phases  of  the  min- 
ing business  :  an  interest  embracing  every  branch  of  the  mining  industry, 
which  affects  more  than  one-third  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  pro- 
ducing in  1900  more  than  a  billion  dollars. 

Its  influence  will  be  potential,  and  to  those  who  participate  in  its 
deliberations  or  avail  themselves  of  its  results,  its  benefits  will  be  im- 
measurable. 

Proposals  are  invited  of  subjects  and  papers  on  mines,  mining,  min- 
ing machinery  and  kindred  topics  to  be  embraced  in  the  program  now  be- 
ing prepared,  and  on  adjournment  of  the  Congress,  to  be  published  with 
its  proceedings  in  book  form.  •, 

The  perfect  success  and  influential  effects  of  the  three  preceding 
meetings,  together  with  the  wonderful  expansion  of  the  mining  industry 
during  the  years  1898-99  and  1900,  and  the  special  importance  of  the 
subjects  to  be  discussed  and  passed  upon,  will  beyond  all  question  bring 
together  a  large  delegation  of  earnest,  well-informed,  thinking  men,  in- 
suring a  most  instructive  and  successful  session. 

Special  rates  will  be  given  for  the  occasion,  and  all  delegates  and 
visitors  are  assured  of  ample  accommodations  and  a  cordial  welcome  by 
the  citizens  of  Boise,  and  the  great  state  of  Idaho. 

Governors  of  States  and  Territories,  all  friendly  nations,  Mayors  of 
cities  and  towns,  mining  exchanges,  chambers  of  commerce,  boards  of 
trade,  real  estate  exchanges  and  all  commercial,  trade  and  labor  organi- 
zations, who  have  not  to  date  appointed  delegates,  are  urged  to  do  so 
at  once  and  send  the  name  and  postoffice  address  of  each  delegate  to  the 
Secretary. 

MINING  PRODUCTS. 

Metals— Iron,  Gold,  Silver,  Copper,  Lead  Zinc,  Quicksilver,  Man- 
ganese, Aluminum,  Antimony,  Nickel,  Platinum. 

Fuels — Anthracite  Coal,  Bituminous  Coal,  Petroleum,  Coke. 

Structural  Materials — Building  and  Ornamental  Stone  (Granite, 
Sandstone,  Marble,  Onyx),  Soapstone,  Clays,  Fuller's  Earth,  Cement. 

Abrasives — Whetstones,  Corundum,  Emery,  Carborundum. 

Pigments — Mineral  Paint,  Barytes. 

Miscellaneous — Asphaltum,  Asbestos,  Infusorial  Earth,  Phosphate- 
Rock.  Gypsum,  Salt,  Sulphur,  Graphite,  Mica. 

Present  indications  and  assurances  are  sufficient  to  guarantee  an  at- 


22  Official  Proceedings 

tendance   of   at  least  two   thousand   delegates   and   this   number   will   be 
greatly  augmented  by  friends  of  delegates  and  other  visitors. 

The  exhibition  hall,  the  State  Capitol  building,  is  delightfully  situated 
and  appropriate.  The  mineral  display  will  be  one  of  the  largest,  most 
attractive,  and  educational  ever  placed  upon  exhibition,  and  well  worth 
a  trip  across  the  continent  to  see. 

BASIS  OF  REPRESENTATION. 

The  Governor  of  each  State  and  Territory  to  name  30  delegates  at 
large. 

The  Mayor  of  each  city  and  town  to  name  5  delegates  at  large. 

And  one  additional  for  each  10,000  population  or  fraction  thereof. 

Each  Real  Estate  Exchange  to  name  5  delegates. 

Each  Chamber  of  Commerce  to  name  5  delegates. 

Each  Miners'  Union  to  name  5  delegates. 

Each  Board  of  Trade  to  name  5  delegates. 

Each  Mining  Bureau  to  name  5  delegates. 

Each  Mining  Exchange  to  name  5  delegates. 

And  all  other  commercial  bodies  to  name  5  delegates. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  Executive  Committee  has  instructed  me 
to  present  the  following  order  of  business  for  your  consideration,  which  I 
will  read  and  ask  your  pleasure  upon': 

ORDER  OF  BUSINESS. 

1.  After  the  address  of  welcome  and  responses  and  president's  ad- 
dress three  committees  shall  be  appointed,  consisting  of  one  member  from 
each  county,  state  and  territory  represented,  as  follows :     Credentials,  reso- 
lutions and  permament  organization.     The  roll  of  states  represented  shall 
be -called,  and  <each  shall  send  to  the  secretary  the  names  of  its  members 
of  above  committees. 

2.  The  roll  of  delegates  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  shall  be  prima 
facie  the  list  of  members  of  the  congress  and  shall  be  recognized  as  such 
until  the  report  of  the  committee  on  credentials  shall  be  adopted. 

3.  The  repo'rt  of  the  committee  on  permanent  organization  shall  be 
made  on  the  third  day  of  the  session  and  the  new  officers  shall  be  installed 
at  the  coDclusion  of  the  congress  to  make  arrangements  for  the  ensuing  con- 
gress, and  hold  office  until  its  conclusion. 

4.  The  executive  committee  shall  be  the  committee  on  order  of  busi- 
ness and  shall  report  from  time  to  time  as  to  the  time  for  reading  of  papers 
and  the  consideration  of  other  questions ;  but  this  shall  not  interfere  with 
the  right  of  the  congress  to  establish  such  special  order  as  it  sees  fit. 

5.  All  resolutions  may  be  read  when  introduced  and  shall  be  referred 
to  the  committee  on  resolutions  without  debate.     This  doesn't  refer  to  or- 
dinary motions,  resolutions  of  thanks  or  compliment,  which  can  be  acted 
on  without  reference.    Tbe  rules  may  be  suspended  by  a  two-thirds  vote. 

6.  The  selection  of  the  place  for  the  meeting  of  the  succeeding  con- 
gress shall  be  the  special  order  of  the  afternoon  session  of  the  third  day, 
at  its  opening. 

7.  Delegations  shall  report  to  the  secretary  the  names  of  the  local 
y'ce-presidents  and  secretaries  during  the  morning  of  the  third  day. 

The  Executive  Committee  simply  presents  these  propositions  as  a  re- 
port, and  asks  your  action  upon  it. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  and  carried  the  above  order  of  business  was 
adopted. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  You  will  observe,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  that 
each  civil  division  represented  here,-  that  is,  each  state  and  territory,  is  en- 
titled to  one  member  on  each  of  the  three  standing  committees :  Creden- 
tials, Resolutions  and  Permanent  Organization.  On  the  call  of  the  roll 


International  Mining  Congress.  23 

of  states  you  are  requested  to  send  up  to  the  secretary  the  names  of 
delegates  selected  for  those  committees. 

MR.  WHITE  (of  Idaho)  :  Mr.  President,  hi  view  of  the  fact  that 
there  are  many  delegations  here  from  different  states,  and  the  members 
of  the  delegations  have  not  as  yet  become  very  well  acquainted  with  each 
other,  I  move  you,  sir,  that  the  reporting  of  those  names  be  deferred  until 
the  next  session. 

Seconded  and  carried. 

Secretary  Mahon  then  read  the  following  communication  from  the 
Rocky  Mountain  Telephone  Co. : 

Boise,  Idaho,  July  23,  1901. 
To  the  International  Mining  Congress : 

The  Rocky  Mountain  Bell  Telephone  Company  desires  to  tender  the 
free  use  of  its  toll  lines  to  the  officers  and  delegates  of  the  Mining  Con- 
gress during  the  session.  The  privilege  will  extend  to  Huntington  and 
the  Seven  Devils  on  the  west;  the  Basin  to  the  north,  Silver  City  and  De 
Lamar  to  the  south ;  Mountain  Home  and  Soldier  to  the  east,  and  all  inter- 
mediate points.  Conversations  to  the  Coeur  d'Alene  and  Pacific  coast  points 
will  be  free  over  the  sections  of  line  belonging  to  this  company. 
Respectfully, 

D.  S.  MURRAY 
General  Manager. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Tarrant,  of  Indiana,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the 
Congress  accepted  the  thanks  of  the  offer  of  the  Telephone  Company. 

Mr.  Moore,  of  Colorado,  read  the  following  resolution,  which  was  re- 
ferred to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions : 
By  C.  J.  Moore,  Colorado : 

Resolved — That  the  International  Mining  Congress,  assembled  at 
Boise,  Idaho,  extends  to  the  President  and  Directors  of  the  Louisiana 
Purcnise  Exposition  its  fraternal  greeting,  and  promises  for  it  an  active 
and  continued  interest  and  support. 

We  also  urge  up  on  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states  such  a  gen- 
erous financial  recognition  -of  the  coming  exposition  as  shall  contribute 
materially  to  its  already  assured  success. 

Upon  motion  of  Mr.  Hutchinson,  of  Idaho,  the  Congress  took  a  recess 
until  2  P.  M.  today. 

The  Congress  reassembled  at  2  P.  M. 

The  secretary  read  to  the  Congress  the  following  communication.: 

Executive  Mansion,  Washington,  June  25,  1901. 
My  Dear  Sir: 

Your  favor  of  the  21st  instant  with  enclosures  has  been,  received,  and 
in  reply  I  beg  to  express  the  President's  regret  that  arrangements  already 
made  for  the  summer  will  preclude  him  from  accepting  your  kind  invita- 
tion to  attend  the  fourth  annual  session  of  the  International  Mining  Con- 
gress to  be  held  in  Boise  in  July. 

With  assurances  that  your  thoughtfulness  and  courtesy  in  this  mat- 
ter are  warmly  appreciated,  believe  me,  Very  truly  yours, 

GEO.  B.  CORTELYOU, 
Secretary  to  the  President. 
Mr.  Irwin  Mahon,  Secretary  International  Mining  congress,  Boise,  Idaho. 

The  Vice-Presidents  Chamber,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y.,  July  8,  1901. 
Mr.  Irwin  Mahon,  Carlisle,  Penn. 

My  Dear  Sir:  I  thank  you  sincerely  for  your  invitation  of  the  1st 
inst.,  and  greatly  wish  I  could  accept,  for  I  have  a  very  keen  apprecia- 
tion of  the  immense  importance  of  our  mining  industries,  and  it  is  a 
matter  of  real  regret  to  me  that  my  engagements  render  it  physically 
impossible  for  me  to  get  out  to  Idaho  on  the  date  you  mention.  I  am 
exceedingly  sorry. 

With  all  good  wishes  for  a  successful  meeting,  I  am, 
Very  sincerely  yours, 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 


24  Official  Proceedings 

Department   of  the   Interior, 

Washington,  July  12,  1901. 

Hon.    L.    Bradford     Prince,    President     International     Mining     Congress, 
Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 

Dear  Sir :  Secretary  Hitchcock  directs  me  to  acknowledge  the  receipt 
of  your  very  courteous  invitation  to  be  present  at  the  coming  session 
of  your  Congress,  and  to  return  his  sincere  thanks  for  the  same.  He 
regrets,  however,  that  the  pressure  of  public  business  is  such  as  will  pre- 
vent him  from  accepting  the  invitation.  The  Congress  has  "his  best  wishes 
for  a*  successful  and  harmonious  meeting.  Very  truly  yours, 

W.    SCOTT   SMITH,-  Private    Secretary. 

Tacoma,  Wash.,  July  11,  1901. 

Mr.    Irwin     Mahon,     Secretary     International     Mining     Congress,    Boise, 
Idaho. 

My  Dear  Sir :  Your  cordial  invitation,  extended  on  behalf  of  the 
International  Mining  Congress,  to  participate  in  the  fourth  annual  ses- 
sion— to  be  held  at  Boise,  July  23,  24  and  25 — is  very  much  appreciated. 
If  it  is  at  all  possible  I  shall  be  present  during  at  least  a  part  of  the 
session,  but  whether  I  do  or  do  not  attend  permit  me  to  assure  the  Con- 
gress, through  you,  of  my  desire  to  render  assistance,  either  in  a  private 
or  official  capacity,  in  providing  suitable  and  satisfactory  laws  and  regula- 
tions of  interest  to  its  members  and  the  large  and  important  mining 
centers  of  the  great  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  producing  West. 

Kindly  enter  my  name  for  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Con- 
gress particularly  with  reference  to  such  action  as  is  taken  regarding 
desired  national  legislation  or  the  expressions  of  the  representatives  of 
mining  interests  present  touching  on  the  important  subject  of  providing 
cabinet  representation.  Any  action  taken  by  the  Congress  on  these  or 
other  subjects  I  shall  be  glad  to  give  careful  and  continued  attention 
and  any  aid  or  assistance  which  it  is  within  my  power  to  render  on  be- 
half of  proper  recognition  by  our  government  or  in  the  enactment  of  all 
just  and  warranted  legislation  you  may  tender  to  the  gentlemen  as- 
sembled at  the  coming  session,  provided  I  am  unable  to  be  present  and  do 
so  in  person. 

Again  thanking  you  for  your  cordial  invitation,  and  with  sincere  as- 
surances of  my  best  wishes,  believe  me,  Faithfully  yours, 

A.  G.  FOSTER, 

Department  of  the  Interior,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Glenora,  N.  Y.,  June  26,  1901. 
Mr.  Irwin  Mahou,  Secretary  I.  M.  CM  Boise,  Idaho: 

Dea'r  Sir:  I  wish  to  thank  you  for  the  invitation  to  attend  the 
fourth  annual  session  of  the  International  Mining  Congress,  and  to  ex- 
press my  sincere  regret  that  it  will  not  be  practicable  for  me  to  do  so.  I 
am  at  work  on  a  long  deferred  volume  which  will  keep  me  'employed  until 
October.  Truly  yours, 

CHAS.  D.  WALCOTT. 

I  have  yours  of  3rd  instant  conveying  an  invitation  on  behalf  of  the 
International  Mining  Congress  to  participate  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
latter's  fourth  annual  session  to  be  held  at  Boise,  Idaho,  on  July  23rd,  24th 
and  25th,  and  after  thanking1  you  for  the  courtesy  ofi  the  invitation,  I  beg 
to  advise  that  in  the  event  my  engagements  will  permit,  it  will  give  me 
pleasure  to  be  present. 

Yours  truly, 

BOIES  PENROSE. 

United  States  Senate,  Washington,  D.  C.,  May  10,  1901. 
Mr.  Irwin  Mahon,  Secretary,  Boise,  Idaho : 

My  Dear  Sir :  I  beg  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  kind  invi- 
tation of  the  3rd  inst,  addressed  to  me  at  Dallas,  Texas,  to  attend  the 
meetings  of  the  International  Mining  Congress"  at  its  fourh  annual  session, 
to  be  held  in  Boise,  July  23rd,  24th  and  25th :  to  thank  you  for  the 


International  Mining  Congress.  25 

courtesy,  which  is  much  appreciated,  and  to  express  my  regret  that  previous 
engagements  covering  that  period  will  deny  me  the  pleasure  of  accepting. 

Very  truly  yours, 

C.  A.  MASON. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  direction  of  the  Congress  this  morning 
was  that  at  the  opening  of  the  afternoon  session  the  roll  of  states  and 
territories  be  called,  and  the  names  of  the  members  of  the  three  committees 
be  then  handed  in  by  the  different  delegations.  The  secretary  will  call  the 
roll. 

The  roll  was  then  called  by  the  secretary,  and  the  following  names 
were  presented  as  members  of  the  committees : 

California — Credentials,  F.  M.  Townsend ;  permanent  organization,  J. 
B.  McNab ;  order  of  business,  E.  P.  Newton. 

Colorado — Credentials,  Fred  C.  Cooley ;  resolutions,  Charles  J.  Moore ; 
permanent  organization.  Victor  G.  Hills. 

Georgia — Credentials,  P.  M.  Swift ;  resolutions,  E.  S.  Mumford ;  per- 
manent organization,  Frank  Weldon. 

Idaho — Credentials,  F.  J.  French :  permanent  organization,  W.  H. 
Petitt ;  resolutions*  James  H.  Hutchinson. 

Iowa — Resolutions,  J.  A.  Green ;  credentials,  J.  P.  Reese ;  permanent 
organization,  Thomas  Bourke. 

Indiana — R.   S.  Tennant  will  serve  on  all  three  committees. 

Massachusetts — Credentials.  C.  N.  Drake ;  permanent  organization, 
Willai  d  White ;  resolutions,  A.  P.  Chittendon. 

Missouri — Credentials,  C.  E.  Mathews  ;  permanent  organization,  G.  H. 
Berkshire  ;  resolutions,  J.  W.  McAnter. 

North  Dakota — E.  J.  Babcock,  Grand  Forks,  to  represent  on  each 
committee  for  the  state. 

Utah — Credentials,  Warren  C.  Bogue ;  permanent  organization,  J.  T. 
Talmadge :  resolutions,  F.  C.  Richmond  :  vice  president,  H.  G.  Heffron. 

New  Mexico — Oragnization,  Prof.  J.  C.  Correra ;  resolutions,  J.  Tur- 
ley ;  credentials,  C.  M.  Brown. 

Nevada — Credentials,  J.  H.  Marriott,  Oscela ;  resolutions,  J.  H.  Mar- 
riott :  permanent  organization,  George  D.  Louderback. 

Oregon — Credentials,  W.  B.  Dennis ;  resolutions,  Frank  V.  Drake ; 
permanent  organization,  John  T.  Grayson. 

Ohio — Credentials,  E.  L.  Shafner,  Cleveland ;  permanent  organization, 
W.  L.  Kendall ;  resolutions.  A.  B.  Roberts. 

Pennsylvania — Credentials,  Edwin  N.  Carpenter :  permanent  organiza- 
tion, Calvin  F.  Heckler:  resolutions,  Thomas  B.  McKaig. 

Vermont — Credentials,  Judson  Spofford ;  permanent  organization,  S. 
G.  Langlaid  :  resolutions,  R,  B.  Wright. 

Washington — E.   S.   Sessions,  to  serve  on  all  committees. 

Montana — Credentials,  G.  O.  Freeman ;  permanent  organization,  Al- 
bert Kleinschmidt ;  resolutions,  Edwin  Norris. 

Wisconsin — M.  J.  Regan  represents  the  state  on  all  committees. 

Wyoming — J.  P.  Hassett  represents  the  state  on  all  committees. 

Illinois — Credentials,  J.  A.  Ede ;  permanent  organization,  L.  D.  Boj'd : 
icsolutions,  L.  M.  Bradley. 

Michigan — Credentials,  R.  L.  Edwards ;  permanent  organization,  C. 
G.  Brown  ;  resolutions,  M.  L.  Davis. 

New  York — Organization,  J.  T.  Gard ;  resolutions,  W.  H.  J.  Johnson. 

MR.  REED,  IDAHO :  Mr.  President :  It  is  my  very  pleasant  duty 
to  first  send  you  a  message,  and  then  send  you  the  material,  of  that  mes- 
sage. This  beautiful  gavel  that  I  hold  in  my  hand  is  made  from  the  ma- 
hogany of  Owyhee  mountains,  in  Owyhee  County,  Idaho,  where  dwells 
that  bright  young  silver-tounged  orator — I  refer  to  my  friend,  Joe  Hutch- 
inson. 

A  week  ago  a  telephone  message  was  sent  there  by  James  Pinney,  who 
owns  this  opera  house,  for  the  material  for  a  gavel,  and  this  gavel  was 
made  from  the  mountain  mahogany,  and  the  silver  upon  it  is  from  the 
Trade  Dollar  mine.  It  was  sent  by  Lieutenant-Governon  Hutchinson,  and 
I  am  the  instrument,  sir,  to  convey  it  to  you,  as  a  token  of  their  affection 
— I  may  say  the  affection  of  all  of  us  ;  and  it  is,  indeed,  a  proud  moment 
to  have  the  pleasure  of  handing  you  this  beautiful  gavel.  (Cheers  and 
applause.) 


26  Official  Proceedings 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  In  the  name  of  the  Congress,  I  accept  this 
gavel  with  thanks  to  its  donors,  and  to  all  who  are  interested  in  its  pro- 
duction ;  and  with  thanks,  also,  to  the  gentleman  who  made  the  presenta- 
tion for  the  kindly  words  in  which  he  expressed  the  sentiments  that  ac- 
companied it. 

No  gavel,  however,  interesting,  no  gavel,  however  beautiful  and 
valuable  it  is  made,  is  too  good  for  the  use  of  this  Mining  Congress.  (Ap- 
plause.) That  this  represents  the  products  of  this  great  State,  that  it 
represents  both  the  mineral  and  the  vegetable  kingdoms,  that  it  represents 
those  products  in  which  it  especially  excels,  renders  it  the  more  appro- 
priate and  the  more  valuable.  I  trust  that  it  wHl  be  used  here  in  this 
Congress,  with  all  moderation  and  all  kindness  at  the  same  time  that  it 
is  used  with  the  intent  simply  to  promote  the  carrying  on  of  the  business 
of  the  Congress.  I  thank  you  in  the  name  of  the  Congress. 

The  next  matter  on  the  program  is  an  address  by  the  Hon.  Joseph 
Hutchinson,  of  Silver  City,  Idaho,  "In  the  Pavilion  of  the  Setting  Sun." 

Mr.  Hutchinson  read  the  following  paper : 

IN  THE  PAVILION  OF  THE  SETTING  SUN. 

Members  of  the  Fourth  Session  Mining  Congress  : 

On  July  3rd  of  this  year,  the  French  ambassador  to  the  United  States, 
in  an  Associated  Press  interview  said :  "I  have  just  returned  from  Chicago, 
and  the  Great  Lakes,  and  find  that  the  Western  people  are  not  acurately 
judged  by  their  fellow  countrymen;  the  East  I  think  holds  itself  above 
the  West,  and  feels  the  West  is  not  quite  its  equal  in  learning,  enterprise, 
in  fact  I  might  say  of  good  manners.  If  I  were  asked  to  make  a  predic- 
tion as  to  where  the  center  of  influence  would  be  years  from  now,  I  would 
point  out  the  region  from  Pennsylvania  in  the  East  to  the  Mississippi  on 
the  west." 

Over  one  hundred  years  ago,  we  had  an  American  minister  to  France 
who  thought  differently.  This  man  was  watching  events  at  the  court  of 
Versailles,  and  incidentally  helping  John  Ledyard  to  get  a  foothold  on  the 
shores  of  the  water  discovered  at  Balboa — 

"Where  the  Rockies   turn   toward  the   wooing  West 

And  slope  to  the  sunset  sea, 

God  planted   a   garden  of  loveliness, 

A  garden  of  destiny. 

Beauty  of  blossom,  and  tree  and  stream, 

Dower  of  silver  and  gold, 

And  circled  it  around  with   Columbia's   arm, 

The  treasure  to  keep  and  hold. 

Afterwards  this  far-seeing  statesman  as  president  of  this  republic 
fresh  from  the  scenes  of  revolution  in  Paris,  secured  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  from  Napoleon,  and  immediately  thereafter  the  Lewis  and 
Clarke  expedition  started  to  explore  the  country,  in  part  of  which 
this  Congress  is  now'  assembled.  George  the  Third  may  have  found  "Eng- 
land an  empire  and  left  it  an  island,"  but  it  is  surely  true  that  "Thomas 
Jefferson  found  the  United  States  a  province,  and  left  it  a  continent." 

With  all  respect  to  the  present  French  ambassador,  he  has  never  been 
West ;  he  has  simply  visited  the  province  that  was,  at  the  time  of  John 
Adams.  The  time  is  here  now,  when  a  man  cannot  be  elected  president 
of  this  republic  unless  he  has  been  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  speaker 
of  the  house  is  from  there  now.  and  he  has  more  power  than  any  King. 
The  vice-president  of  this  republic  owes  his  fame  to  the  heroism  of  West- 
ern rough  riders,  and  the  courage  of  Western  soldiers.  The  Trans-Mis- 
Bissippi  west  has  an  area  of  2,835,500  square  miles  compared  with  which 
the  country  east  of  thet  Mississippi  is  as  an  island  in  Puget  Sound  to  the 
State  of  Washington.  The  Pacific  Slope  West  has  an  area  of  1,500,000 
square  miles.  We  have  places  in  Idaho  absolutely  unexplored,  larger  than 
Delaware.  Boston  may  be  the  "Hub"  in  Massachusetts,  but  we  have 
enough  land  to  give  away  in  the  Pacific  West  to  make  fifty  such  States. 
We  understand  out  here  that  the  blue  jay  birds  of  the  Northeastern 
States  are  now  born  with  knapsack  pouches,  in  order  to  carry  enough  food 
to  live,  while  migrating  across  their  deserted  farms,  to  build  their  nests 
in  the  only  timber  remaining,  and  be  near  teeming  fields  of  growing  grains. 
We  are  a  healthy,  strong,  cultured,  and  patriotic  people,  and  we  are  going 


International  Mining  Congress.  27 

to  live  long  and  prosper.  Any  citizen  of  this  Republic  has  three  chances 
to  one  to  live  here  to  what  he  has  in  the  East.  That  seems  like  exag- 
geration It  is  true.  The  Surgeon-General  of  the  U.  S.  Army  places  the 
death  rate  among  troops  stationed  at  va'rious  places  as  1  to  529  in  the 
Pacific  Northwest,  1  in  67  in  Texas,  and  1  in  65  in  New  York.  Census 
statistics  show  that  to  the  1000  yearly  death  rate  Idaho  is  6.6,  Oregon  8.7, 
Washington  9.6,  while  Massachusetts  shows  19.6  and  New  York  16.5. 
These  are  Donan  statistics  and  are  reliable.  We  have  old  fossils  in  every 
community,  and  a  funeral  occasionally  does  a  power  of  good.  In  mining 
camps  they  must  hang  or  shoot  men  to  start  a  graveya'rd. 

The  complete  history  of  this  pavillion  of  the  setting  sun  extends  over 
300  years.  We  think  that  the  "Star  of  Empire"  has  ceased  to  move  west- 
ward. We  believe  that  it  has  set.  You  'are  now  in  part  of  it.  It  must 
be  where  the  sons  of  Shem  and  Japet  meet.  We  are  proud  of  our 
early  history,  and  we  hold  to  the  thought  that  the  worn,  emaciated  and 
ragged  pioneers  of  this  country  are  entitled  to  a  place  in  history  along 
side  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  and  that  the  Indian  treaty  of  peace  with 
Governor  Lane  and  Chief  Joseph  is  as  worthy  of  recording  as  is  that 
of  William  Penn. 

"A   tale  half  told   and   hardly  understood, 
The  talk  of  bearded  men  that  chanc'd  to  meet, 
That  lean'd  on  long  quaint  rifles  in  the  wood, 
That  look'd  in  fellow's  faces,   spoke  discreet 
And  low  as  half  in  doubt,  and  in  defeat 
Of  hope  ;  a,  tale  it  was  of  lands  of  gold 
That  lay  toward  the  sun — 

"Then  long  chain'd  lines  of  yoked  and  patient  steers ; 
Then  long  white  trains  that  pointed  to  the  west ; 
Beyond  the  savage  west;  the  hopes  and  fears 
Of  blunt  untutor'd  men,  who  hardly  guess'd 
Their  course ;  the  brave  and  silent  women,  dressed 
In  homely  spun  attire,  the  boys  in  bands, 
The  cheery  babes  that  laughed  at  all  and  bless'd 
The  doubting  hearts,   with  laughing  lifted  hands — 
What  exodus  for  far  untraversed  land®!" 

I  believe  that  it  was  Victor  Hugo  that  said  "A  few  drops  of  rain 
changed  the  destinies  of  Europe,"  and  Corwin  said  "That  it  was  hand- 
ful of  snow  at  Moscow."  On  August  19,  1836,  one  of  these  early  pioneers 
and  home-builders  arrived  at  Snake  Fort,  Boise.  The  character  of  this 
man-  is  of  interest  to  us,  whether  he  saved  this  territory  or  not.  Neither 
rain  nor  snow,  or  icy  wintry  blast,  stopped  his  efforts  to  save  it,  and  West- 
ern heroes  like  Whitman  must  have  their  place  in  history.  Some  men  like 
the  smile  of  a  King,  and  nowadays  cross  the  Atlantic  to  get  it.  The  men 
that  made  history  on  this  coast,  not  only  had  the  face,  the  frown  of  one, 
but  the  Indians  were  lurking  in  hiding  places,  with  powder  and  shot,  fur- 
nished by  a  King  to  prevent  the  American  line  from  advancing  north  of 
the  Columbia.  Strange  to  say,  an  Indian  by  the  name  of  Twisted  Hair  was 
a  better  friend  to  us  thai:  any  of  the  beloved  cousins  of  Prince  Rupert,  to 
whom  the  charter  of  tho  Hudson  Bay  Company  was  issued.  The  struggle 
between  this  corporation  and  our  early  pioneers  was  long  and  violent.  It 
amassed  such  wealth,  and  became  a  monopoly  of  such  strength,  that  it  took 
the  British  Parliament  100  years  to  break  its  power,  and  it  was  only  in 
1872,  that  the  German  Emperor  finally  decided  our  rights  in  the  North- 
west. This  country  that  was  to  be  a  part  of  a  game  preserve  for  Prince 
Rupert  and  "Gentleman  Adventurers  of  England"  from  the  Columbia  to 
the  Straits  of  Fuca.  is  now  American  territory,  thanks  to  the  courage 
of  our  early  pioneers,  and  within  two  weeks  I  have  seen  the  "Queen"  and 
"Roanoake"  steam  into  the  harbor  of  Seattle,  loaded  with  nearly  four  mil- 
lion in  gold.  I  was  an  invited  guest  at  the  official  visit  of  the  Rivers  and 
Harbor  Committee  to  the  Puget  Sound  Navy  Yard,  and  while  the  lunch 
was  being  prepared  under  the  shadow  of  the  pines,  a  large  brown-painted 
battleship  turned  into  dry  dock  after  the  longest  trip  in  the  world.  As 
she  hove  in  sight  Consuls,  Senators,  Congressmen,  Mayors,  Presidents  of 
Chambers  of  Commerce,  men,  women  and  children,  stood  uncovered.  Oh 
what  thoughts !  Oh  what  inspiration !  Three  years  ago  she  had  left  the 
same  spot.  How  we  watched  her  as  she  made  that  15,000-mile  trip.  When 


28  Official  Proceedings 

Captain  Clarke  stopped  to  coal,  "he  told  the  civilized  world  that  we  built 
ships  on  the  Pacific  Coast  that  needed  no  repairs,  and  he  arrived  in  San- 
tiago just  in  time  to  pass  the  Brooklyn,  turn  the  Colon  upside  down,  and 
Spanish  tyranny  was  driven  from  the  Western  world.  Truly  our  pioneers 
were  repaid  for  holding*  on  to  the  name  "Oregon." 

Remember  that  it  is  only  58  years  since  Thomas  Benton,  who  was  our 
greatest  friend -in  National  councils,  closed  his  speech  in  favor  of  the  Linn 
Bill,  saying,  "It  is  a  measure  that  would  soon  place  30,000  or  40,000  rifles 
beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains."  A  single  State  of  this  mighty  domain  has 
since  then  added  to  the  wealth  of  this  Republic  over  three  billion  dollars, 
one-half  of  which  was  in  gold.  It  might  be  said  that  the  stream  of  gold 
from,  the  West,  saved  this  Republic,  and  made  possible  a  united  Nation. 
Idaho  was  created  a  Territory  in  1863 ;  received  the  baptism  of  a  Star;  on 
Old  Glory  in  1890,  and  today  produces  more  wealth  to  the  inhabitants 
than  the  State  of  New  York. 

In  the  mad  rush  of  thes'e  commercial  days,  it  is  fit  and  proper  to  refer 
incidentally  to  the  sacrifice,  suffering,  loyalty  and  patriotism  of  the  early 
home-builders.  We  will  need  their  manhood  as  an  inspiration  to  give  the 
best  of  our  lives  for  our  country,  and  if  we  have  it,  it  will  never  be  said 
of  this  Nation  "That  the  ocean  was  dug  for  its  grave,  or  the  winds  woven 
for  its  winding  sheet,  the  forest  for  its  coffin,  or  the  mountains  reared  for 
its  monument.'" 

This  vast  territory  means  still  vaster  physical  and  material  resources. 
Mines  and  fertile  soil,  and  favorable  climate,  and  raw  material  are  as 
necessary  to>  the  development  of  a  people  as-  are  busy  hands,  active  brains 
and  mighty  genius.  Here  are  millions  of  acres  full  of  the  bread  of  life ; 
here  are  grand  sky  and  salubrious  climate  ;  here  is  the  best  of  all  zones. 
Here  are  superb  inland  and  the  finest  shoreland ;  here  are  massive  moun- 
tains for  reservoirs  and  rivers  and  lakes  as  irrigators.  The  State  of 
Idaho  alone  has  enough  water  powers  to  turn  the  machinery  of  the 
world.  Buried  in  its  bosom  is  untold  wealth  of  wood  and  stone,  and 
coal,  iron,  silver,  gold,  copper,  lead  and  oil.  We  have  enough  to  give 
us  work,  vitality  and  strength. 

Colorado  and  California  are  thoroughly  advertised  as  to  their  mineral 
possibilities  ;  how  about  Idaho?  Last  year  she  produced  $18,300,000  worth 
of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  ;  that  is  about  $115.00  for  every  person 
in  the  State,  or  $000.00  for  the  average  family.  Add  to  this  the  product 
of  our  farms  orchards,  forest  and  grazing  land,  and  in  proportion  to  her 
population  her  sister  States  are  distanced,  and  she  is  so  bashful,  she  hangs 
back  like  Cinderella,  waiting  for  someone  to  present  her  with  a  Golden 
Slipper. 

Copper  is  not  a  better,  metal  than  gold ;  that  is  it  surpasses  gold  and 
silver  mining  from  a  profit  standpoint;  and  copper  mining  seems  to  have 
more  durability,  and  the  ore  bodies  are  much  larger  and  more  uniform  in 
character.  For  instance,  the  following  are  the  published  declared  dividends 
for  1900  in  Montana.  Amalgamated,  $6,000,000;  Anaconda,  $4,800,000; 
Butte  &  Boston.  $1.000,000:  Boston  &  Montana,  $6,500,000;  Parrot,  $1,- 
300,000.  The  Calumet  &  Hecla  paid  $7,000,000,  and  the  United  Verde 
of  Arizona,  $1,875,000.  While  the  largest  gold  profit  earning  mine  was 
the  Stratton  Independence,  which  paid  $2,000,000.  Take  the  average  grade 
ore  of  Michigan  dividend-payers  and  it  is  only  3  per  cent  copper  or  about 
60  pounds  to  the  ton.  The  Calumet  &.  Hecla  has  paid  a  total  of  sixty  mil- 
lion in  dividends  out  of  ore  carrying  4  per  cent  copper,  which  at  18  cents 
per  unit  is  $14.40  per  ton.  The  United  Verde,  it  is  said,  carries  from  10 
to  12  per  cent.  The  Anaconda  from  its  official  report  last  year  averaged 
4.64  per  cent,  and  the  Copper  Queen  yields  ore  carrying  less  than  8  per 
cent.  How  about  Idaho?  We  can  show  the  delegates  from  Missouri,  and 
we  ask  investors'  attention  to  our  copper  fields  in  general.  We  want  you 
to  examine  for  yourselves  the  different  districts.  Take  the  Blackbird  dis- 
trict in  Lernhi.  and  developments  will  show  and  do  show  from'  10  to  30  per 
cent  copper.  Within  three  hours'  ride  of  this  place  is  the  county  seat  of 
Washington  countv,  and  I'll  pay  the  fare  of  any  investor  who  goes  up  to 
the  Seven  Devil  copper  district,  and  does  not  find,  when  he  gets  there,  that 
there  is  ground)  open  to  location  that  gives  up  as  large  a  per  cent  copper 
per  ton  as  the  Calumet  &  Hecla  average  the  past  five  years.  You  will  also 
find  all  kinds  of  fluxing  ores,  and  water  powers  away  ahead  of  Pueblo,  and 
not  even  surpassed  by  Pittsbu'rg. 

"Cows  far  away  wear  long  horns."     Millions  are  being  paid  to  go  to 


International  Mining  Congress. 

Cape  Nome  and  Klondike.  The  bonanza  land  is  really  right  here.  At  one 
spot  in  Lemhi  County,  within  100-mile  radius,  the  ground  has  yielded  $150,- 
000000  in  gold.  In  Boise  Basin  you  will  find  a  yield  greater  than  all  of 
Alaska  Where  did  this  gold  come  from?  It  certainly  did  not  come  as 
rain.  Come  and  help  us  find  it.  We  may  have  a  deposit  of  gold  greater 
than  the  Rand,  where  the  trains  are  now  rolling  by  at  50  miles  per  hour, 
and  if  we  do  you  will  have  to  come  early  to  avoid  the  rush,  as  if  recent 
tests  hold  good  within  five  years  Boise  will  be  the  Johannesburg  of  Amer- 
ica If  you  are  looking  for  large  bodies  of  low  grade  ore,  we  invite  you 
to  Hailey  gold  belt,  and  you  will  find  a  spot  to  live  in  that  is  far  prettier 
than  Aspen,  Colorado. 

Idaho  produces  nearly  half  the  lead  of  the  United  States,  and  i 
nearly  all  from  Shoshone  County  ;  one  mine  produced  one-third  of  the  total  *, 
it  might  be  said  of  this  mine  that  it  could,  if  it  were  pushed,  yield  enough 
lead  daily  to  furnish  bullets,  in  case  of  war,  to  whip  the  world.  Take 
a  map  of  Idaho,  look  up  toward  Butte,  Montana,  a  city  of  (and  vicinity) 
75,000  people  and  producing  $50,000,000  a  year,  mainly  in  copper,  then  run 
your  eye  to  the  left  and  see  Wallace,  around  which  center  comes  half  the 
lead  of  the  world,  and  then  ask  yourself,  if  you  believe  in  mineral  zones, 
what  is  in  this  unexplored  region  between  these  two  deposits.  If  this  in- 
terests you,  then  you  can  take  a  pack  train  and  go  into  Idaho's  interior, 
pass  the  Hump,  go  down  Salmon,  and  listen  to  the  Thunder  roar,  pick  up 
cucumber  gold,  find  float  worth  $60  per  ton  in  gold,  pass  on  into  Custer 
County,  as  I  have  done,  and  when  you  get  back  you  will  have  visions  that 
there  somewhere  is  gold  enough  and  land  enough  to  make  in  itself  a  Na- 
tion greater  than  France.  Come  join  us  and  the  gold  is  yours  for  the  'ef- 
fort, and  for  want  of  it  other  Nations  have  faded  and  passed  away.  You 
can  have  rich  garments,  costly  edifices,  and  ornaments  of  gold  and  silver. 
If  you  lefuse  it,  we  will  give  you  our  best  hospitality,  as  it  stands,  but  we 
will  stay  and  work  out  the  destiny  that  we  all  feel  is  here. 

It  would  pay  the  State  of  Idaho  to  offer  a  fabulous  sum  for  a  pro- 
cess that  would  treat  Snake  River  gold.  It  is  estimated  that  there  is  $100,- 
000,000  of  flour  gold  within  the  boundaries  of  Idaho.  Genius  is  going  to 
find  it.  We  see  a  snowplow,  backed  by  sufficient  power,  clear  a  track  of 
snow  six  miles  an  hour.  We  see  a  steamship  cutting  her  way  through 
the  water.  Why  not  have  a  machine  cut  into  the  mountain  fifty  feet  per 
day?  Why  not  sink  a  shaft  fifty  feet  a  day?  A  diamond  drill  will  bring 
out  a  6-inch  core  25  feet  a  day  now.  We  have  the  power  going  to  waste 
in  drops  of  water  to  the  sea,  and  some  genius  is  going  to  make  it  possible 
to  take  out  a  0-foot  core. 

It  is  not  for  me  to  speak  of  the  fruits  and  grains  of  Idaho,  except  to 
say  that  the  hope  of  every  miner  is  to  some  day  live  under  his  own  vine 
and  fig  tree,  and  that  the  finest  farming  in  the  world  can  be  found  In  Idaho, 
giving  the  largest  yield  per  acre  in  cereals  and  fruits.  We  never  talk  about 
our  neighbors,  but  the  City  of  Spokane  is  built  up  from  Idaho  farms  and 
mines,  and  Idaho's  timber  and  stone  give  her  the  architectural  beauty  of  a 
Denver. 

Now  there  is  something  holding  us  back.  What  is  it?  To  hold  a 
Congress  of  any  kind  and  not  mention  it  would  be  cowardice.  In  my 
judgment  it  is  transportation  facilities  solely.  We  need  capital  here,  and 
when  we  get  it,  we  want  a  fair  division  of  the  profits  of  what  is  here.  A 
well-known  Scotchman,  who  is  trying  to  give  away  a  million  dollars  a  week 
for  the  rest  of  his  natrual  life,  says,  in  a  recent  article,  that  capital,  labor 
and  business  ability  as  as  a  three-legged  stool.  The  transportation  lines  out 
here  are  using  the  old  one-legged  kind.  Idaho  seems  to  be  the  prize  milch 
cow,  but  the  milkers  are  in  Jersey.  That  is  they  hatch  there.  Capital 
is  entitled  to  and  should  have  a  fair  interest  on  its  true  investment,  but 
the  water  the  Jerseys  have  used  the  past  year  has  made  the  farmers  in 
the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  valleys  pray  for  rain.  I  am  an  Individualist, 
but  in  order  to  remain  such,  all  means  of  making  a  profit,  or  of  personal 
advancement  must  remain  open.  It  looks  now  like  competition  had  ap- 
pendicitis. If  large  combinations  shut  off  the  means  of  getting  the  In- 
dividuals food  products  and  minerals  to  the  markets  of  the  world,  by  plac- 
ing such  a  rate  on  the  individual  output  for  transportation  (over  so- 
called  PUBLIC  HIGHWAYS)  as  to  be  prohibitory,  and  give  to  the  com- 
binations of  capital  a  rate  or  rebate  equal  to  the  price  the  individual  re- 
ceives for  his  product,  then  this  appendicitis  will  be  fatal  and  competition 
is  dead.  I  am  speaking  for  the  miners  and  farmers  as  a  class,  and  not 


30  Official  Proceedings 

for  large  companies.  Why,  because  the  large  companies  in  a  mining  way 
at  least  see  the  trend  of  events,  and  are  governing  thems'elves  accordingly. 
What  made  Butte?  The  Butte  &  Anaconda  railroad.  The  mining  com- 
panies there,  as  elsewhere,  that  can  live  and  make  a  profit,  own  their  own 
gold,  copper  and  coal  mines  ;  run  their  own  electric  plants  and  railroads ; 
and  own  their  own  lumber  mills,  smelters  and  refineries1.  The  only  mining 
company  in  North  Idaho  not  at  the  mercy  of  corporate  greed, o\vn  their  own 
smelter  on  Puget  Sound  and  get  their  dry  ores  from  the  Treadwell  mine 
in  Alaska.  Prospectors  have  been  driven  to  prospect  near  where  ships  can 
be  loaded.  I  can  show  in  this  State  idle  smelters,  idle  because  of  coke 
rates ;  the  railroads  must  get  the  ore  haul  and  for  that  haul  the  profit 
vanishes  to  the  miner.  You  show  me  a  gold  mine  from  "Mt.  Morgan"  to 
the  "Independence,"  a  lead-silver  mine  from  the  Bunker  Hill  &  Sullivan  to 
the  "Jesu  Maria,"  a  copper  mine  from  the  Anaconda  to  the  United  Verde, 
that  is  making  a  profit  for  itself,  and  I'll  show  you,  at  each  and  all  points, 
either  a  self-owned  transportation  line,  smelter  reduction  works  or  re- 
finery. The  field  of  placer  gold  now  being  'exploited  in  the  frozen  north 
will  soon  be  exhausted ;  placer  fields  soon  disappear,  at  least  they  always 
have,  and  if  the  people  do  not  awake  from  their  lethargy,  the  companies 
now  ammassing  wealth  will  be  the  only  ones  that  can  operate  in  our  un- 
explored fields. 

Something  must  be  done,  and  it  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  the  busi- 
ness man,  who  is  not  in  a  position  to  give  away  a  million  dollars.  What 
are  we  going  to  do?  Denounce  by  resolution  the  trusts?  Certainly  not. 
Why?  Because  that  would  be  silly  and  avail  nothing.  It  requires  a  dif- 
ferent kind  of  resolution.  It  will  require  the  kind  that  possessed  the  souls 
of  men  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  in  the  '40's.  The  fight  in  the  end  will 
be  one  for  existence.  For  an  opportunity  to  make  something  better  than 
a  living.  Already  the  power  of  these  combinations  crushes  the  business 
and  political  aspirations  of  many  who  refuse  to  do  their  bidding.  We  have 
now  a  "Community  of  Interests."  Our  traffic  and  transportation  facilities 
for  the  ten  million  people  covered  by  the  companies  that  cover  the  West, 
are  in  the  hands  of  two  men.  Are  they  going  to  build  up  your  section? 
If  so,  why  do  you  think  so?  Don't  you  know  they  are  taking  now  all  the 
traffic  will  bear.  These  rates  must  be  equal  to  all,  and  special  privileges 
to  none,  and  if  we  get  equal  rates,  in  my  judgment,  the  trusts  will  fall 
of  their  own  weight.  We  want  better  rates  for  the  interior  States.  For 
instance,  why  isn't  this  beautiful  City  of  Boise  a  manufacturing  city?  One 
example  will  answer.  Coming  in  on  the  train  you  passed  thousands  of 
sheep  grazing,  'so  why  not  a  woolen  mill?  Simply  and  solely  because  if  the 
wool  was  scoured,  the  railroads  would 'lose  the  freight  on  the  dirt  and 
grease,  and  the  rate  on  the  scoured  wool  is  so  much  higher  than  the  un- 
secured, that  we  cannot  even  have  a  scouring  plant.  The  profits  in 
the  end  must  go  to  men  who  expect  to  live  in  history,  by  endowments,  when 
it  should  be  paid  for  labor  and  homes  in  this  bountiful  valley.  Justice  can 
be  done  to  the  Inter-Mountain  West,  decent  dividends  be  paid,  and  the  land 
that  has  been  granted  to  these  companies,  will  increase  'enough  in  value 
to  pay  the  necessary  velvet  for  their  historical  purposes.  Take  the  item 
of  stamp  mill  shoes  and  dies ;  they  can  be  shipped  from  Brooklyn  to-  Port- 
land, and  then  local  rate  paid  back  from  Portland  cheaper  than  they  can 
be  shipped  direct.  Take  the  item  of  salt ;  a  mining  man  in  this  country  must 
buy  his  salt  at  the  same  time  a  sheepman  Jiuys  his  stock  salt,  in  order  to 
save  $50  per  car.  He  must  lay  in  a  year's,  supply.  Salt  in  Salt  Lake  is 
worth  $5  per  ton ;  it  costs  in  the  Owyhees  $25.  It  is  unnecessary  to  illu- 
strate at  this  time  cyanide,  bltiestone,  cement,  machinery,  belting,  mine 
cars  or  ores.  What  we  want  and  all  we  want  is  justice.  Let  this  "Com- 
munity" of  the  few  become  in  service,  at  least,  the  "Community"  of  the 
many.  The  profits  like  the  "kitty"  are  all  going  into  the  same  hole,  and  we 
want  the  checks  issued  at  the  same  rate.  The  per  cent  rake-off  is  killing 
us.  There  is  something  in  a  name.  If  we  get  together  out  here  we  "fuse," 
if  they  get  together  in  the  Jerseys  it  is  a  "Community  of  Interests."  If 
results)  are  alike  they  divide  the  pie. 

The  enormous  profits  of  combinations  already  formed  are  worthy  of  the 
attention  of  all  good  Americans.  To  those  who  want  this  commonwealth 
preserved  from  the  selfishness  of  plutocracy,  or  the  bomb  of  the  nihilist. 
The  prospector  suffers  the  hardship  and  endurance  ;  the  mine  operator  takes 
all  the  risk,  pays  high  wages  and  high  prices  for  goods,  and  the  modern 
"Community"  (of  five  men)  gets  a  dollar  profit  to  the  mine  operators  25 


International  Mining  Congress.  31 

cents,  and  that  in  the  face  of  the  fact  that  there  is  more  money  invested 
in  the  mines  than  the  smelters.  The  lead  trust  has  things  in  such  shape 
in  North  Idaho  there  is  but  one  company  that  is  not  at  their  mercy.  They 
fix  the  price  to  the  producer  and  the  consumer.  Look  at  the  price  of 
lead  in  the  morning,  and  then  go  to  the  hardware  store,  and  see  what  the 
difference  is  between  what  is  paid  the  miner  for  his  product  and  what  they 
charge  him  if  the  pipe  line  in  the  mine  leaks,  and  he  needs  rd  lead,  or 
if  he  desires  to  paint  his  little  home,  and  wants  the  white  product.  The 
miner  in  the  meantime  has  passed  the  transportation  company  and  paid  his 
tribute  there.  Then  he  was  compelled  to  give  the  password,  cross  his  heart, 
promise  to  be  good  to  the  smelter  trust.  They  find  his  ore  is  full  of  water, 
deduct  10  per  cent  for  moisture,  give  him  a  song  and  dance  about  silver 
fluctuating,  and  they  must  take  5  per  cent  more  off  for  fear  the  market 
will  change  before  they  know  it,  and  then  if  the  price  of  silver  goes  above 
65  cents  they  assume  a  George  Washington  phrase,  say,  "I  cannot  lie,  I  did 
it,"  and  because  of  it  the  smelter  trust  takes  one-third  off  the  advance 
above  65,  and  if  you  kick,  they,  together  with  the  lead  trust,  will  refu'se 
to  buy  buy  your  product  at  all.  Then  we  wonder  at  the  increase  of  crime. 
If  this  thing  keeps  up  the  producers  of  copper,  lead,  silver  and  gold  must 
accept  the  price  fixed  for  their  product,  or  take  the  price  of  these  "Jerseys" 
for  their  mine.  If  there  ore  Cripple  Creek  miners  here  they  know  the  list 
should  include  gold,  because  outside  of  Alaska  there  is  very  little  placer  or 
free  gold,  and  the  base  gold  ores  must  run  the  gauntlet  with  the  rest,  and 
then  you  are  lucky  if  you  get  $19  for  the  gold. 

Let  us  be  brave  men.  All  that  it  requires  to  accomplish  the  reforms 
is  sufficient  courage.  We  are  like  the  Incas.  We  have  gold  and  silver ;  we 
have  the  base  metals,  and  we  have  the  precious  metals  in  nearly  every  house, 
but  we  are  not  looking  for  any  Pizarros,  and  we  must  say  like  the  Inca, 
"What  tribute  are  we  to  pay  to  you  ;  we  desire  to  be  vassals  to  the  Gods 
alone,  and  as  to  renouncing  all  our  rights,  it  will  be  time  to  do  that  when 
you  have  proved  the  truth  of  yours." 

If  we  get  any  concessions  we  must  fight  for  them.  Let  the  people 
take  the  moisture  out  of  some  of  the  stocks.  Let  the  community  of  the 
people  say  we  are  entitled  to  and  must  have  better  rates  for  our  product 
of  the  mines  and  farms.  Let  us  form  a  business  protective  association,  com- 
posed of  all  classes.  The  miners  cannot  win  the  fight  alone.  Let  us  say 
now  that  transportation  rates  in  car  lots  shall  be  equal  to  all.  We  want 
a  chance  to  live  in  the  interior;  we  want- even  coal  and  coke  rates.  Give 
us  a  chance  to  haul  our  ores  downhill  to  Portland.  Give  us  a  chance  for 
independent  smelters.  Give  us  a  chance  to  use  the  opportunities  that  God 
has  placed  here.  We  are  shipping  our  cattle  East  and  our  beef  West.  The 
railroads  have  a  coon's  bear  trap  set  for  every  producer,  that  is  they  "catch 
us  a-comin'  and  a-goin'."  Give  us  a  chance  to  market  our  iron  ores.  Give 
us  an  even  break  with  the  men  that  think  they  have  the  world  cornered, 
and  we  will  turn  the  world  around  and  make  it  go  the  other  way  if  necessary. 
Give  us  a  chance  to  market  our  wheat.  This  epochal  expansioin  we  have 
entered  on  was  made  possible  by  the  pioneers  of  the  Pacific  West.  If  the 
Oriental  faces  are  to  change  their  diet  from  rice  to  flour,  we  will  furnish 
them  enough  wheat  with  Lewistown  as  a  shipping  point  to  fill  the  vessels  of 
the  world.  If  the  great  market  of  the  future  is  to  be  Siberia,  so  that  we  can 
do  business  with  our  own  race,  we  will  furnish  enough  timber  from  Idaho 
to  do  all  the  possible  development  in  Siberia  for  a  generation.  The  strength 
of  an  army  is  its  commissary ;  it  moves  on  its  stomach.  The  strength  of  the 
world  is  the  same.  Idaho  is  worth  any  five  States  east  of  the  Missisippi 
for  this  purpose.  Give  us  a  chance  to  manufacture  glass,  watches,  cement, 
steel  and  clothing.  Give  us  a  chance  to  ship  our  fruits,  and  don't  let 
fruit-raisers  2,000  miles  from  here  ship  their  fruit  to  a  point  only  300 
miles  from  here,  as  cheap  as  we  can  haul  the  300  miles.  A  fruit-raiser  in 
Payette  last  year  shipped  his  fruit  to  Chicago,  and  after  he  sold  the  fruit, 
he  was  $30  in  debt  to  the  railroads  and  they  have  brought  suit  for  the  $30. 
We  do  not  want  at  any  stage  the  best  of  it.  Just  give  us  a  square  deal. 
We  cannot  possibly  win  now,  as  a  so-called  terminal  point  knows  the  cards 
are  stacked  and  at  the  proper  time  we  will  be  put  to  sleep.  The  rail- 
roads carry  a  stock  of  knock-out  drops,  that  has  paralyzed  every  interior 
shipping  point.  We  dig  in  the  ground  like  badgers,  live  on  bacon  and 
beans,  furnish  the  sinews  and  muscles  of  war,  and  as  the  fast  tram  rushes 
by,  lit  up  by  electricity,  "wonder  how  such  things  can  be  and  overcome 
us  like  a  summer  dream."  Then  we  are  not  envious,  but  we  do  say,  make 


32  Official  Proceedings 

us  the  equal  of  other  shippers,  and  we  will  build  palaces  from  the  marble 
in  our  back  yards,  compared  with  which  the  beauty  and  texture  of  the 
marble  in  the  Halls  of  the  Montezumas  will  fade  into  insignificance.  You 
can  take  the  miners,  commencing  with  Mackay,  Stanford,  Flood,  and  go 
down  the  horizon  and  include  Haggin,  Hearts,  Daly,Clark,  Tabor  and  Strat- 
ton  and  Tom  Walsh,  and  there  is  not  one  of  them  but  can  step  in  a  night 
from  a  country  store  to  a  position  in  Paris  surrounded  and  petted  by  the 
Kings,  Princes  and  Royal  bloods  for  a  generation. 

You  mining  men  from  other  States  know  that}  the  conditions  here  are 
the  conditions  in  your  own  place ;  I  am  simply  using  illustrations  common 
to  all.  We  must  all  bump  up  against  the  steel  trust  more  so  than  the 
farmer.  We  must  all  face  the  cap  and  powde'r  trust,  and  yet  with  equal 
railroad  rates  I  think  one-half  of  them  would  dissolve ;  certainly  the  most 
objectionable  would.  If  any  delegate  thinks  some  other  plan  more  feasible, 
I  hope  he  will  present  it.  The  subject  matter  is  one  that  this  Congress,  in 
my  judgment,  must  help  remedy. 

The  principle  laid  down  in  the  Monroe  Doctrine  was  first  asserted  in 
regard  to  this  then  Oregon  country,  viz. :  "That  we  should  contest  the  right 
to  any  foreign  territorial  establishment  on  this  continent."  It  looks  like  if 
we  had  the  proper  faith  and  courage ;  if  we  are  of  the  same  stock  as  Monroe 
and  Adams ;  if  we  believed  with  John  Jay,  "That  the  right  to  take  one 
pound  implied  the  right  to  take  a  thousand ;"  that  we  would  declare  our- 
selves commercially,  as  well  as  politically,  FREE.  To  sit  idly  by  and 
protest  and  not  act  means  annihilation.  The  harvest  of  these  combines 
means  outrageous  dividends ;  to  think  otherwise  means  to  forget  Leadville, 
Gunnison,  Wood  River  and  Bingham.  The  Utah  delegates  representing  that 
magnificent  commonwealth  know  that  there  are  many  Mercurs  on  Deep 
Creek.  Many  Park  Cities,  and  wealth  galore  for  all  of  her  people.  A  miner 
has  only  one  crop  from  a  mine  ;  it  can  never  be  replanted.  It  goes  to  swell 
the  wealth  of  the  world.  If  his  part  qf  that  one  crop  is  to  be  confiscated 
by  syndicates,  it  is  farbetter  that  that  crop  remain  in  the  bosom  of  mother 
earth,  and  be  harvested  at  a  time  when  the  patriotism  of  the  people 
is  sufficiently  aroused  to  act.  Let  usi  commence  here  to  do  something 
tangible. 

Four  and  a  half  cents  per  hundred  pounds,  a  hundred  miles,  is  an  ex- 
tortionate price  to  pay  for  a  wheat  haul ;  especially  when  the  road  bed  is 
right  alongside  of  the  Columbia.  Compare  that  price  with  the  Chicago  and 
Mississippi  haul.  If  this  Government  can  make  it  possible  for  one  man 
to  give  five  million  for  a  library,  it  can  for  the  price  of  one  library  make  an 
open  river  from  Lewistown  to  the  sea.  This  will  be  a  starter  and  help  make 
States.  Let  this  Congress  pass  a  resolution,  and  an  urgency  one,  and  tele- 
graph it  to  the  Rivers  and  Harbor  Committee,  now  in  this  State,  that  this 
Congress  demands  an  appropriation  for  the  purpose  of  blasting  out  a  few 
rocks,  so  that  the  ships  of  the  world  can  get  into  the  Inland  Empire,  and 
that  this  appropriation  is  the  most  important  of  the  Pacific  West.  Then 
let  the  people  follow  that  up.  If  that  fails  I  would  like  to  see  the  three 
States  affected  open  the  river  themselves.  If  the  people  are  in  earnest  it 
won't  fail,  because  as  our  friend  Dooly  says,  "The  constitution  may  follow 
the  flag,  or  the  flag  follow  the  Constitution — but  the  court  follows  the  elec- 
tion returns.'"  The  appropriation  will  be  made  if  the  men  in  Washington 
think  we  are  sufficiently  in  earnest.  Second,  in  some  manner  or  form  we 
must  curb  the  power  of  the  railroads,  who  are  gaining  strength  by  favorit- 
ism. Third,  we  must  never  cease  fighting  for  the  Nicaragua  canal.  It 
this  canal  IB  built  railroads  will  be  compelled  to  recognize  interior  towns, 
because  the  ocean  places  will  have  water  transportation,  and  in  order  to 
get  the  haul  the  different  lioes  will  strive  to  build  up  their  own  shipping 
points  in  the  interior. 

Will  you  do  it?  I  am  not  a  pessimist;  I  am  an  optimist.  This  can  be 
done  with  one-half  the  ease  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  was  beaten.  This  ia 
a  Nation  for  the  people.  Everything  will  give  way  if  we'  can  get  that 
avalanche — public  opinion — started.  Don't  wait  like  Marc  Antony  "to 
let  slip  the  dogs  of  war."  Who  was  the  great  power  here  at  the  time  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company?  The  head  of  the  Astor  family  now  has  sworn 
allegiance  to  a  King ;  a  King  who  recently  found  frock  coats  so  thick  around 
his  throne  he  t»embled,  while  the  names  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  and  Stevens 
and  Whitman  and  others  are  engraved  in  the  Halls  of  Fame,  and  in  dif- 
ferent towns  in  the  Northwest  children  gather  around  their  public  monu- 
ments and  are  taught  the  lessons  of  heroism  and  courage.  All  history 


International  Mining  Congress.  33 

teaches  us  the  same.  Napoleon  knew  as  he  walked  around  the  crater  of  an 
extinct  volcano  that  in  the  end  wealth  and  power  will  pass  away.  Prance 
is  celebrating  the  fall  of  the  Bastile.  Alexander  sighed  for  more  worlds 
to  conquer.  Cortez  and  Pizarro  confiscated  the  wealth  of  Peru  and  Mexico, 
yet  near  us  there  is  another  Republic.  And  only  a  few  rough  stones  on  the 
sand  and  earth  tell  us  of  the  Pharoahs  of  Egypt. 

In  this  land  of  marvelous  and  unlimited  resources^  backed  up  by  a 
percentage  of  illiteracy  less  than  anywhere  else  in  the  known  world,  hu- 
maoity  is  free  from  superstition  and  awe ;  respect  for  labor  and  respect  for 
capital,  and  rspect  for  ourselves,  we  are  going  to  do  that  which  we  were 
caught  to  do.  Here  Irving  placed  Captain  Bonnville ;  here  Bacon  placed  his 
Atlantis,  the  place  of  Utopians  ;  here  in  the  Straits  of  Fuca  was  the  scene 
of  Gulliver's  travels ;  here,  where  a  noted  lecturer  said,  "The  Finite  prays, 
the  Infinite  listens,  and  Immensity  Looks  on,"  here  with  our  fruits  and 
wines;  here  with  our  fish  and  seals;  here  with  our  horses,  sheep  and 
cattle ;  here  with  our  gold  and  silver ;  here  with  the  treasure  vaults  of  the 
world;  here  with  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world;  here  with  our  schools, 
churches  and  opera  houses  ;  here  with  our  tabernacles,  whose  accoustic  prop- 
erties are  so  fine  that  pilgrims  come  hither  from  the  civilized  world  and 
wonder  if  its  architect  was  inspired.  No,  these  things  are  for  future  genera- 
tions; they  are  for  the  many  and  not  the  few.  In  this  pavilion  of  the 
setting  sun,  when  the  sun  disappears  behind  yon  mountains,  so  high  that 
they  are  never  tainted  with  the  earth's  dust,  the  sky  will  be  lit  up  by  the 
glare  of  light  from  foundaries  and  smelters,  and  in  the  morning  the  only 
smoke  to  dim  the  sky  will  be  the  smoke  from  the  chimneys  of  thousands 
of  contented  and  happy  people,  who  will  be  engaged  in  the  happy  task  of 
adding  to  the  wealth  of  the  world.  And  they  will  say  to  the  founders  of 
this  State — 

"As  for  you,  you  are  gray,  and  the  thunder 

Of  the  battle  has  smitten  each  brow. 
Where  the  freshness  of  youth  was  turned  under 

By   Time's   immemrial   plow ; 
But  the  pictures  of  memory  linger, 

Like  the  shadows  that  turn  to  the  Bast, 
And  will  point  with  tremulous  finger 

To  the  things  that  are  perished  and  ceased ; 
For  the  trail  and  foot-log  have  vanished, 

The  canoe  is  a  song  and  a  tale, 
And  flickering  church  spire  has  banished 

The  uncanny  red  man  from  the  vale ; 
The  cayuse  is  no  longer  in  fashion — 

He  is  gone  with  a  flutter  of  heels, 
And  the  old  wars  are  dead,  and  their  passions 

In  the  crystals  of  culture  congeals ; 
And  the  wavering  flare  of  the  pitch  light, 

That  illumines  your  banquets  no  more, 
Will  return  like  a  wandering  witch  Hght 

And  uncrimson  the  fancies  of  yore — 
But  you  builded  a  State  in  whose  arches 

Shall  be  carven  the  deed  and  the  name, 
And  posterity  lengthens  its  marches 

In  the  golden  starlight  of  your  fame." 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  The  next  matter  on  the  program  is  a  paper 
on  the  "Mineral  Resources  of  Georgia,"  by  Prof.  S.  W.  McCallie,  assistant 
State  Geologist,  of  Georgia. 

Prof.  McCallie  then  read  the  following  paper : 

All  of  the  great  divisions  of  geological  history  are  represented  in  Geor- 
gia with  the  exception  probably  of  the  Jura-trias.  The  northern  and  central 
parts  of  the  State,  knowns  as  the  Crystalline  area,  are  made  up  largely  of 
gneisses  and  schists,  which  are  supposed  to  represent  the  southern  exten- 
sion of  the  old  Archean  continent.  To  the  northeast  of  this  ancient  land 
surface  and  comprising  the  greater  part  of  ten  counties  In  the  extreme 
northwestern  part  of  the  State,  occur  the  Paleozoic  rocks  ;  while  to  the  south, 
extending  over  an  area  of  30,000  square  miles,  are  the  widespread  deposits 
of  the  Cretaceous  and  the  Tertiary  periods.  A  State  thus  "endowed  with  such 
a  diversity  of  geological  formations  must  necessarily  possess  extensive  and 


34  Official  Proceedings 

varied  mineral  'resources.  In  the  discussion  of  these  resources,  many  of 
which  are  in  a  large  measure  at  present  in  an  incipient  stage  of  development, 
only  those  will  be  considered  whose  economic  importance  cannot  be  ques- 
tioned. 

The  redand  the  brown  iron  ores  constitute  one  of  the  most  important 
mineral  resources  here  to  be  considered,  and  one  that  has  been  a  continuous 
source  of  revenue  to  the  State  for  more  than  half  a  century.  These  ores 
are  confined  mainly  to  the  Paleozoic  area  of  Northwest  Georgia,  where  they 
occur  in  large  quantities. 

THE  BROWN  IRON  ORES,  o'r  more  properly  speaking,  the  limonites, 
are  most  abundant  in  Polk,  Bartow  and  Floyd  counties.  Nevertheless, 
workable  deposits  are  also  to  be  found  in  every  county  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  State  with  only  one  or  two  exceptions. 

The  brown  iron  ores  are  confined  chiefly  to  two  different  geological 
horizons,  viz.,  the  Weisner  quartzite,  and  the  Knox  dolomite,  the  former 
of  Cambrian,  and  the  latter  of  Silurian  age.  The  Weisner  quartzite  which 
corresponds  to  the  Potsdam  sandstone  of  New  York,  is  an  extensive  deposit 
of  mountain-making  metamorphic  sandstone,  forming  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  Paleozoic  rocks.  At  many  points  the  formation  has  been  subjected 
to  intense  pressure  during  the  process  of  mountain-making,  and  as  a  re- 
sult, its  strata  are  frequently  much  folded  and  brecciated.  Along  the  line 
where  the  dynamical  forces  have  acted  most  energetically  is  a  great  dis- 
placement in  the  strata  known  as  the  Cartersville  fault,  near  which  all  of 
the  main  iron  ore  deposits  of  the  Weisner  quartzite  are  located.  These  ores, 
which  always  run  high  in  metallic  iron  and  low  in  sulphur  and  other  im- 
purities, often  occur  in  well-defined  fissure-veins,  but  generally  they  are 
found  in  the  form  of  irregular  deposits  in  the  "residual  clays,  or  as  thick 
sheets,  or  blankets,  overlying  the  metamorphic  sandstone.  The  fissure-veins 
vary  from  a  few  feet  to  several  yards  in  width  and  frequently  continue  for 
a  quarter"  of  a  mile  or  more  in  length.  They  always  dip  at  a  high  angle 
and  apparently  extend  to  a  great  depth.  The  ore  of  these  veins  is  gen- 
erally more  or  less  poru©  and  is  usually  of  an  excellent  quality. 

The  blanket  deposits  are  not  so  plentiful  as  the  residual  or  the  fissure 
deposits;  nevertheless  they  are  of  special  economic  interest  on  account  of  the 
large  quantities  of  ore  which  they  contain.  These  deposits  in  the  extreme 
northeastern  part  of  Bartow  county,  in  what  is  known  as  the  Sugar  Hill 
district,  often  mantle  the  mountain  side  to  the  depth  of  many  feet.  One 
of  the  deposits  of  this  district  has  been  producing  daily  for  the  last  lew 
years  from  twenty  to  thirty  cars  of  high  grade  ore,  and  yet  there  still 
remains  large  quantities  of  the  ore  in  sight.  It  is  questionable  whether  there 
is  to  be  found  anywhere  in  the  South  brown  iron  ore  deposits  which  will 
surpass,  or  even  equal  in  extent,  the  blanket  deposits  of  the  Weisn'er  quart- 
zite of  Bartow  county. 

The  brown  iron  ores  of  the  Knox  dolomite  formation  occur  chiefly  in 
the  forms  of  pockets  or  irregular  deposits  in  the  residual  clays.  These  de- 
posits are  quite  variable  in  size.  Sometimes  they  produce  only  a  few  car- 
loads of  ore  but  generally  they  are  far  more  extensive  and  cover  a  con- 
siderable area-  Some  of  the  individual  deposits  in  the  vicinity  of  Cedartown 
have  been  worked  on  an  extensive  scale  for  more  than  twenty  years  with- 
out exhausting  the  supply  of  ore.  It  i»  not  an  uncommon  thing  to  find  the 
deposits  extending  over  six  or  eight  acres,  but  in  such  cases  the  deposit  is 
not  equally  rich  in  all  parts.  The  depth  to  which  the  ores  of  the  Knox  dolo- 
mite formation  extends,  as  well  as  its  surface  dimensions,  is  variable.  In 
some  instances  the  deposits  are  very  superficial,  extending  only  a  few  feet 
below  the  surface,  while  in  other  cases  they  have  been  worked  to  the  depth 
of  eighty  feet  or  more  without  reaching  their  limit. 

In  addition  to  the  above  brown  iron  ore-bearing  formations  there  are 
two  others,  viz. :  The  Deaton  limestone  and  the  Port  Payne  chert,  which 
have  also  ^produced  considerable  ore.  The  ore  from  these  formations  is 
similar  to  the  ore  occurring  in  the  Knox  dolomite  series,  though,  as  a  gen- 
eral rule,  it  does  not  run  as  "high  in  metallic  iron. 

The  total  amount  of  brown  iron  ore  produced  from  these  several  de- 
posits last  year  aggregated  more  than  400,000  tons,  thus  making  Georgia  the 
third  in  the  list  of  brown  iron  ore-producing  States  in  the  South. 

THE  RED  IRON  ORES. — The  red,  or  fossil,  iron  ores  of  Georgia  are 
confined  chiefly  to  three  counties  in,  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the 
State.  These  ores  occur  in  what  is  known  as  the  Rockwood  formation, 
which  is  the  northern  extension  of  the  Red  Mountain,  or  the  Clinton  iron 


International  Mining  Congress.  35 

ore  bearing  series  of  Alabama.  Stratigraphically,  the  Rockwood  formation 
occupies  the  same  position  in  the  geological  scale  as  the  fossil  iron  ore 
bearing  rocks  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  Rockwood  formation  in  Georgia  is  made  up  of  shales,  sandstones, 
and  thin-bedded  limestones  with  from  one  to  three  beds  of  fossil  iron  ore. 
The  formation,  though  not  necessarily  ridge  forming  itself,  always  outcrops 
along  the  side  or  at  the  base  of  the  mountain  and  ridges.  It  is  exposed  at 
the  base  of  Sand,  Lookout,  Pigeon  and  Dirt  Seller's  Mountains  and  also 
along  the  slopes  of  Taylor's  Ridge,  where  it  attains  a  total  thickness  ot 
several  hundred  feet. 

The  workable  iron  ore  is  found  usually  near  the  center  of  the  Rock- 
wood  formation,  where  it  occurs  in  continuous  beds  varying  from  a  few 
inches  to  several  feet  in  thickness.  Each  of  the  beds,  which  usually  dip  at 
a  low  angle,  generally  carries  two  varieties  of  ore,  viz. :  the  soft  ore  and 
the  hard  ore.  The  soft  ore,  which  forms  the  weathered  part  of  the  bed, 
rarely  ever  extends  to  a  depth  of  more  than  ten  or  fifteen  feet  below  the 
surface.  It  differs  from  the  hard  ore  mainly  in  haying  little  or  no  lime  pres- 
ent, and  as  a  consequence,  always  runs  higher  in  metallic  iron  than  the 
hard  ore.  The  relative  chemical  composition  of  the  soft  and  the  hard  ore 
is  shown  by  the  following  analyses: 

Hard  Ore.— Metallic  iron,  32.19  ;  lime,  23.19  ;  phos.,  0.804. 
.    Soft  Ore. — Metallic  iron,  59.00;  silica,  9.11;  phos.,  .092. 

Some  idea  may  be  had  as  to  the  abundance  of  the  red  fossil  iron  ores 
of  Georgia  when  it  is  stated  thai  the  aggregate  length  of  the  outcroppings 
of  the  beds,  which  average  more  than  two  feet  in  thicknes,  is  about  150 
miles,  and  that  in  places  the  ore  can  be  economically  mined  to  the  depth  of 
more  than  200  feet. 

The  output  of  the  red  iron  ores  of  Georgia  last  year  was  not  so  great 
as  that  of  the  brown  iron  ores.  Nevertheless,  should  the  price  warrant  it, 
the  output  of  these  ores  could  be  increased  to  meet  almost  any  demand. 

COAL. — The  coal  measures  of  Georgia,  which  occur  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  State,  form  the  northern  extension  of  the  Warricfr  Coal  Feilds 
of  Alabama.  They  are  confined  chiefly  to  Sand  and  Lookout  Mountains  in 
Dade,  Walker  and  Chattooga  counties,  where  they  cover  a  total  area  of 
about  200  square  miles.  The  coal  formation  of  Georgia,  as  elsewhere  in 
the  great  Appalachian  coal  fields,  is  divided  into  upper  and  lower  measures. 
The  upper  measures  are  beist  developed  on  Lookout  Mountain  in  the  vicinity 
of  Durham  coal  mine,  where  they  attain  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  900 
feet.  This  division  of  the  coal  formation  carries  seven  different  coal  seams, 
but  only  one  is  worked  at  present. 

*  The  lower  coal  measures  are  not  so  thick  by  many  feet  as  the  upper. 
However,  they  carry  a  greater  number  of  workable  coal  seams.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Cole  City,  on  Sand  Mountain,  as  many  as  three  different  seams 
have  been  worked  in  the  lower  measures  more  or  less  extensively.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  three  workable  coal  seams  here  mentioned,  the  lower  measures 
contain  two  other  seams  which  are  probably  also  workable  in  places. 

The  coal  obtained  from  both  coal  measures  is  an  excellent  quality  of 
bituminous  coal,  well  suited  for  coking  and  steam  purposes.  At  present, 
there  are  three  coal  mines  being  operated  in  the  State,  two  on  Lookout, 
and  one  on  Sand  Mountain,  with  a  total  output  of  about  14,000  tons  per 
day,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  used  for  coking  purposes.  Two  of  the 
mines,  here  referred  to,  are  in  the  upper  coal  measures  of  Lookout,  an"d 
the  other  Is  in  the  lower  measures-  of  Sand  Mountain.  The  mines  on  the 
latter  mountain  have  been  worked  almost  continuously  for  more  than  half 
a  century,  and  were  among  the  first  coal  mines  opened  south  of  the  Ohio 
river. 

MANGANESE. — The  manganese  ores,  like  the  brown  iron  ores,  are 
confined  chiefly  to  Bartow,  Floyd  and  Polk  counties.  The  largest  and 
most  productive  deposits  are  found  in  Bartow  County,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cartersville,  where  the  ores  occur  as  irregular  deposits  in  the  residual  clays 
derived  from  the  Knox  dolomite  and  the  "Weisner  quartzite.  The  ores  are 
usually  in  the  form  of  nodular  concretions,  varying  from  a  fraction  of  an 
inch  to  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter.  In  places  these  concretions  become 
so  abundant  that  they  form  beds  of  considerable  thickness.  Deposits  of  this 
character,  which  have  been  extensively  worked,  occur  in  th'e  vicinity  of 
Cave  Spring,  Polk  County. 

The  manganese  deposits  of  Georgia  have  been  worked  continuously 
for  many  years.  During  their  early  workings  the  ores  were  shipped  to 


36  Official  Proceedings 

England,  but  at  present,  they  find  a  ready  market  at  home,  where  they  are 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  steel  and  for  bleaching  purposes.  In  1898, 
Georgia  produced  nearly  7,000  tons  of  manganese  ore,  which  was  approxi- 
mately one-half  of  the  manganese  produced  in  the  United  States.  With 
the  exception,  probably,  of  Virginia,  Georgia  easily  stands  first  in  the  list 
of  manganese  producing  States  in  the  Union. 

OCHRE. — Ochre  deposits  of  commercial  value  are  found  at  a  number 
of  points  throughout  Northwest  Georgia,  where  they  are  always  more  or 
less  intimately  associated  with  the  brown  iron  ores.  The  most  'extensive 
deposits  are  confined  to  the  Weisner  quartzite  in  Bartow  County,  near  Car- 
tersville.  These  deposits  occur  mostly  along  the  western  margin  of  the 
quartzite,  where  it  has  been  much  crushed  and  broken.  According  to  Dr. 
C.  W.  Hayes,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  the  ochre  forms  a  series  of 
irregular  branching  veins,  which  intersect  the  fractured  quartzite  in  all 
conceivable  directions.  At  some  points  the  veins  become  greatly  enlarged 
and  contain  large  quantities  of  excellent  ore.  Deposits  of  this  character, 
•which  have  been  worked  for  some  years,  are  to  be  seen  at  the  eastern  end 
of  the  county  bridge  across  the  Etowah  River,  near  Emerson ;  and  also  at  a 
number  of  points  along  the  western  margin  of  the  Weisner  quartzite  north 
of  that  point.  The  ochre  of  these  deposits,  which  is  really  only  a  pul- 
verulent form  of  brown  iron  ore,  is  quite  free  from  impurities,  and  well 
suited  for  making  linoleum  and  paint. 

The  output  from  the  ochre  mines  in  the  Cartersville  district  last  year 
was  nearly  4,000  tons,  about  one-fouith  of  the  ochre  output  of  the  United 
States.  The  greater  part  of  the  ochre  now  being  mined  in  Bartow  county 
is  said  to  be  shipped  to  England,  where  it  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
linoleum.  In  addition  to  the  above  named  ochre,  which  is  known  as  yellow 
ochre,  Georgia  also  produces  a  considerable  amount  of  red  ochre,  which 
is  the  pulverized,  or  ground  red  fossil  iron  ore,  obtained  chiefly  from  Walker 
County. 

BAUXITE. — Bauxite,  a  hydrate  of  alumina,  first  discovered  in  Amer- 
ica near  Rome,  Ga.,  in  1887,  is  a  clay-like  mineral  used  principally  in  the 
manufacture  of  alum  and  the  metal  aluminium.  The  Georgia  deposits  of 
this  mineral  are  found  mainly  in  Floyd,  Polk  and  Bartow  counties,  where 
they  occur  in  more  or  less  extensive  pockets  associated  with  the  residual 
clays  of  the  Knox  dolomite.  The  size  of  these  deposits,  like  those  of  the 
brown  iron  ores,  is  quite  variable.  In  some  instances  they  have  been  known 
to  have  produced  several  thousand  tons,  but  as  a  rule  the  deposits  are 
not  so  extensive.  The  pkysud  appearance  of  the  mineral  bauxite  which 
varies  from  30  to  70  per  cent  alumina,  is  often  amorphous,  resembling 
kaoline,  but  generally  it  has  a  concretionary  or  oolitic  structure. 

The  first  bauxite  mined  in  the  United  States  was  from  Hermitage, 
Floyd  County,  in  1889.  Subsequent  to  this  date,  other  mines  were  opened 
in  Floyd,  Bartow  and  Polk  counties,  so  that  in  a  comparatively  short  time 
the.  mining  of  bauxite  in  Georgia  became  a  very  important  and  lucrative 
industry. 

The  annual  output  from  the  Georgia  bauxite  mines  in  the  last  few 
years  has  varied  from  1,000  to  7,000  tons,  the  greater  part  of  which  has 
been  shipped  to  Philadelphia,  where  it  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of'  alum. 
Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  bauxite  mines  of  Arkansas  in  1899  Georgia 
and  Alabama  produced  all  the  bauxite  mined  in  America. 

CORUNDUM. — Corundum  was  first  discovered  in  Georgia  on  Laurel 
Creek,  Rabun  County,  about  1871.  This  mineral  has  since  been  found  in 
greater  or  less  deposits  in  a  number  of  counties  throughout  the  northern 
part  of  the  State.  It  occurs  associated  with  peridotites,  and  other  basic 
igneous  rocks  in  the  form  of  irregular  veins  and  pockets.  The  corundum 
found  in  Georgia  is  usually  pink,  gray  or  blue.  It  is  rarely  transparent 
and  as  a  consequence  the  gem  sapphire  or  ruby  is  s'eldom  met  with.  In  a 
few  instances  these  gems  are  reported  to  have  been  found,  but  they  are 
probably  of  rare  occurrence.  The  commercial  value  of  the  Georgia  corundum 
may  threforc  be  said  to  depend  upon  its  use  in  the  arts  as  an  abrasive  ma- 
terial. 

Between  1880  and  1893,  the  corundum  mines  of  the  Laurel  Creek  district 
were  extensively  worked  and  became  one  of  the  main  sources  of  supply 
to  the  corundum  trade  of  the  country.  About  the  same  time,  corundum 
was  successfully  mined  at  Track  Rock,  Union  County,  and  favorable  pros- 
pects were  later  exposed  in  Habersham  and  other  counties. 

In  recent  years  the  corundum  mines  of  Georgia  have  remained  inactive, 


International  Mining  Congress.  37 

due  chiefly  to  the  low  price  of  corundum,  and  not  as  might  be  supposed 
to  the  exhaustion  of  the  deposits. 

ASBESTOS.— For  the  last  few  years  the  chief  supply  of  asbestos 
mined  in  the  United  States  has  been  obtained  from  Georgia.  The  mine 
supply  this  material  is  located  on  Sal  Mountain,  White  County,  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.  Asbestos,  like  corundum,  is  always  associated 
with  peridotites  and  other  basic  rocks.  It  exists  in  many  localities  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State,  but  at  present  it  is  worked  only  at  the  above- 
named  mine.  The  asbestos  of  Georgia  has  never  been  investigated  and 
as  a  result  but  little  is  known  of  the  extent  and  commercial  value  of  the 
deposits. 

MARBLES. — Previous  to  1884,  the  marbles  of  Georgia  were  practi- 
cally unknown  as  building  and  ornamental  stones,  but  at  present  the  out- 
put of  the  quarries  exceeds  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Vermont. 

The  most  valuable  marbles  of  Georgia  are  those  of  the  Crystalline 
area,  confined  to  Pickens,  Cherokee,  Gilmer  and  Fannin  counties.  These 
marbles  occur  in  a  narrow  belt  which  runs  parallel  to  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville 
&  Northern  Railroad,  from  near  Canton,  Cherokee  County,  to  the  Georgia- 
North  Carolina  State  line,  a  distance  of  more  than  60  miles.  The  main 
marble  industry  of  the  State  is  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Tate,  Pickens 
County,  just  north  of  the  southern  terminus  of  the  belt  where  the  deposit 
attains  a  thickness  of  nearly  200  feet. 

The  Pickens  County  marble  has  a  coarse  texture,  but  admits  of  a 
very  fine  polish  and  is  admirably  suited  both  for  building  and  ornamental 
purposes.  In  color  the  stone  varies  from  white  to  almost  black.  A  flesh- 
colored  variety  is  also  found  in  considerable  abundance.  The  physical  and 
chemical  properties  as  shown  by  the  numerous  tests  made  by  the  State 
Geological  Survey  demonstrates  that  its  durability  equals  or  exceeds  that 
of  any  other  marble  now  being  put  upon  the  market.  The  stone  is  remark- 
ably free  from  fissures  and  seams,  so  that  monoliths  suitable  for  huge  columns 
can  be  quarried  with  ease. 

At  present  seven  different  marble  quarries,  having  an  aggregate  an- 
nual output  of  several  hundred  thousand  cubic  feet  of  stone,  are  being 
operated  in  Pickens  County.  The  product  of  these  quarries  is  shipped  to 
nearly  every  State  in  the  Union,  where  it  is  used  in  the  construction  and 
decoration  of  some  of  the  most  costly  buildings.  The  State  capitols  of 
Minnesota  and  Rhode  Island;  the  United  States  Government  Building,  Bos- 
ton ;  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  New  York ;  and  the  Corcoran  Art  Gallery,  Wash- 
ington, with  numerous  other  handsome  buildings  throughout  the  United 
States  are  constructed  wholly  or  in  part  of  the  Georgia  marble. 

In  addition  to  the  marbles  here  described  there  are  also  valuable  de- 
posits to  be  found  in  Whitfield  County.  These  marbles  belong  to  the  same 
deposits  that  traverse  East  Tennessee  and  are  extensively  worked  in  the 
vicinity  of  Knoxville.  The  stone  has  a  dark  chocolate  or  light  gray  color 
and  a  rather  fine  texture.  The  light  gray  variety  which  is  always  quite 
compact  and  highly  crystalline  is  traversed  by  dark  zigzag  lines  that  give 
to  the  polished  surface  a  very  pleasing  effect.  The  Whitfield  County  marbles 
are  well  suited  for  building  material,  but  they  have  not  yet  received  the 
attention  which  their  economic  importance  demands. 

GRANITES.— The  granites  of  Georgia,  together  with  the  gneisses, 
constitute  the  most  extensive  and  important  building  and  ornamental  stone 
in  the  State.  They  occur  in  inexhaustible  quantities  and  -  are  profusely 
distributed  throughout  the  Crystalline  area.  One  of  the  most  interesting 
and  probably  the  largest  granite  mass  in  the  world  is  that  of  Stone  Moun- 
tain, located  only  a  few  miles  northeast  of  Atlanta.  This  mountain,  whose 
barren  summit  attains  an  altitude  of  several  hundred  fe'et  above  the  sur- 
rounding country,  has  long  been  the  seat  of  a  very  important  granite  In- 
dustry. The  stone  obtained  from  these  quarries  is  a  light-colored  muscovite 
granite  possessing  remarkable  strength  and  is  quite  free  from  all  chemical 
and  physust  defects.  The  stone  has  extensive  use  as  a  building  ma- 
terial and  is  also  largely  employed  in  street  improvement.  There  Is 
likely  no  granite  in  the  south  more  widely  known  and  more  generally  used 
than  that  furnished  by  the  Stone  Mountain  quarries.  It  not  only  has  an 
extensive  local  use  but  much  of  it  is  shipped  beyond  the  borders  of  the 
State. 

Another  granite,  or  rather  a  granitoid  gneiss,  of  almost  as  much  eco- 
nomic importance  as  the  Stone  Mountain  granite  itself,  is  the  Lithonia 


38  Official  Proceedings 

gneiss.  This  stone,  which  differs  chiefly  from  the  Stone  Mountain  granite 
in  being  laminated,  covers  a  considerable  area  in  the  eastern  part  of  De- 
Kalb  and  the  contiguous  parts  of  Rockdale  and  Gwinnett  counties.  The 
Llthonia  quarries  are  very  extensive  and  furnish  large  quantities  of  stone 
for  street  improvements  as  well  as  for  general  building  purposes.  Granites 
and  granitoid  gneisses  similar  to  the  above  are  found  in  many  localities 
in  North  Georgia,  but  only  at  a  few  points  have  they  been  quarried  to 
any  extent. 

In  addition  to  the  granite  and  granitoid  gneisses  here  named  there 
are  other  granites  of  superior  quality  used  for  monumental  stone.  Some 
of  the  granites  of  this  character  which  in  the  last  few  years  have  be- 
come quite  popular  as  decorative  stone  are  those  obtained  from  the 
Elberton,  the  Oglesby,  the  Lexington  and  the  Meriwether  quarries. 
These  monumental  granites  are  fine-grained  biotite  granites  unusually 
free  from  injurious  minerals  and  admitting  of  a  very  brilliant  polish. 
They  have  but  few  equals  if  any  superiors  in  the  United  States  as  a 
decorative  stone,  and  it  is  only  a  question  of  time  when  the  Georgia 
monumental  granite  industry  will  be  of  very  great  commercial  value 
to  the  State. 

SANDSTONE. — Sandstone  has  been  quarried  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent in  Catoosa  County  near  Graysville.  The  stone  which  fe  of  Silurian 
age,  has  a  dark  brown  color  and  resembles  very  closely  the  brown 
sandstone  of  the  Connecticut  Valley..  It  makes  a  beautiful  building- 
stone  and  appears  to  be  quite  durable.  This  stone  is  found  in  great 
abundance  in  Taylor's  Ridge,  White  Oak,  Horn  and  other  mountains 
In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State.  Corboniferous  sandstones  of 
a  light  color  and  well  adapted  for  building  purposes  occur  in  Look- 
out, Sand  and  Pigeon  mountains. 

SERPENTINE. — This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  decorative  stones 
found  in  the  State.  It  occurs  in  workable  quantities  in  Cherokee  County, 
near  Holly  Springs,  where  it  was  quarried  to  a  limited  extent  a  few 
years  ago.  The  stone  though  difficult  to  work  admits  of  an  excellent 
polish  and  is  very  desirable  for  ornamental  purposes.  It  is  of  a  dark- 
green  color,  mottled  and  streaked  with  white  and  black.  The  larger 
part  of  the  stone  obtained  from  the  Holly  Springs  quarry  is  reported 
to  have  been  shipped  to  Chicago  where  it  was  used  for  interior  deoration. 
Georgia  serpentine  used  for  similar  purposes  may  be  seen  in  the  Pru- 
dential building  of  Atlanta. 

LIMESTONE. — Silurian  an  d  carboniferous  limestone  suitable  for 
lime,  fluxing  and  building  materials,  exist  in  great  abundance  in  North- 
west Georgia.  The  most  extensive  of  these  calcareous  formations  is 
the  Knox  dolomite,  a  magresian  limestone  of  great  thicknes.  This 
formation  furnishes  much  of  the  lime  used  in  the  State,  as  well  a  large 
amount  of  stone  for  general  building  purposes.  The  different  beds 
of  the  formation  vary  greatly  in  texture  and  chemical  composition,  so 
that  almost  any  variety  of  stone  can  be  procured.  Other  calcareous  for- 
mations of  scarcely  less  commercial  importance  are  the  Bangof  and  the 
Chickamauga  limestones.  The  latter  stone  in  the  last  few  years  has 
had  an  extensive  use  in  constructing  the  foundations  for  monuments  In 
the  Chickamauga  National  park.  The  stone  is  also  of  considerable  local 
importance  as  a  building  material. 

CEMENT  ROCK. — Hydraulic  cement  of  good  quality  has  been 
manufactured  in  Georgia  since  1845.  The  location  of  this  Industry  is  at 
Cement,  on  the  Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad,  in  the  western  part  ot 
Bartow  county.  The  cement  rock  found  in  this  district  is  an  impure 
magnesian  limestone  belonging  probably  to  the  lower  diision  of  the  Knox 
dolomite  formation.  It  occurs  in  beds  several  feet  in  thickness  Inter- 
calated with  the  purer  limestones.  The  cement  manufactured  from  this 
stone  is  slow  setting,  but  it  forms  a  bond  of  great  strength  and  hard- 
ness. Maj.  M.  T.  Singleton,  late  Assistant  U.  S.  Engineer,  in  speak- 
ing of  this  cement  says :  "My  experience  with  the  cement  has  been 
entirely  satisfactory.  In  fact  for  general  purposes  and  especially  foi- 
heavy  cut  stone  masonry,  I  prefer  it  to  any  cement  I  have  used." 

Hydraulic  limestone  of  good  quality  is  reported  at  numerous  other 
points  throughout  the  Paleozoic  area  of  North  Georgia,  but  the  extent  and 
quality  of  the  stone  has  not  yet  been  investigated. 

SLATE. — Slate  suitable  for  roofing  purposes  occurs  at  a  number  01. 
points  in  Northwest  Georgia  along  the  line  of  contact  of  the  Paleozoic 


International  Mining  Congress.  39 

and  Crystalline  areas.  The  most  important  deposits  are  those  of  the 
Rockmart  district  in  the  eastern  part  of  Polk  County,  where  slate  has- 
been  mined  on  a  more  or  less  extensive  scale  for  a  great  many  years. 
The  Rockmart  slate,  which  is  of  Silurian  age,  has  a  deep  blue-black 
color  and  a  fine,  even  texture.  It  splits  with  a  smooth  surface  into  thin 
slabs  and  is  quite  free  from  pyrites  and  other  impurities.  The  chemical 
analysis  of  the  Rockmart  slate  shows  it  to  be  a  first-class  stone  for 
roofing  purposes. 

The  only  slate  quarries  now  operated  in  Georgia  are  those  in  the 
vicinity  of  Rockmart.  A  few  years  ago  a  small  amount  of  slate  wa» 
quarried  near  Cedartown,  but  these  quarries  are  now  abandoned.  The 
slate  at  the  latter  quarries  belongs  to  the  same  formation  as  the  Rock 
mart  and  is  of  similar  character.  The  slate  now  being  quarried  in  the 
Rockmart  district  is  quite  generally  used  throughout  Georgia  and  a 
number  of  the  other  southern  States,  where  it  has  a  high  reputation 
a's  a  roofing  slate. 

CLAYS. — The  clays  of  Georgia  are  abundant  and  widely  distributed. 
There  is  scarcely  a  geological  formation  of  any  extent  that  does  not, 
furnish  clays  of  commercial  value.  Residual  and  alluvial  clays,  well 
adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  brick  and  the  cheaper  grades  of  crockery, 
abound  in  every  county  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Associated 
with  these  impure  clays  are  often  found  pockets  or  irregular  deposits  of 
porcelain  and  fire  clays  of  greater  or  less  extent.  The  latter  clays  are 
confined  chiefly  to  the  Knox  dolomite  formation  of  Northwest  Georgia, 
but  they  are  also  occasionally  met  with  in  the  crystalline  area  further  to 
the  east  and  south. 

The  most  valuable  and  extensive  clay  deposits  in  the  State  are 
those  of  sedimentary  origin  belonging  to  the  Cretaceous  formation  ot 
central  Georgia.  They  occur  in  a  belt  several  miles  wide,  extending  from 
Columbus  to  Augusta.  The  Cretaceous  clays  differ  greatly  in  their 
physical  and  chemical  properties,  so  that  almost  any  desired  variety 
may  be  found.  Some  of  these  clays  have  an  extensive  use  in  the  manu- 
facture of  wall  paper,  while  other  varieties  are  used  in  making  porcelain, 
terra-cotta,  tiling,  sewer-pipe,  pottery,  etc.  Besides  the  varieties  of 
clays  here  mentioned,  fire-clay  also  occurs  in  the  Cretaceous  formation 
in  commercial  quantities.  Dr.  George  E.  Ladd,  Director  of  the  Mis- 
souri School  of  Mines,  in  speaking  of  the  Cretaceous  fire-clays  of  Geor- 
gia, says :  "Some  of  these  kaolins  suitable  for  fire-clays  are  more  re- 
fractory than  any  of  the  noted  fire-clays  of  the  United  States." 

The  clay  industry  of  Georgia,  although  in  its  infancy,  has  already 
beccme  well  established.  The  value  of  the  clay  product  of  the  Stale 
last  year  exceeded  that  of  any  of  the  southern  States,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  West  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

GOLD.— Gold  has  been  mined  in  Georgia  for  nearly  three-quarters  of 
a  century.  The  first  discovery  of  the  precious  metal  within  the  limits 
of  the  State  was  made  on  Dukes  Creek.  White  County,  in  1829.  Previ- 
ous to  the  disovery  of  gold  in  California,  the  mines  of  Georgia  furnished 
the  greater  part  of  the  gold  produced  in  the  United  States.  As  early 
as  1838,  the  output  of  the  mines  of  the  State  had  become  so  important 
that  the  United  States  government  found  it  necessary  to  establish  a 
mint  at  Dahlonega,  the  center  of  the  main  gold-mining  district. 

The  gold  deposits  of  Georgia  belong  to  the  Appalachian  gold  fields, 
an  auriferous  belt  extending  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Alabama.  The  belt, 
which  consist  of  highly  crystalline  rocks  probably  of  Archaen  age, 
varies  in  width  from  10  to  75  miles.  In  Georgia/  the  belt  breaks  up 
into  a  number  of  minor  parallel  belts,  having  a  northeast-southwest 
trend.  The  most  important  of  these  are  the  Dahlonega  and  Hall  County 
belts.  The  former,  which  takes  its  name  from  Dahlonega,  the  county 
seat  of  Lumpkin  County,  is  the  most  important.  This  belt  enters  Geor- 
gia from  North  Carolina  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Rabun  County, 
where  valuable  placer  deposits  have  been  worked  at  the  Smith  and  the 
Moore  Girls'  mine.  Further  to  the  southwest  in  White  County,  the 
belt  increases  in  width  and  the  mines  at  the  same  time  become  more 
numerous.  As  the  auriferous  belt  enters  Lumpkin  County  it  again  in- 
creases in  size,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  vicinity  ot 
Dahlonega.  In  Dawson  County  the  Dahlonega  gold  belt  becomes  more 
or  less  broken  up.  but  upon  entering  Cherokee  County  it  again  regains 
its  economic  importance  and  continues  with  but  few  interruptions 
through  Bartow,  Cobb,  Paulding  and  Haralson  counties  to  the  Georgia- 


40  Official  Proceedings 

Alabama  State  line.  The  entire  length  of  the  Dahlonega  gold  belt  thus 
outlined  is  about  150  miles,  while  its  width  varies  from  1  to  5  miles. 

The  Hall  County  gold  belt  lies  some  10  miles  east  of  the  Dah- 
lonega belt  and  runs  more  or  less  parallel  with  it  for  more  than  100 
miles,  stopping  short  in  Fulton  County,  only  about  10  miles  north  of 
Atlanta.  A  third  belt,  which  inludes  the  Ac  worth,  the  Villa  Rica  and 
the  Bonner  mines,  traverses  Cobb.  Paulding  and  Carroll  counties.  This 
belt  is  best  developed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Villa  Rica,  where  in  former 
years  much  gold  was  mined.  Another  belt  including  some  very  important 
mines  traverses  Lincoln,  Columbia,  McDuffie  and  Warren  counties  In 
the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  Beyond  the  limits  of  the  belts  here 
mentioned  are  found  a  number  of  isolated  localities  where  gold  occurs  In 
paj'ing  quantities  Such  isolated  deposits  as  here  referred  to  are  found 
in  Towns,  Union,  Fannin,  Gilmer,  Meriwether  and  other  counties  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

The  individual  auriferous  belts  of  Georgia  are  usually  made  up  ot 
a  great  number  of  veins  or  ore  bodies  running  parallel  to  each  other  ana 
conforming  in  dip  and  strike  to  the  gneisses  and  schists,  the  country 
rock.  They  vary  in  thickness  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  several  feet 
or  rods,  and  often  continue  without  interruption  for  long  distances.  In 
places  the  veins,  which  consist  largely  of  quartz,  become  greatly  ex- 
tended, forming  huge  shoots  of  excellent  ore.  A  vein  of  this  character  at 
the  Creighton  mine  in  Cherokee  County  has  been  worked  continuously  for 
years  and  has  produced  large  quantities  of  gold.  Ore  bodies  of  some- 
what similar  nature  are  quite  abundant  in  the  Dahlonega  district,  where 
in  the  last  two  years  extensive  developments  have  been  carrid  on  which 
no  doubt  will  soon  result  in  a  large  increase  of  the  gold  output  of  the 
State. 

COPPER. — Previous  to  the  Civil  War  copper  was  successfully  mined 
in  Fannin  and  Cherokee  counties,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  The 
deposits  of  the  former  county  are  located  near  the  Georgia-Tennessee 
line,  and  form  the  southern  extension  of  the  deposits  so  largely  worked 
just  across  the  State  line  in  the  Ducktown  district.  One  of  the  Fannin 
county  mines,  known  as  the  Mobile  mine,  at  one  time  was  quite  ex* 
tensively  worked  and  is  said  to  have  produced  a  large  amount  of  high- 
grade  ore.  The  copper  deposits  of  Fannin  County,  although  practically 
undeveloped  at  present,  are  thought  to  be  of  considerable  economic  im- 
portance. Other  copper  deposits,  which  from  time  to  time  have  excited 
considerable  local  interest,  occur  in  Fulton,  Paulding,  Lumpkin,  Haral- 
son,  Lincoln  and  other  counties:  in  North  Georgia.  The  most  important 
copper  ore  met  with  in  the  counties  here  named  is  chalcopyrite  (copper 
pyrites).  It  occurs  mostly  in  irregular  veins,  associated  with  schist  and 
highly  metamorphic  slates. 

PYRITE. — Pyrite,  an  iron  sulphide  employed  in  the'  manufacture  of 
sulphuric  acid,  is^  widely  distributed  throughout  Georgia,  but  only  in  a 
few  localities  has  it  been  found  in  sufficient  abundance  to  be  of  com- 
mercial importance.  Probably  one  of  the  most  important  deposits  of 
this  mineral  known  at  present  in  the  State,  occurs  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Lumpkin  County,  on  the  Chestatee  River,  about  six  miles  northeast  of 
Dahlonega.  This  deposit  is  quite  extensive  and  the  ore  is  of  good  quality. 
The  commercial  value  of  the  deposits  has  long  been  known,  but  the  great 
expense  of  hauling  the  ore  by  wagon  to  Gainesville,  the  nearest  railway 
station,  twenty  miles  distant,  renders  the  mining  of  the  ore  unprofitable. 
Other  deposits  of  pyrite  of  considerable  promise  occur  in  Paulding  and 
Haralson  counties.  The  deposit  in  Paulding  County  was  worked  to  some 
extent  a  few  years  ago  and  the  ore  was  shipped  to  Atlanta  where  it 
was  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid.  This  ore.  which  runs 
high  in  sulphur,  is  said  to  carry  from  4  to  5  per  cent  of  copper  and  a 
small  amount  of  gold. 

No  systematic  study  has  yet  been  made  of  the  pyrite  deposits  of 
the  State,  and  as  a  consequence  little  is  known  of  their  extent  and  com- 
mercial importance. 

SOAPSTONE. — Soapstone,  or  talc,  has  been  mined  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent in  Murray  and  Fannin  counties.  It  also  occurs  in  Cherokee  and 
Gilmer  counties  and,  is  reported  in  other  localities  in  North  Georgia. 
The  soapstone  mines  of  Fannin  County,  which  have  been  worked  for 
some  years,  are  located  at  Mineral  Bluff,  only  a  short  distance  soutn 
of  the  Georgia-North  Carolina  State  line.  This  deposit  is  probably  the 
southern  extension  of  the  North  Carolina  deposit,  which  is  extensively 


International  Mining  Congress.  41 

worked  just  north  of  the  State  line.  The  Fannin  County  soapstone  is 
compact  and  of  a  dark  gray  or  blue  color.  It  occurs  in  veins  varying 
from  a  few  inches  to  a  yard  or  more  in  thickness.  The  Murray  County 
soapstones,  which  are  found  on  Fort  Mountain,  a  few  miles  east  of 
Spring  Place,  are  of  similar  nature. 

MICA.— This  mineral  is  quite  generally  distributed  throughout  the 
Crystalline  area  of  North  Georgia.  It  usually  occurs  in  veins  associated 
with  pegmatites  and  ccaise-grained  granites.  The  veins  are  often  or 
large  size  and  occasionally  contain  mica  crystals  eighteen  inches  or  more 
in  diameter.  Many  of  the  mica  deposits  of  the  State  have  been  pros- 
pected to  a  limited  extent,  but  no  systematic  mining  of  any  importance 
has  been  attempted.  There  is  little  doubt,  however,  that  the  mica  de- 
posits of  Georgia  are  of  commercial  importance  and  demand  more  at- 
tention than  they  have  heretofore  received. 

GRAPHITE. — Both  massive  and  foliated  varieties  of  this  mineral 
occur  in  considerable  quantities  associated  with  the  highly  metamorphle 
slates  and  schists  along  the  western  margin  of  the  Crystalline  area.  It 
is  quite  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  Emerson,  Bartow  County,  where 
it  is  now  mined  and  used  in  the  crude  state  as  a  filler  for  commercial 
fertilizers.  Promising  prospects  of  graphite  are  also  reported  to  occur 
in  Pickens,  Elbert,  Hall,  Madison,  Douglas  and  Cobb  counties.  The 
Pickens  County  deposit  is  at  present  being  developed  and  it  is  thought 
that  in  a  short  time  it  will  become  an  active  producer. 

MARLS.— Marls  of  good  quality  abound  throughout  the  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiary  formations  of  South  Georgia.  There  is  probably  no  county 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  which  does  not  possess  marl  deposit* 
of  more  or  less  agricultural  value.  They  are  well  exposed  along  the 
Chattahoochee  and  Flint  rivers,  as  well  as  along  other  streams  of  South 
Georgia.  In  addition  to  the  common  calcareous  or  shell  marl,  greensand 
marls  are  also  plentiful.  The  latter  are  especially  well  developed  along 
the  Chattahoochee  River  south  of  Columbus,  where  they  often  form 
beds  many  feet  in  thickness.  Analyses  of  these  greensands  show  that 
they  carry  a  considerable  omount  of  phosphoric  acid  and  potash,  two 
of  the  most  important  plant-foods.  The  use  of  the  Georgia  marls  as  a 
natural  fertilizer  has  so  far  been  quite  limited,  but  in  all  cases  where 
they  have  been  given  a.  fair  test  the  result  has  been  entirely  satis- 
factory. Associated  with  the  marls  in  the  extreme  'southern  part  of 
the  State  frequently  occur  deposits  of  phosphate  of  limited  extent.  A 
deposit  of  this  character  was  worked  some  years  ago  in  Thomas  County, 
near  Boston,  but  the  phosphate  was  not  of  sufficient  abundance  to  be 
of  commercial  value. 

TRIPOLI. — A  light,  porous,  silicious  stone  occurring  in  Murray, 
Chattooga  and  other  counties  in  Northwest  Georgia  has  locally  been 
known  for  some  years  as  tripoli.  The  material,  although  quite  different 
in  origin  from  tripoli.  "has  a  similar  use  in  the  arts.  The  so-called 
Georgia  tripoli  is  a  residual  product  derived  from  certain  impure  silicious 
beds  of  the  Knox  dolomite  formation.  The  stone,  which  is  usually 
found  associated  with  chert,  is  quite  porous  and  is  easily  pulverized  into 
an  exceedingly  fine  grit  or  polishing  powder.  A  small  .amount  of  this 
material  is  at  present  being  mined  in  Chattooga  County  and  is  used  by 
an  Atlanta  firm  in  the  manufacture  of  polishing  soap. 

SAND. — Sand  suitable  for  building  material  is  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  State.  In  North  Georgia  it  occurs  chiefly  as  alluvial  de- 
posits along  the  numerous  streams,  while  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  it  is  found  in  stratified  beds  often  of  wide  extent.  In  addition 
to  that  used  for  general  architectural  purposes,  sand  well  adapted  for 
molding  and  glass-making  also  occurs.  The  pure  sands  are  confined 
mainly  to  the  Cretaceous  deposits  of  South  Georgia,  where  they  are 
frequently  intercalated  with  beds  of  pure  kaolin. 

ROAD  MATERIALS. — There  is  probably  no  State  in  the  South 
that  has  a  greater  variety  of  road  materials  than  Georgia.  The  supply 
is  inexhaustible  and  of  the  best  quality.  Besides  the  limestones,  granites, 
and  gneisses  heretofore  spoken  of,  trap,  diorite,  chert,  and  gravel  abound 
in  great  quantities. 

MINERAL  WATERS. — The  number  of  mineral  springs  in  Georgia 
to  which  public  attention  has  been  directed  on  account  of  the  medicinal 
properties  of  their  waters  is  very  large.  There  is  scarcely  a  county  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State  which  does  not  possess  one  or  more 


42  Official  Proceedings 

of  these  springs  of  greater  or  less  repute.  Many  of  them  are  so  far  only 
of  local  interest,  but  in  some  instances  they  'have  a  national  reputa- 
tion, and  are  a  source  of  much  profit  to  their  owners. 

The  commercial  value  of  the  mineral  waters  of  Georgia  in  the  last 
few  years  has  exceeded  that  of  any  other  southern  State  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Virginia.  The  main  supply  of  these  waters  now  put  upon 
the  market  is  shipped  from  Lithia  and  Austell,  a  noted  mineral  water 
district  on  the  Southern  Railway,  20  miles  west  of  Atlanta.  The  waters 
shipped  from  the  Lithia- Austell  district  are  among  the  best  lithia  waters 
found  in  the  country.  Their  curative  virtues  are  widely  known  and  they 
are  now  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  south  in  large  quantities.  Other 
springs  having  an  excellent  local  reputation  occur  in  North  Georgia,  but 
only  in  a  few  instances  is  the  water  put  on  the  market. 

Besides  the  minerals  above  described  there  are  many  others  found 
in  Georgia  which  at  some  future  time  will  probably  become  a  source 
of  revenue  to  the  State.  Among  the  most  important  of  these  may  be 
mentioned  silver,  lead,  zinc,  baryta,  gypsum,  etc. 

The  annual  output  of  the  mineral  products  of  Georgia  is  shown 
by  the  following  table: 

Iron  Ores    $    578.526.00 

,    Coal    450,000.00 

Manganese    60.201 .00 

Ochre    73.095.00 

Bauxite    35.274.00 

Asbestos    10,300.00 

Marble    812,070.00 

Granites 790,000.00 

Sandstone 2,000 . 00 

Limestone   and   Lime 125,000.00 

Cement-Rock    75,000.00 

Slate    13,125.00 

Clays— Brick,    Pottery,   &c 1.062.213.00 

Gold    129,246.00 

Soapstone     4  054  00 

Graphite    12.000.00 

Tripoli    500.00 

Sand . .....  200.000.00 

Road   Material  and   Ballast 350,000.00 

Mineral    Waters 42.000.00 


Total    $4.824,604. 00 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  Going  back  to  the  western  part  of  the 
continent  again.  I  will  call  on  Dr.  Talmage.  of  Salt  Lake  City,  to  speak 
on  the  'subject  of  the  "Geology  of  Utah." 

Dr.  James  E.  Talmage,  Professor  of  Geology  in  the  University  of 
Utah,  read  the  following  paper: 

"THE   GEOLOGY   OF   UTAH." 

First,  permit  me  a  word  by  way  of  introduction.  It  is  gratifying 
and  encouraging  to  note  the  recognition  accorded  geology  in  the  program 
of  the  present  session  of  the  International  Mining  Congress.  Without 
the  means  of  discovering  and  working  mineral  deposits  there  could  be 
no  mining  industries,  and  no  such  organization  as  this  Congress  would 
exist.  The  work  of  the  founder  and  the  metal-smith  is  preceded  by 
that  of  the  metallurgist ;  and  this  in  turn  follows  that  of  the  miner, 
whose  path  is  blazed,  whose  camp  is  fixed  by  the  prospector. 

In  this  train  of  laborers,  each  taking  the  product  of  his  predecessor's 
toil,  and  passing  it  on,  enriched  and  improved  by  his  own  treatment, 
to  the  next  in  order,  the  geologist  appears  to  have  no  place.  The  prac- 
tical value  of  his  science  has  been  but  tardily  and  imperfectly  recognized. 
He  has  been  regarded  as  a  man  of  dreams  and  theories,  a  collector  of 
specimens,  a  lover  of  fossil  shells  and  plants,  of  bits  of  bone  and  leaves 
of  fern,  that  have  long  lain  shut  up  between  the  stony  pages  of  the 
book  of  earth.  He  has  been  locked  upon  as  one  who  is  more  con- 
cerned in  hypotheses  as  to  how  the  earth  was  made  than  in  the  facts 
of  its  present  state  of  existence. 


International  Mining  Congress.  43 

The  culture  value,  and  even  the  ethical  worth  of  geology  has  been 
admitted ;  the  science  has  been  voted  to  be  a  good  one  for  a  place 
on  the  college  program  of  expectant  bachelors  of  arts  and  science ;  but 
for  the  practical  man  of  affairs,  for  the  prospector  and  the  miner,  for 
him  who  delves  into  the  earth's  crust  for  the  sole  purpose  of  extract- 
ing therefrom  as  many  dollars  as  possible,  the  opinion  of  the  geologist 
has  been  held  as  of  little  service.  Of  late  years,  however,  let  me  say 
within  the  last  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century,  geological  knowledge 
and  skill  have  been  accorded  increasing  recognition  as  a  guide  to  in- 
telligent prospecting  and  mining.  Many  of  the  theories  of  geology  have 
served  the  purpose  of  all  sound  and  worthy  theories- — as  a  scaffolding 
upon  which  the  builder  stands  while  placing  the  building-blocks  of  truth 
in  position  as  part  of  the  growing  edifice  of  Science.  Geology  has  done 
much  towrard  transforming  the  unclassified  accumulation  of  facts  and 
inferences,  which  once  formed  the  foundation  of  the  miner's  skill,  into 
an  orderly  arrangement,  in  which  the  relation  of  part  to  part  has  be- 
come plain,  and  in  consequence  of  which  a  true  science  of  mining  has 
arisen  to  the  advantage  of  mankind. 

The  half-tamed  Indian  of  the  wilds  possesses  a  wealth  of  knowledge 
as  to  the  habitat  and  seasonal  change  of  the  plants  and  animals  that 
serve  the  purposes  of  his  life  ;  but  he  is  not  thereby  entitled  to  the  dis- 
tinction of  a  botanist  or  a  zoologist,  for  his  facts  are  unclassified  and 
disconnected.  They  are  thrown  together  as  a  pile  of  building  material 
on  the  site  chosen  for  a  house.  So  in  the  province  of  mining  there 
was  much  gathering  of  facts,  much  in  the  way  of  accumulating  valuable 
knowledge,  before  classification  became  possible.  I  think  I  do  not  over- 
state the  service  rendered  by  the  science  in  question,  in  saying  that 
geology  has  been  one  of  the  chief  agencis  in  thus  collating  th  knowl- 
edge gathered  with  such  toil,  and  of  shaping  it  into  a  structure  of 
beauty  and  service. 

It  is  true  that  we  have  rot  yet  learned  all  there  is  to  learn  regard- 
ing the  origin  and  distribution  of  mineral  deposits,  but  geology  has  aided 
in  the  accumulation  of  facts  bearing  on  this  important  suject  and  in 
rendering  of  use  the  knowledge  long  possessed.  It  is  a  pleasamt  proof  of 
the  liberal  spirit  actuating  the  progress-movement  represented  by  this 
Congress,  and  a  pleasant  promise  of  the  permanent  good  to  be  ex- 
pcted,"  that  geology  has  found  a  prominent  place  in  your  plan  of  pro- 
cedure. 

The  subject  assigned  me  is  "The  Geology  of  Utah ;"  I  would  prefer 
to  restate  it  thus: 

"NOTES  CONCERNING  CERTAIN  GEOLOGICAL  FEATURES  OF 

UTAH." 

The  title  of  my  address  was  chosen  for  me,  douotless  with  the  ex- 
pectation that  I  would  narrow  it  to  some  particular  phase.  I  would 
consider  myself  bold  to  reckkssness  to  stand  before  you  of  my  own  voli- 
tion and  to  undertake  to  address  you  upon  the  broader  subject,  within 
the  time-limits  allotted. 

In  common  with  some  other  of  our  western  and  newer  States, 
Utah  has  not  as  yet  established  a  geological  survey.  Through  the  liber- 
ality of  a  generous  government,  much  has  been  done  under  federal 
auspices ;  and  the  youngest  of  the  States  has  perhaps  received  as  full 
a  share  of  attention  from  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  as  she 
could  properly  ask.  The  results  of  much  of  the  work  so  done  have  ap- 
peared as  parts  of  repoits  of  general  surveys,  though  several  mono- 
graph® on  particularly  attractive  and  valuable  features  of  Utah  geology 
have  appeared. 

THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 

It  is  from  the  field  work  of  the  national  surveys  that  the  story  of 
Utah's  famed  salt  sea  has  been  given  to  the  world.  This  feature  of  the 
State  topography  may  perhaps  with  propriety  receive  passing  mention. 
It  is  now  well  known  that  the  briny  lake,  though  commonly  named  witn 
the  prefix  "Great,"  is  but  a  shrunken  and  diminutive  remnant  of  a  water 
body  once  occupying  tlie  valleys  of  Western  Utah,  comparable  to  Lake 
Huron  in  area.  This  inland  sea.  to  which  the  name  Lake  Bonneville 
has  been  given,  in  honor  of  one  of  the  early  explorers  of  this  remark- 
able region,  was  a  feature  of  Pleistocene  times  :  and  the  untiring  process 


44  Official  Proceedings 

of  erosion  has  not  yet  obliterated  the  shore  lines  and  terraces  then 
formed  at  the  different  levels ;  many  of  these  inded  are  traceable  for 
miles  along  the  mountain  sides,  and  the  deltas  constructed  at  th« 
mouths  of  the  larger  streams  are  broad  plains  in  the  present  topography. 
These  levels  and  boundaries  have  been  so  clearly  followed,  that  it  is 
doubtful  if  any  existing  water-body  is  more  accurately  mapped  than  is. 
the  area  of  Lake  Bonneville. 

When  at  its  maximum  height,  this  inland  sea  stood  a  thousand  feet 
above  the  average  level  of  the  present  lake.  It  had  an  extreme  north 
lowlands  of  Utah  and  reached  across  the  boundary  into  the  Nevada, 
and  south  extent  of  300  miles,  a  greatest  east  and  west  breadth  of  180 
miles,  and  a  surface  area  of  19-750  square  miles.  It  filled  the  western 
closely  approached  the  Arizona  line  on  the  south,  and  stretched  into 
Cache  Valley,  25  miles  north  of  the  Idaho  boundary.  It  was  at  this  north- 
ern extremity  that  the  flooded  lake  found  an  outlet,  and  therefore  a 
regulator,  enabling  it  to  maintain  its  level  sufficiently  long  to  carve  in 
some  places  and  to  build  up  by  deposition  in  others,  so  constructing  its 
great  terraces,  now  gashed  by  canyon  streams.  There  is  a  record  of  two 
periods  of  maximum  flooding  with  a  period  of  recession  intervening;  and 
attempts  have  been  made  to  correlate  these  with  two  periods  of  maximum 
glaciation  and  an  interglacial  period,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  con- 
tinent. 

At  Red  Rock  Pass  in  Idaho,  through  which  the  Oregon  Short  Line 
Railway  now  runs,  the  waters  escaped,  and  in  so  doing  cut  away  the 
sill  of  yielding  rock  which  for  a  time  formed  the  barrier,  and  rapidly 
lowered  the  lake  nearly  400  feet.  The  Bonneville  River  thus  formed 
made  its  way  through  the  Port  Neuf  Valley  into  the  Snake,  thence  to  the 
Columbia  and  on  to  the  Pacific. 

At  this  seond  level,  approximately  400  feet  below  the  highest  ter- 
races, the  lake  stood  for  a  long  but  undetermined  period,  giving  ample 
time  for  the  construction  of  shore  terraces  and  for  the  building  of 
enormous  deltas.  Today  we  traverse  these  ancient  deltas,  covered  in 
part  with  orchards  and  farms,  and  examine  the  delta- structure  at  leisure, 
and  all  d»y-shod.  From  this  lower  level,  called  the  Provo  level  on  ac- 
count of  the  unusually  well  developed  deltas  near  the  mouth  of  Provo 
Canyon  in  Utah  County,  the  lake  has  shrunk  to  its  present  insignificant 
proportions  by  desiccation  alone ;  and  through  all  the  time  of  its  re- 
cesion  the  dissolved  solids  have  been  accummulating,  until  today  the 
lake  is  one  of  the  most  concentrated  natural  brines  known. 

By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  dissolved  matter  is  common  salt; 
and  by  efficient  methods  this  may  be  separated  from  the  water  through 
solar  evaporation  alone,  in  quantities  sufficient  to  supply  the  world  with 
its  salt  for  the  next  geological  epoch.  The  Salt  Lake,  devoid  of  any 
outlet,  fluctuates  in  level  according  to  the  varying  conditions  of  aridity 
or  humidity,  and  the  solid  contents  diminish  or  increase  on  the  same  scale. 
The  earliest  analysis  of  the  lake  water  on  record  shows  22.28  per  cent 
dissolved  solids,  of  which  20.22  per  cent  was  common  salt.  This  re- 
sult was  that  of  Gale,  obtained  on  a  sample  collected  in  1850. 
After  that  time  the  lake  rose  and  its  brine  was  correspond- 
ingly diluted,  so  that  in  1873,  according  to  Basset,  there  wav» 
but  8.85  per  cent  salt  and  but  13.42  per  cent  total  solids.  According 
to  the  writer's  analysis,  the  water  contained  in  1885.  13.50  per  cent  salt 
and  16.71  per  cent  total  solids  dissolved;  and  in  1889,  15.74  per  cent 
salt  and  19.55  per  cent  total  solids.  At  present  the  lake  is  undergoing 
a  cycle  of  shrinkage  and  the  solid  contents  are  in  proportion  greater 
than  that  shown  by  any  previous  analysis. 

The  largest  company  now  operating  in  the  extraction  of  salt  from 
the  lake  water  reports  that  with  the  ponds  already  prepared  an  annual 
crop  of  a  million  tons  is  possible.  The  purification  of  the  salt  is 
partially  accomplished  in  the  ponds  by  the  careful  removal  of  the  mother- 
liquor  at  the  density  indicated  by  experience.  The  coarse  salt  is  sold 
on  the  cars  at  the  works  at  a  dollar  per  ton.  For  table  use  the  salt 
is  further  purified  by  artificial  desiccation  and  winnowing. 

Besides  common  salt,  other  chemical  products  are  obtained  from  the 
lake  brine.  Every  winter,  when  the  critical  point  of  temperature  la 
reached,  sodium  sulphate,  or  mirabilite,  separates  from  the  water  in 
enormous  quantities.  This  is  cast  up  upon  the  shores  and  may  be  col- 
lected with  ease,  and  a  further  supply  of  the  sulphate  is  found  as  a 
bed  a  few  feet  below  the  lake  bottom,  which  deposit  is  continuous  with  a 


International  Mining  Congress.  45 

similar  bed  of  the  material  inshore  beneath  a  shallow  covering  of  shore 

Freight  cost  alone  prevents  the  exportation  of  these  and  many  other 
products  from  the  salty  lake.  The  manufacture  of  sodium  carbonate 
has  been  successfully  accomplished,  but  the  want  of  a  market  killed 
the  industry. 

The  importance  of  the  topic  is  my  excuse  for  this  disgression. 
The  most  prominent  feature  of  Utah  topography  and  surface  relief 
is  the  central  ridge  or  higWand  which  runs  as  a  continuous  wall  with, 
a  continually  increasing  westerly  trend  through  the  middle  portion  of  the 
State.  On  most  of  the  old  maps,  and  even  in  some  of  the  newer  at- 
lases, this  is  represented  as  the  Wasatch  range  in  unbroken  line.  .  As 
a  matter  of  fact  it  consists  only  in  part  of  the  Wasatch,  which  range 
terminates  at  a  point  about  75  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  is 
succeeded  by  a  series  of  plateaus,  scarcely  less  imposing  and  massive, 
and  classed  as  mountains  by  all  except  the  geologist. 

This  elevation  marks  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Great  Basin  and 
separates  somewhat  sharply  the  eastern  from  the  western  drainage  sys^ 
terns  of  Utah ;  the  latter  is  that  of  the  basin  affording  no  escape  for 
the  water  except  through  evaporation ;  the  former  is  a  typical  river  drain- 
age forming  part  of  the  Colorado  system. 

In  its  greater  elevations  the  state  presents  practically  all  the  com- 
monly recognized  types  of  mountain  structure.  There  are  colossal  heaps 
of  volcanic  ejectamenta  that  have  accumulated  about  prehistoric  events; 
there  are  mountains  of  circumdenudation,  carved  by  the  chisel  of  time 
from  yet  greater  plateau  masses  and  now  set  like  gigantic  cameos  on 
the  valley  floor.  There  are  the  Henry  Mountains,  neither  an  ordinary 
group  nor  a  typical  range,  but  each  an  independent  solidified  cauldron  of 
once  liquefied  lava,  which,  however,  never  reached  the  surface  through 
crater  or  fissure,  but  heaved  and  arched  the  stratified  crust  overlying 
and  so  made  room  for  itself  beneath  the  surface.  Then  by  rapid  denu- 
dation the  covering  strata  were  removed  except  a  vestige  here  and 
there  clinging  to  the  sides  of  the  igneous  mass  now  exposed  in  all  Its 
craggy  nakedness.  These  are  the  laccolites  or  cisterns  of  lava  now 
solid— a  structure  first  recognized  in  this  region. 

The  typical  mountain  range  consists  of  strata  folded  and  twisted, 
contorted  and  overturned,  like  the  leaves  of  a  book  crumpled  by  some 
powerful  hand.  This  is  represented  by  the  Wasatch,  a  range  with  more 
than  a  common  history,  inasmuch  as  it  represents  a  comparatively  modern 
series  of  deformed  strata  which  were  laid  down,  or  a  much  more  ancient 
and  deeply  eroded  range.  In  traversing  the  Wasatch  from  north  to  south, 
one  passes  over  the  upturned  edges  of  Paleozoic  strata  fully  30,000  feet  in 
thickness ;  and  in  place  the  unconformable  contact  between  the  Cam- 
brian, or  lowest  members  of  the  series,  and  the  underlying  Archaen,  is 
exposed  from  canyon  floor  to  mountain  peak. 

The  western  front  of  this  majestic  range  is  so  precipitous  and  steep 
as  to  attract  the  attention  of  even  the  least  observant.  This  abruptness 
is  due  to  one  of  the  most  profound  faults  or  vertical  displacements  of 
crust-blocks  ever  described.  According  to  King,  the  throw  is  not  less 
than  40,000  feet ;  nevertheless  the  range  appears  to  be  still  rising,  and 
at  different  points  along  the  base  the  fault  scarp  is  so  "fresh  as  to  sug- 
gest the  most  recent  fracture.  This  bold  face  of  the  Wasatch  looks 
west  across  the  State  of  Nevada,  over  the  crests  of  the  intervening 
basin  ranges,  the  first  of  which  occur  within  the  Utah  lines  as  a  string1 
of  ranges  embracing  the  Promontory,  the  Oquirrh  and  the  Tintic  moun- 
tains. 

The  Uintah  range,  abutting  almost  at  right  angles  against  the  east- 
ern slopes  of  the  Wasatch  with  an  exceptional  trend  to  the  east  and 
west,  presents  a  structure  of  striking  simplicity.  Here  we  find  a  single 
great  anticlinal  fold,  the  regularity  being  broken  only  by  a  fault  on  the 
north  side. 

All  the  mountain  ranges  properly  so-called  show  themselves  to  be 
strongly  impregnated  with  metalliferous  deposits.  The  powerful  compres- 
sion and  folding  to  which  they  have  been  subjected  have  produced  nu- 
merous large  fissures,  which  in  the  majority  of  cases,  have  been  filled 
by  slow  deposition  of  metalliferous  material.  While  the  colossal  Wasatch, 
considered  in  proportion  to  its  mass,  is  less  productive  of  mineral  wealth 
than  are  its  smaller  neighbors  to  the  west,  the  famous  Park  City  and 
Cottonwood  regions  alone  are  sufficient  to  insure  it  lasting  fame  as  a 
producer  of  valuable  metals.  The  Oquirrh  and  Tintic  ranges  have 


46  Official  Proceedings 

yielded  fabulous  returns ;  and  the  mere  listing  of  their  mines  would 
exceed  the  time  limits  allowed  me. 

All  the  mountain  ranges,  as  well  as  the  plateaus  of  Utah,  are  deep- 
ly cut  by  transverse  stream  courses,  and  canyons  of  surpassing  grandeur 
are  the  results.  There  are  canyons  of  every  type,  some  veritable  valleys, 
others  considered  in  their  relation  of  width  to  depth  mere  cracks  in 
the  crust,  thousands  of  feet  deep.  Most  of  the  canyons  are  of  the  kinds 
characteristic  of  new  topography,  and  the  streams  they  carry  are  moun- 
tain cataracts,  or  an  encu.ssion  of  water  falls.  This  condition  "has  been 
turned  to  good  account  in  the  utilization  of  water-power  for  the  pro- 
duction of  electric  energy,  and  numerous  plants  of  great  capacity  are 
now  in  successful  operation.  For  a  time  the  area  of  distribution  from 
the  Ogden  power  station  surpassed  that  of  the  world-famed  plant  at 
Niagara. 

Scarcely  less  imposing  than  the  mountains  referred  to  are  the  mag- 
nificent erosion  forms  of  the  plateau  region  and  the  high  plateaus  them- 
selves. The  greater  part  of  Utah  east  of  the  rim  of  the  basin  and 
south  of  the  Uintahs  belongs  to  the  Plateu  Province,  in  which  are  re- 
vealed enormous  uplifts,  generally  with  monoclinal  folds  and  exposed 
fault  scarps.  The  Mesczoic  rocks  have  undergone  erosion  on  a  prodigi- 
ous scale,  and  the  remaining  remnants  of  these  formations  present  a 
variety  of  forms  whose  beauty  is  beyond  description.  The  deep  red 
Triassic  sandstone's  of  the  desert  regions  of  Central  and  Southeastern 
Utah  as  seen  from  the  distance  appear  as  magnificent  castles,  fortresses 
and  palaces,  temple's,  synagogues  and  tabernacles.  Nor  does  closer  in- 
spection destroy  the  illusion.  Vestiges  of  the  overlying  Jurassic  roof,  the 
greater  structures,  and  the  color  contrast  between  its  gray  and  the  red 
of  the  Triassic  intensifies  the  resemblance  to  works  of  artificial  con- 
struction. . 

In  these  beds  are  found  extensive  deposits  of  gypsum  in  all  varieties, 
running  from  amorphous  plaster-stone  to  crystals  of  pure  selenite. 
among  which,  individual  prisms  have  been  found  ranging  from  two  to 
seven  feet  in  length,  and  reaching  a  weight  of  200  or  more  pounds 
apiece.  The  finest  of  these  huge  crystals  occur  in  great  geodes  and 
spring  from  the  walls  as  tiny  prisms  of  quartz  line  the  smallest  of 
cavities. 

Where  the  Cretaceous  and  still  later  Tertiary  rocks  are  still  in 
place,  outrops  of  coal  are  common  and  not  infrequently  thick  beds  of 
lignitic  and  bituminous  coals  are  exposed  to  full  view.  The  State  is 
particularly  rich  in  coal,  practically  all  of  which  is  of  Cretaceous  or 
later  age.  Though  considerable  thicknesses  of  the  coal  measure  are  ex- 
posed in  the  Wasatch  and  elsewhere,  but  small  and  insignificant  traces 
of  Carboniferous  coal  have  been  found. 

It  is  mostly  in  the  Tertiary  basins  south  of  the  Uintahs  that  the  rich 
and  varied  deposits  of  hydrocarbons  have  been  discovered.  Rising  like 
great  dykes  through  comparatively  undisturbed  strata,  or  saturating  the 
sandstones  and  limestones,  occur  hydrocarbon  minerals  ranging  from 
tarry  liquids  to  compact  and  dense  solids.  Among  such  are  gilsonite, 
elaterite  ,  ozocerite,  numerous  grades  of  asphaltum,  besides  mineral  oils 
and  waxes.  At  the  present  time  excitement  runs  high  concrning  the 
probability  of  petroleum  occurring  in  this  region  of  hydrocarbon  de- 
posits, and  field  examinations  and  boring  operations  are  now  in  progress. 

Of  the  solid  hydrocarbon  minerals  only  the  gilsonite  has  profitably 
been  exported  from  the  State  thus  far.  The  asphaltum  and  allied  kinds 
find  a  limited  local  consumption ;  but  the  seemingly  inexhaustible  stores 
of  these  materials  are  awating  an  application  and  a  market. 

The  geological  products  of  economic  importance  within  the  State 
have  as  yet  been  but  imperfectly  listed,  and  no  systematic  exploitation 
or  survey  has  been  attempted. 

In  the  NON-METALLIFEROUS  GROUP,  a  few  have  been  already 
named. 

COMMON  SALT  and  MIRABILITE  from  the  Great  Salt  Lake  it- 
self,  to  which  should  be  added  the  great  deposits  of  "rock  salt"  within 
the  regions  of  desiccated  lakes. 

GYPSUM  in  all  varieties. 

COAL,  lignitic  and  bituminous. 

ASPHALTUM,   GILSONITE   and  allied  hydrocarbons. 

To  these  should  be  added : 


International  Mining  Congress.  47 

SULPHUR  in  regions  of  recently  suspended  volcanic  activity  and 
in  connection  with  deposits  from  certain  mineral  springs. 

PUMICE  from  the  rhjolitic  lava  flows  within  the  Bonneville  area. 

PYRITE,  which  though  a  mineral  of  iron  derives  little  value  from 
the  contained  metal  and  is  of  worth  mainly  on  account  of  its  sulphur ; 
it  may  therefore  be  classed  in  this  group ;  this  occurs  in  abundance, 
widely  distributed  throughout  the  State. 

PORTLAND  CEMENT  materials,  already  applied  on  a  large  scale  in 
the  manufacture  of  this  commodity  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

CLAYS  already  in  use  for  brick  and  pottery,  and  others  which 
laboratory  tests  prove  to  be  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  the  white 
wares;  also  "refractory  clays"  in  variety  and  of  excellent  quality. 

BUILDING  STONES.  'Comprising  the  granitic  group,  and  a  wide 
range  of  sandstones,  limestones  and  marbles  ;  also  pure  white  oolites  no-w- 
in service  for  the  erection  of  some  of  the  most  imposing  residences 
in  the  capital  city. 

PRECIOUS  STONES,  including  opals,  agates,  hyalite,  prase,  topaz, 
Utahlite — the  name  proposed  by  Kunz  for  what  appears  to  be  a  variety  01 
variscite  of  unusual  mode  of  occurrence,  and  so  closely  resembling  tur- 
quois  as  to  find  a  ready  market  among  the  dealers  in  that  gem  stone ; 
prosopite — still  more  closely  approaching  turquois ;  garnets,  rhodochro- 
site.  and  many  others  of  mir-or  importance. 

.Of  the  "metalliferous  mineral  deposits,"  data  already  published  and 
now  common  property,  testify  to  the  State's  wealth  of  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, lead  and  iron.  Recent  discoveries  of  extensive  accumulations  of 
pyrolusite  and  associated  mineral®,  bid  fair  to  develop  an  industry  in  the 
mining  of  manganese  ores. 

Even  this  hasty  and  incomplete  enumeration  calls  for  a  brief  mention 
of  the  enormous  deposits  of  iron  ores  in  Southwestern  Utah.  There 
occur  in  Iron  County,  within  Pinto  mining  district.  The  principal 
outcrops  are  grouped  within  an  area  of  about  20  miles  in  length  by  six 
miles  in  width.  These  outcrops  are  not  mere  surface  indications,  but 
extensive  exposures  of  great  ere  bodies  above  the  general  level.  The 
ores  occur  in  well-defined  and  continuous  beds,  bounded  Dy  Crystalline 
rocks,  presumably  of  pre-Cambrian  age.  The  dislocation  or  these  early 
rocks,  followed  by  the  geneial  denudation  of  the  region,  has  exposed 
the  ore  in  a  series  of  projecting  masses,  which  in  general  appearance 
suggest  to  the  casual  observer  projecting  dykes,  and  in  particular  cases 
mountain  masses  of  volcanic  origin.  As  to  the  amount  of  ore  there 
present,  the  quantity  actually  in  sight  above  ground  is  practically  in- 
calculable. For  example— the  single  occurrence  known  as  the  "Big  Blow- 
out" is  a  projecting  mass  of  magnetite,  1,000  feet  in  length,  from  400 
to  500  feet  in  width,  and  with  a  mean  height  of  nearly  300  feet.  The 
summit  crags  are  so  highly  magnetic  that  a  handful  of  tacks  thrown 
against  them  are  held  in  contact.  All  the  stream  courses  of  the  neigh- 
borhood are  lined  with  magnetite  and  hematite,  and  taluses  of  the  'same 
material  skirt  the  cliffs.  In  the  work  of  systematic  mining  on  the  largest 
practicable  scale,  decades  would  elapse  before  the  necessity  of  extensive 
underground  workings  would  appear.  In  the  work  requisite  to  the  se- 
curing of  land  patents,  tunnels  have  been  driven  and  shafts  sunr,  rather 
in  compliance  with  the  letter  of  the  law  than  through  any  necessity  for 
actual  development.  Thousands  of  tons  of  ore  have  been  piled  on  the 
several  claims'  ready  for  immediate  use. 

The  ores  are  almost  wholly  of  the  class  of  anhydrous  oxides  of 
iron,  including  hematites  and  magnetite.  In  the  ore  proper  there  is  but 
a  trifling  admixture  of  gangue.  The  analyses  show  a  close  approach  to 
the  theoretical  amounts  of  iron  for  the  several  minerals,  with  unusually 
small  quantities  of  deleterious  ingredients,  such  as  sulphur  and  phos- 
phorous. 

Limestone  and  coking  coal  abound  in  the  neighborhood,  and  it  would 
appear  that  Nature  has  provided  all  the  essentials  for  an  iron  and  steel 
plant  on  the  largest  conceivable  scale.  The  lack  of  transportation  facili- 
ties has  been  the  main  hindrance  to  the  development  of  these  enormous 
resoures. 

I  refrain  from  apologizing  for  the  incompleteness  of  this  brief  and 
disconnected  outline  of  the  geological  features  and  mineral  resources  of 
the  youthful  State  of  Utah.  The  need  of  systematic  examination,  the 
imperative  necessity  of  an  efficient  State  survey,  are  so  strongly  felt  that 


48  Official  Proceedings 

one  may  reasonably  feel  confident  of  an  early  beginning  in  this  import- 

int  labor.     Then  more  definite  information  will  be  available,  and  I  doubt 

2EJSS   will   vindicate  her  claim   to   a  place  among  the  regions   most 

lu    fst  geologist,    the   prospector,    the    miner   and    the   metal- 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  chair  desires  to  introduce  the  fol- 
lowing resolutions: 

By  President  Prince: 

Resolved,  That  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  be  respectfully 
requested  to  provide  by  law  for  the  locating  and  working  of  mines  of 
the  reserved  minerals^— gold,  silver  and  quicksilver — on  Spanish  and  Mexi- 
can land  grants. 

By  President  Prince: 

Resolved,  That  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the  mining  industry 
which  has  now  reached  over  a  billion  of  dollars  of  annual  product,  call 
for  the  establishment  of  a  national  Department  of  Mining,  the  chief  officer 
of  which  shall  be  a  member  of  the  president's  cabinet. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  next  business  in  the  regular  order  is 
a  paper  by  Mr.  Frederick  C.  Semmec,  of  Iowa,  on  the  subject  of  "Min- 
ing as  a  Business  Compared  with  Commercial  and  Manufacturing  Enter- 
prises." 

Mr.  Semmec,  civil  and  raining  engineer,  read  the  following  paper: 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Congress :  It  is  not  my  in- 
tention at  present  to  give  anything  but  a  generalized  statement  in  com- 
paring mining  with  commercial  and  manufacturing  enterprises.  The  field 
is  so  wide  that  it  would  take  considerable  time  and  the  services  of  a 
statistician  to  compile  "data"  were  we  to  consider  the  subject  from  a 
point  of  figures.  I  will,  however,  endeavor  to  show  that  mining  is  a 
legitimate  and  can  be  carried  on  as  legitimately  as  commerce  or  manu- 
facturing. At  the  same  time  there  is  likely  to  be  no  field  of  operation 
so  productive  of  worthless  and  fraudulent  ventures  as  that  of  mining. 

There  is  no  section  of  the  country  where  some  people  are  not  hold- 
ing worthless  mining  stocks,  bought  under  this  or  that  scheme,  under 
promise  of  making  a  bonanza  investment,  and  not  one  in  a  thousand  of 
these  schemes  ever  get  beyond  the  beautiful  pictures  which  are  painted 
to  those  who  buy  stock.  Yet,  this  fact  does  not  impair  the  possibilities 
of  legitimate  mining,  distinguished  from  mining  stocks  when  carried  on 
under  proper  safeguards  and  on  lines  of  actual  and  systematic  develop- 
ment. 

Mines  are  made  by  putting  labor  and  means  into  the  property  It- 
self and  not  into  the  pockets  of  the  promoters.  Few  mining  properties, 
Indeed,  which  show  any  possibilities  of  becoming  mines  with  development 
and  which  in  fact  justify  exploitation,  disappoint  the  miner  upon  his  out- 
lay. 

There  is  today  a  greater  demand  for  good  developed  mines  than  here- 
tofore in  the  history  of  the  mining  states,  and  larger  developing  projects 
are  constantly  being  undertaken.  Brought  down  to  a  true  economic 
basis,  mining,  not  speculating  in  mines,  offers  greater  returns  upon  the 
capital  invested,  and  is  upon  the  whole  no  more  hazardous  than  any 
ordinary  mercantile  venture. 

To  develop  any  kind  of  a  mine,  capital  is  necessary.  There  are  those 
who  have  the  means  to  individually  accomplish  this,  but  such  instances 
are  few.  It  more  often  requires  the  united  capital  of  several  to  ac- 
complish anything  in  this  line. 

How  to  associate  a  number  of  people  in  an  enterprise  to  raise  the 
necessary  amount  required  for  a  developed  proposition,  has  been  a 
stumbling  block  in  the  way  of  many  ventures.  Stock  propositions  have 
been  resorted  to,  and  are  the  means  by  which  it  is  usually  accomplished. 
They  are  safe  and  convenient  means  to  the  end,  if  lawfully  and  judicious- 
ly employed.  The  provisions  of  statutes,  however,  are  in  the  most  case* 
evaded,  rather  than  followed,  and  the  stockholder  left  without  protec- 
tion from  liability  on  his  stock  or  recourse  from  his  losses. 

Again,  the  stock  is  too  often  manipulated  in  the  interest  of  the  few. 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  many.  The  property  of  the  company,  if  of 


International  Mining  Congress.  49 

any  value,  oftentimes  runs  into  debt,  is  sold  out  and  bought  up  in  the 
Interest  of  the  few,  but  these  methods  are  perhaps  less  to  be  con- 
demned than  the  more  vicious  practice  of  floating  large  stock  schemes 
upon  worthless  property,  merely  to  market  the  stock  for  what  it  will 
bring,  or  speculate  in  it  on  the  boards. 

The  capital  is  fixed  at  a  figure  to  give  ample  paper  for  the  trans- 
actions and  while  it  represents  in  the  eye  of  the  law  the  amount  which 
is  actually  put  into  the  corporation  in  money,  property  or  services  at  a 
fair  and  reasonable  valuation,  it  is  found  in  the  hands  of  the  promoters, 
fully  paid  up  and  non-assessable,  and  offered  in  most  cases,  at  a  frac- 
tion of  a  cent  of  its  par  value. 

While  such  propositions  in  most  cases  bear  the  stamp  of  fraud  upon 
their  face-  too  many  have  been  unwittingly  entrapped  into  dealing  with 
them,  hoping  for  large  gains  on  so  small  an  outlay,  or  to  gain  some- 
thing for  nothing,  failing  in  which,  they  condemn  all  mining  ventures. 

Notwithstanding  all  this,  there  have  been  many  great  mines,  gold, 
silver  and  semi-precious  metals,  which  have  produced  many  millions  of 
dollars  in  wealth  for  their  owners,  many  of  which  are  today  swelling 
the  world's  stock  of  metals,  and  many  more  discovered  yearly  and  made 
to  produce  great  wealth.  All  had  first  to  be  developed,  for  mines  are 
made,  not  found.  They  are  the  result  of  expensive  exploitation  and 
economic  engineering,  not  the  result  of  stock  speculations. 

As  to  the  development  of  a  mine  through  the  sale  of  stocks,  I 
believe  the  following,  quoted  from  the  Mining  Reporter  of  Denver  in 
the  issue  of  May  31,  3901,  covers  the  subject  to  the  fullest  extent:  "In 
fact  we  believe  that  through  small  holdings  in  honestly  conducted  min- 
ing enterprises  the  greatest  amount  of  development  can  be  accomplished. 
It  is  against  stock  propositions  in  which,  through  misrepresentation,  an 
effort  is  made  to  sell  stock  in  a  producing  mine  for  an  amount  largely 
in  excess  of  any  reaocable  conception  of  its  value  or  in  a  prospect  and 
use  the  money  for  any  other  purpose  than  the  development  of  the  pros- 
pect. The  sale  of  prospect  stock  for  any  other  purpose  than  development 
is  a  swindle.  The  sale  of  prospect  stocks  for  purposes  of  development  is 
the  most  sensible  and  practical  means  for  mine-making. 

Not  every  business  venture  in  any  line  will  succeed,  no  bank  will 
loan  all  its  money  to  one  individual,  no  insurance  company  will  risk  its 
whole  capital  on  the  burning  of  one  building,  no  prudent  investor  will 
stake  his  whole  capital  on  the  development  of  one  prospect  unless,  per- 
haps, he  is  a  practical  miner  himself.  There  is  a  risk  in  every  line  ot 
business.  The  risk  in  legitimate  mining  is  no  greater  than  in  any  other 
line  of  business. 

Again  as  a  legitimate  business  mining  has  the  peculiarity  of  afford- 
ing better  present  opportunities  than  ever  before.  It  is  this  that  now 
distinguishes  mining  from  any  other  business.  In  nearly  every  line,  com- 
petition, trusts  and  other  forms  of  trade  conditions  do  not  tend  to  make 
greater  the  probability  of  profitable  investment  of  capital,  great  or  small. 
But  in  the  mining  business  closer  study  of  ore  has  made  possible  the 
profitable  treatment  of  much  that  was  formerly  rejected,  and  modern 
methods  successfully  develop  good  properties'  in  districts  once  thought 
to  be  worked  out.  No  matter  how  thoroughly  a  country  may  appear  to 
have  been  prospected  or  developed,  it  is  now  desirable  for  present  ex- 
ploitation. Some  of  the  best  strikes  are  being  made  in  old  camps,  and 
no  miner  or  prospector  is  perforce  compelled  to  go  to  new  or  almost 
inaccessible  localities  to  find  a  good  prospect.  Intelligent  development 
and  proper  treatment  of  output  is  the  main  requirement. 

There  are  risks-  in  mining  investments  as  in  any  other  form  of 
investment.  It  is,  however,  the  business  of  the  intelligent  investor  who 
understands  his  business,  to  see  that  those  risks  are  reduced  to  a  mini- 
mum. But  as  against  the  risks  common  to  all  commercial  ventures  may 
be  set  the  fact  that  the  mining  investment  is  relieved  of  many  enormous 
elements  of  risks  attendant  on  mercantile  investments.  Buying  goods  to 
sell  again,  notwithstanding  competition,  taking  chances  on  bad  debts,  etc., 
are  things  that  do  not  concern  the  mine  operator,  but  are  among  the 
many  attendant  risks  that  must  be  taken  by  the  merchant. 

The  contention  is  made  that  mining  is  a  gamble.  A  mining  invest- 
ment is  no  more  a  gamble  than  is  any  other  investment,  excepting  when 
the  investor  is  a  gambler  who  attempts  to  get  something  for  nothing. 
While  there  is  an  element  of  uncertainty  about  every  investment,  and 


50  Official  Proceedings 

mining,  of  course,  shares  this  uncertainty,  with  all  other  kinds  of  busi- 
ness, the  trouble  is  not  nearly  so  often  with  the  investment  as  with  the 
investor,  wrho  in  very  many  cases  has  only  himself  to  blame  for  the 
foolish,  and  unbusinesslike  way  in  which  he  has  disposed  of  his  money. 
It  is  also  true  that  many  investors  are  not  competent  to  look  Into 
and  decide  the  technical  questions  arising  in  connection  with  a  mining 
investment  or  venture,  any  more  than  he  is  able  to  cope  with  the  prob- 
lems of  any  commercial  or  manufacturing  enterprise  he  puts  his  money 
into.  The  intending  purchaser  has  much  to  learn  of  his  intendent  pur- 
chase. It  does  not  make  a  particle  of  difference  whether  a  man  is  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  any  article  or  in  the  sale  of  a  commodity 
or  in  mining,  the  questions  arising  in  conducting  any  of  these  under- 
takings are  identical. 

The  claim  is  often  made  that  the  investor  in  mining  property  ia 
dependent  solely  upon  the  judgment  of  someone  else,  and  that  he  does 
not  have  it  within  his  own  power  to  thoroughly  investigate  the  subject. 
While  this  objection  is  valid  to  a  certain  extent,  it  is  not  nearly  to  the 
extent  taken  for  granted.  As  to  the  technicalities  arising  and  details  as 
to  mining  the  investor  will  necessarily  have  to  depend  upon  expert  opin* 
ion,  but  there  is  still  considerable  that  he  can  learn  for  himself.  It 
is  advisable  that  the  district,  in  which  the  intended  purchase  is  lo- 
cated, be  visited  and  the  general  business  conditions  which  any  busi- 
ness man  can  appreciate  be  studied  at  close  range.  Then  if  such  per- 
sonal investigation  is  satisfactory  have  a  closer  technical  examination 
of  the  ground  made  by  a  professional  mining  man. 

There  are  two  classes  of  persons  through  whose  influence  money 
is  being  constantly  lost  in  mining  investments.  First — The  uninformed, 
Well-meaning,  honest  num,  who  induces  his  friends  to  invest  money  In 
properties  solely  upon  his  judgment,  upon  a  subject  of  which  he  is  per- 
fectly ignorant.  Second — The  informed  dishonest  man,  who  is  a  shark 
or  sharper.  Although  it  ®een?s  unfair  to  place  these  two  classes  of  men 
in  such  close  connection,  their  influence  upon  the  good  name  of  mining 
is  the  same,  and  if  anything,  the  influene  of  the  former  is  much  worse 
than  that  of  the  latter.  Investigation  has  disclosed  many  misguided 
investments  in  so-called  mines.  Such  investments  are  the  result  of  over- 
enthusiasm  on  the  part  of  the  promoter  and  the  weakness  or  cupidity 
of  capital  in  its  almost  ungovernable  desire  to  obtain  something  for 
nothing. 

In  the  present  day  there  is  no  excuse  for  investors  entering  the 
mining  field  blindly.  The  same  careful  business  consideration  should  be 
given  an  enterprise  in  mining  that  is  extended  to  enterprises  of  manu- 
facturing or  mercantile  pursuits.  All  men  cannot  be  all  things.  In 
manufacturing  the  advice  of  experience  in  the  line  under  considera- 
tion is  sought.  In  real  estate  transactions  the  advice  of  a  lawyer  is 
sought,  and  in  mining  the  advice  of  a  mining  engineer  should  be  sought. 
The  mining  engineer  may  not  be  able  to  see  further  into  the  ground  than 
the  miner  or  promoter,  but  he  will  see  all  there  is  to  see,  state  what 
he  has  seen  and  no  more,  determine  the  value  of  ore  exposed,  detail 
the  surrounding  economic  conditions  and  demonstrate  what  a  ton  of  ore 
so  located  will  yield  as  profit  to  the  operator.  If  the  examination  of 
the  property  include  consideration  and  advice  relative  to  the  purchase 
price  and  proposition  made  by  owner  to  prospective  purchaser,  the  min- 
ing engineer  will  pass  upon  same  and  advise  according  to  his  convic- 
tions, having  no  interest  in  the  transaction  beyond  his  professional 
standing  and  the  fee  agreed  upon  for  his  services.  Good  advice  may  seem 
expensive,  but  it  is  far  better  and  wiser  to  start  right  or  not  at  all. 

The  purchase  of  a  ncine,  in  the  full  sense  of  the  word,  or  a  pros- 
pect, Is  an  entirely  different  proposition.  A  mine  is  an  established 
business.  The  engineer  determines  the  amount  of  stock  on  hand,  its 
gross  value  and  net  value,  and  value  of  plant  as  a  whole.  The  differ- 
ence between  these  determinations  by  the  engineer  and  the  price  asked 
for  the  mine  by  the  owner  may  be  termed  the  price  asked  for  the  good 
will  of  the  business.  Fewer  investments  are  safer  than  those  judiciously 
made  In  developed  mines.  For  this  reason  holders  of  large  capital  only 
seek  mining  investments  of  this  character.  The  successful  mining  man, 
however,  is  constantly  In  the  field  for  more  mines  or  holes  in  the  ground 
or  prospects  having  promise.  He  does  not  anticipate  that  all  of  his 


International  Mining  Congress.  51 

enterprises  in  mining  v:ill  prove  remunerative,  but  by  exercising  care  and 
judgment  does  expect  that  the  final  balance  between  the  producers  and 
the  non-producers  will  show  a  good  profit.  He  does  not  pay  a  big  price  for 
a  prospect,  however  promising.  Its  value  cannot  be  accurately  deter- 
mined until  developed.  Development  costs  money,  and  he  absolutely  re- 
fuses to  pay  out  cash  for  the  privilege  of  expending  still  more  to  deter- 
mine whether  or  not  he  may  have  invested  wisely. 

Under  present  conditions  old  or  abandoned  properties  are  being  made 
productive.  Old  dumps  that  were  worthless  at  the  time  they  were  made, 
owing  to  economic  conditions,  are  now  being  worked  over  at  a  profit. 
Energetic  miners  are  procuring  working  leases  in  all  sections  of  the 
country,  and  are  adding  their  production  to  help  swell  the  grand  total. 
It  may  be  confidently  stated  that  the  mining  industry  of  the  country 
is  in  better  condition  today  than  at  any  period  since  its  inception.  While 
alleged  mines  are  being  sold,  and  always  will  be,  for  fabulous  sums,  based 
upon  ridiculous  expectations,  the  generally  accepted  value  of  mining 
property  today  is  based  upon  the  knowledge  of  what  it  will  pay  and 
not  what  it  may  pay,  and  a  fair  allowance  for  future  possibilities. 
Modern  appliances,  intelligence  and  business  management  are  gradually 
displacing  the  happy-go-lucky  methods  of  the  past. 

There  is  still  some  so-called  luck  in  mining,  but  in  the  main  suc- 
cess is  attained  by  careful  attention  to  mining  business  and  mining 
methods.  The  mining  of  the  earlier  days  was  attended  with  great  ex- 
pense and  only  the  rich  veins  could  be  drawn  upon  with  any  possibility 
of  profit.  With  the  advent  of  railroads,  county  roads,  reduction  works 
and  mills,  ores  valueless  only  a  short  time  in  the  past  are  today  valu- 
able and  yield  a  profit  when  managed  with  t'he  same  prudence  and  In- 
telligence granted  other  industries.  There  are  a  great  number  of  pros- 
pects or  undeveloped  lodes  throughout  our  entire  mining  country.  They 
are  mainly  owned  by  the  original  locators,  who,  for  lack  of  means,  are 
unable  to  develop  them.  The  possibilities  for  capital  in  this  direction  are 
practically  unlimited.  It  is  but  natural  for  the  owner  of  a  prospect 
when  a  sale  is  being  considered  to  endeavor  to  obtain  all  he  may,  but 
he  of  all  others  appreciates  his  inability  to  develop  his  prospect  into 
a  mine,  although  he  is  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  belief  that  with  devel- 
opment it  will  become  a  mine.  He  may  therefore  be  easily  induced  to  give 
capital  an  opportunity  to  develop  it  and  take  his  chance  of  the  pros- 
pect developing  in  accordance  with  his  convictions.  All  prospects  are 
more  or  less  valuable  end  subject  to  great  possibilities.  All  mines  were 
at  one  time  prospects.  Comparatively  small  investments  may  change 
a  prospect  into  a  mine.  The  percentage  is  so  great  when  backed  by  judg- 
ment ability,  and  persistence,  as  to  offer  great  inducement  to  capital. 
Every  dollar  injudiciously  invested  in  mining  is  to  a  limited  extent 
an  injury  to  the  industry.  In  general,  a  few  hundreds  of  dollars  In- 
vested in  a  prospect,  with  the  expectation  of  developing  a  mine,  is  an 
injudicious  investment.  Those  who  follow  mining  as  a  business  ex- 
pect when  taking  hold  of  a  promising  prospect  to  systematically  exploit 
it  so  as  to  enable  them  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  property  may 
be  developed  into  a  mine  by  the  expenditure  of  more  money.  With  sev- 
eral such  propositions  some  develop  into  mines,  and  the  profits  accruing, 
if  only  one  mine  is  obtained,  generally  far  exceed  the  outlay  on  the 
whole. 

Nearly  all  mining  sections  have  good  transportation  facilities  or 
with  other  easy  means  of  access,  and  many  factors  that  were  in  the 
past  unfavorable  to  successful  mining  have  been  eliminated.  The  op- 
portunity for  judicious  investment  is  almost  unlimited. 

Upon  motion  of  Mr.  Demming,  of  Idaho,  duly  seconded  and  carried, 
the  Congress  adjourned  until  tomorrow,  July  24,  1901,  at  9  o'clock,  A.  M. 


July  24,  1901,  9  A.  M. 

The  Congress  met  pursuant  to  adjournment.  The  secretary  read 
the  following  telegram  from  Mrs.  E.  C.  Atwood,  the  treasurer  of  the 
Congress : 


Official  Proceedings 


San  Franciso.  Cal.,  July  23,  1901. 
Irwin  Mahon,   Secretary   International   Mining  Congress,   Boise,   Idaho. 

Regret  unexpected  unavoidable  delay  prevents  attendance ;  mailed 
report  yesterday.  Hearty  wishes  for  successful  Congress. 

E.   C.   ATWOOD.   Treasurer. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  The  report  of  the  treasurer,  when  re- 
ceived will  be  presented  to  the  Congress. 

Secretary  Mahon  then  announced  that  the  following  named  gentle- 
men, whose  names  are  on  the  program  for  the  reading  of  papers,  were 
not  present,  and  could  not  be  at  this  session  of  the  Congress: 

Prof.  Samuel  Calvin,  of  Des  Moines,  la.,  "Geology  of  Iowa ;"  Dr. 
J,  C.  White,  Morgantown,  W.  Va.,  "Geology  of  West  Virginia,"  and 
Dr.  0.  L.  Herrick,  of  New  Mexico,  "Application  of  Geology  to  Economic 
Problems  in  New  Mexico." 

There  being  no  objection,  the  chair  directed  that  the  papers  pre- 
pared by  the  above  named  gentlemen  be  printed  in  the  report  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  Congress. 

The  papers  are  as  follows : 

THE    GEOLOGY   AND   GEOLOGICAL    RESOURCES   OF    IOWA. 
•'  By  Samuel  Calvin. 

The  geological  formations  of  Iowa  embrace  a  fairly  complete  series 
from  the  pre-Cambrian  to  the  Pleistocene.  The  taxonomic  relations  of 
the  formations  present  are  shown  in  the  following  table : 


GROUP 

SYSTEM 

SERIES 

STAGE 

Recent 

Alluvial 

Wisconsin 

','.    \r:- 

Peorian 

lowan 

Cenozoic 

Pleistocene 

Glacial 

Sangamon 

Illinoian 

Yarmouth 

Kansan 

Pre-Kansan 

Mesozolc 

Cretaceous 

Upper 

Colorado 

Cretaceous 

Dakota 

Upper 

Missourian 

Carboniferious 

Des  Moines 

Carboniferous 

Saint  Louis 

Carboniferous 

Osage  or  Augusta 

Kinderhook 

Upper  Devonian 

Lime  Creek 

Paleozoic 

Devonian 

Middle  Devonian 

Cedar  Valley 

Wapsipinicon 

Silurian 

Niagara 

Gower 

Delaware 

Trenton 

Maquoketa 

Galena-  Trenton 

Saint  Peter 

Oneota 

Cambrian 

Potsdam 

Saint  Croix 

Kozoic 

jAlgonkian 

Huronian 

Sioux 

International  Mining  Congress.  53 

PRE-CAMBRIAN.—  The  only  pre-Cambrian  rocks  native  to  the  State 
and  exposed  at  the  surface,  are  of  Algonkian  age.  These  occupy  but  a 
small  area  in  the  northwest  corner.  In  the  adjoining  States  of  Minne- 
sota and  South  Dakota,  however,  they  are  more  extensively  developed. 
The  pre-Cambrian  rocks  of  Iowa  are,  in  the  main,  hard  vitreous  quartzite^. 
While  the  area  in  which  they  appear  at  the  surface  is  small,  they  are 
known  to  underlie  the  later  sediments  everywhere  throughout  the  State; 
and  they  re-appear  at  the  surface  east  of  Iowa  in  the  Baraboo  ranges 
of  Wisconsin.  In  Wisconsin  the  formation  is  called  the  Baraboo  quart- 
zite  :  it  is  known  as  the  Sioux  quartzite  in  Iowa. 

CAMBRIAN.  —  Strata  belonging  to  the  Cambrian  system  are  seen  in 
the  northeast  corner  of  Iowa.  In  this  locality  the  formation  is  com- 
posed almost  wholly  of  sandstone.  It  contains  a  small  amount  of  shale; 
and  there  is  a  band  of  impure  dolomite,  forty  feet  in  thickness,  which 
occurs  about  one  hundred  feet  below  the  top  ;  but  otherwise  the  whole 
body  of  the  deposit,  through  its  entire  thickness  of  1,000  feet,  Is  com- 
posed of  sandstone  varying  in  texture,  color  and  the  degree  to  which 
cementation  has  taken  place.  Speaking  of  it  in  general  It  may  be  said 
that  the  formation  is  coarse  and  imperfectly  consolidated.  Ripple  marks 
upon  the  surface  of  many  of  the  strata  unite  with  cross-bedding  and  the 
generally  coarse  characters  of  the  sediments  in  proclaiming  the  Cambrian 
of  this  part  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  a  shallow  water  or  beach  deposit 
accumulated  on  a  subsiding  sea  margin.  The  formation  ia  sometime^ 
known  as  the  "Potsdam,"  sometimes  as  the  "Saint  Oroix  sandstone.** 
So  far  as  relates  to  Iowa,  it  appears  in  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  River 
and  its  tributaries  from  New  Albin  to  McGregor.  Only  the  upper  part 
of  the  Saint  Croix  sandstone  is  exposed  in  Iowa  ;  the  main  body  of  it 
everywhere  lies  below  the  level  of  the  floors  of  the  valleys.  At  New 
Albin  it  rises  400  feet  above  the  water  in  the  river  ;  at  Lansing  it  rises 
300  feet  ;  a  short  distance  below  McGregor,  owing  to  its  southward  dip, 
its  surface  disappears  below  the  level  of  the  stream. 

ORDOVICIAN.—  The  Cambrian  sandstones  are  followed  by  a  body 
of  dolomite,  the  "Oneota  lime-stone."  Transitional  beds  along  the  plane 
of  contact  between  the  two  formations  are  conspicuous  in  the  bluffs 
bordering  the  stream  valleys  throughout  Northeastern  Iowa.  Nowhere 
in  this  region  does  the  Saint  Croix  rise  to  the  summit  of  the  bluffs;  and 
so  the  upper  part  of  the  walls  of  the  valleys  presents  picturesque  crags 
and  towers  and  mural  escarpments  due  to  the  presence  of  the  cliff-form- 
ing Oneota  dolomite.  One  "hundred  feet  of  the  Oneota  ovrlie  the  sand- 
stone at  Lansing,  and  a  greater  thickness  of  this  formation  appears  in 
the  rim  of  the  valleys  farther  south.  The  whole  thickness  is  about  250 
feet. 

Resting  upon  the  Oneota  is  the  "Saint  Peter  sandstone."  This  is  a 
clean  quartz  sand  almost  as  incoherent  as  when  it  was  originally  de- 
posited. It  is  exposed  in  all  the  valleys  and  over  some  of  the  uplands 
in  Northeastern  Iowa.  It  is  well  developed  at  the  "Pictured  Rocks'*  a 
short  distance  below  McGregor.  Normally  it  is  white  as  comminuted 
fragments  of  clean,  clear  quartz  ought  to  be,  but  in  places  it  is  fantasti- 
cally stained  with  metallic  oxides  carried  into  the  porous  deposit  bv 
descending  waters.  The  thickness  ranges  from  60  to  100  feet  The 
3neota  and  the  Saint  Peter,  partly  on  stratigraphic  grounds,  but  more 
particularly  on  paleontologic  evidence,  are  referred  to  the  "Canadian 
Aeries. 


nr~HI?  7?  ENT°?  SERIES>  **lch  "eg  next  above  the  Canadian,  if 
represented  by  two  formations,  the  "Galena-Trenton"  and  the  "Maquo- 
E£  i  iT  .of  *iese  to  lar£ely  limestone,  but  it  varies  in  litho- 

logical  characters  m  different  localities.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  State 
formation  contains  a  comparatively  large  amount  of  shale;  and  the 
limestone  beds,  which  alternate  with  the  shale,  are  not  especially  mag* 
nesian.  In  Dubuque  County,  near  the  southern  margin  of  the  area  in 
which  the  Galena-Trenton  is  exposed,  the  formation  is  practically  free 
from  shale  throughout  the  greater  part  of  its  thickness,  and  the  'upper 
240  feet  has  been  altered  to  a,  heavy-bedded  dolomite.  The  non-dolo^ 
mitized  portion  of  the  formation  has  usually  been  called  the  Trenton; 
while  the  dolomitized  phase,  so  well  represented  at  the  city  of  Dubuque, 
is  known  in  geological  literature  as  the  Galena  limestone.  No  strati- 


54  Official  Proceedings 

graphic  line  can  be  drawn  between  the  Galena  and  the  Trenton,  how- 
ever,  for  beds  which  are  heavy  dolomite  in  one  locality  are  represented 
by  unaltered  limestones  in  another.  The  dolomititized  Galena  is  the 
principal  source  of  the  lead  and  zinc  ores  of  this  part  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley. 

At  a  number  of  points  in  the  city  of  Dubuque  and  the  region  ad- 
jacent, the  abrupt  change  from  Galena  limestone  to  Maquoketa  shales 
may  be  observed.  The  Maquoketa  formation  is  almost  wholly  argillaceous. 
The  lower  sixty  feet  is  composed  of  lean,  worthless  shale,  but  the  rest  of 
the  formation,  about  140  feet  in  thickness,  is  made  up  of  beds  whicn 
weather  into  a  smooth,  plastic  clay.  The  lower  division,  in  fauna  and 
lithological  characters,  resembles  the  Utica  slate ;  the  upper  member 
carries  a  fauna  identical  with  that  of  the  Cincinnati  shales. 

SILURIAN. — The  Silurian  is  represented  in  Iowa  by  a  single  series 
which  is  generally  referred  to  as  the  "Niagara  limestone."  The  formation 
has  a  thickness  of  more  than  300  feet.  Certain  parts  of  it  are  very 
rich  in  chert,  but  taken  as  a  whole  the  Niagara  of  Iowa  is  singularly 
free  from  shale.  Throughout  its  entire  range,  the  calcareous  constituent 
has  been  altered  to  dolomite.  Notwithstanding  the  general  uniformity 
of  the  material  composing  the  formation,  the  characteristics  of  the  beds 
vary  within  quite  large  limits.  Some  parts  break  into  shapeless  masses 
of  coarse  grained,  crystalline  dolomite :  others  are  very  regularly  and 
evenly  bedded  and  furnish  the  best  of  quarry  stone.  The  Niagara  lime- 
stone occupies  a  large  irregularly  shaped  area  extending  from  Clinton 
and  Scott  counties  on  the  Mississippi  River,  northwetward  into  Fayette. 

DEVONIAN. — At  Davenport  the  strata  are  non-dolomitized  lime- 
stones of  Devonian  age.  The  Devonian  area  trends  northwest-southeast, 
beginning  at  Davenport  and  Muscatine,  and  extending  to  the  north  line 
of  Howard,  Mitchell  and  Worth  counties.  The  formations  are  largely 
limestones,  but  shales  arc  not  uncommon.  One  division,  the  Lime  Creek 
shales,  90  feet  in  thickness,  is  almost  wholly  an  argillaceous  deposit, 
furnishing  the  raw  material  for  some  of  the  most  nourishing  clay  manu- 
facturing enterprises  in  the  State.  Toward  the  north  some  of  the  lime- 
stone portions  of  the  Devonian  become  dolomitic. 

CARBONIFEROUS. — The  carboniferous  system  is  well  developed  in 
Iowa.  It  begins  with  the  lower  carboniferous  series,  an  assemblage  of 
sandstones,  shales  and  limestones  which  were  laid  down  under  con- 
ditions similar  to  those  which  prevailed  during  the  Devonian.  Lime- 
stones predominate,  and  quite  a  proportion  of  them  is  made  up  of  the 
remains  of  crinoid's.  Before  the  lower  carboniferous  came  to  an  end, 
however  the  general  uplift  of  Northeastern  Iowa,  which  had  been  in 
progress  from  about  the  close  of  the  Cambrian,  carried  the  region  so 
high  that  the  sea  was  completely  drained  from  the  surface  of  the  State. 
Had  this  condition  been  permanent,  Iowa  would  have  had  no  coal.  The 
elevation  persisted  until  the  surface  was  deeply  carved  and  trenched 
by  erosion.  But  subsidence  followed;  and  after  Upper  Carboniferous 
conditions  had  been  inaugurated,  the  sea  advanced  upon  an  extensive  area 
which  had  for  a  long  time  been  subject  to  subaerial  denudation.  Coal 
was  accumulated  along  the  margin  of  this  encroaching  Carboniferous 
sea.  The  earthy  sediments  were  at  first  sands  and  shales,  but  later, 
as  the  waters  deepened,  Southwestern  Iowa  was  covered  with  shales  and 
limestones.  The  marginal  deposits  of  shales  and  sandstones  with  which 
the  bulk  of  the  Iowa  coal  is  associated,  constitute  the  Des  Moines  stage 
of  the  Upper  Carboniferous ;  the  shales  and  limestones  of  Southwestern 
Iowa,  laid  down  in  clearer  and  deeper  waters  somewhat  remote  from 
shore,  make  up  the  Missourian  stage.  A  few  thin  layers  of  coal  occur 
in  the  Missourian.  With  the  close  of  the  Missourian  the  Paleozoic  sea 
retreated,  a  second  time,  from  Iowa. 

CRETACEOUS.— After  a  lapse  of  time  represented  by  the  Permian, 
Triassic,  Jurassic  and  Lower  Cretaceous,  the  sea  again  invaded  a  part 
of  Iowa.  This  time  it  approached  from  the  west  and  northwest.  The 
sediments  laid  down  during  this  invasion  are  of  Upper  Cretaceous  age. 
The  'Dakota  sandstone,  rich  in  leaves  of  the  late  Cretaceous  forests, 
is  well  developed  at  Sergeant  Bluff  and  Sioux  City.  The  X0retaceous  sea 
extended  eastward  almost  to  the  longitude  of  Des  Moines.  Before  it  re- 
tired shales  and  soft  chalky  limestones  of  the  Colorado  stage  were  dis- 
tributed over  the  western  border  of  Iowa  to  a  thickness,  approximately, 


International  Mining  Congress.  55 

of  two  hundred  feet.     It  was  about  the  close  of  the  Colorado  stage  that 
this  last  marine  invasion  of  Iowa  came  to  an  end. 

THE  GLACIAL  EPOCH. — Beneath  the  drift  in  some  parts  of  Iowa 
there  are  some  old  and  well  cemented  gravels  which  have  been  doubt- 
fully referred  to  as  the  Lafayette  formation.  Apart  from  these  gravels,  all 
the  known  beds  younger  than  the  Upper  Cretaceous  belong  to  the  glacial 
series.  The  glacial  deposits  of  Iowa  are  complex.  There  are  records 
of  at  least  five  distinct  invasions  of  the  region  by  northern  glaciers. 
The  sheets  of  drift  left  by  the  successive  invasions  of  ice  differ  greatly 
among  themselves  so  far  as  Towa  is  concerned,  in  the  extent  of  surface 
covered  in  the  composition  and  characteristics  of  the  constituent  ma- 
terials, and  in  the  evidence  of  age  which  they  respectively  present.  Named 
in  the  order  of  age.  the  drift  sheets  which  may  be  readily  discriminated 
are  pre-Kansan,  Kansan,  Illinoian,  lowan  and  Wisconsin.  The  first, 
second,  fourth  and  fifth  came  into  Iowa  from  the  northwest,  from  the 
Keewatin  center  west  of  Hudson  Bay ;  the  third  advanced  from  tlie 
northeast,  probably  coming  from  the  gathering  grounds  in  Labrador. 
Between  the  deposits  of  drift  and  separating  them  one  from  another 
are  remains  of  forests,  beds  of  peat,  definite  bands  of  soil  and  zones 
showing  long  exposure  to  the  weather.  Some  of  the  interglacial  intervals 
were  much  longer  than  all  postglacial  time. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  RESOURCES  OF  IOWA. 

The  geological  resources  of  Iowa  embrace  coal,  natural  gas.  quarrj 
stone,  lime-burning  rock,  gypsum,  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  Port- 
land cement,  clays  suitable  for  a  large  variety  of  purposes,  together 
with  the  ores  of  lead,  zinc  and  iron.  But  in  addition  to  these  and  far 
transcending  in  value  all  other  sources  of  wealth,  are  the  matchless 
soils  of  the  State. 

The  coal  is  bituminous,  excellent  for  'Steaming  and  heating  pur- 
poses. The  coal  fields  cover  nearly  one-third  the  entire  area  of  the 
State.  The  supply  is  assured  for  many  years  to  come.  The  natural 
gas  is  small  in  amount ;  all  productive  wells  so  far  known  are  limited 
to  the  drift,  and  the  supply  is  beyond  doubt  derived  from  the  ancient 
forests  entombed  in  the  glacial  deposits.  Quarry  stone  of  marketable 
quality  is  obtained  from  t'he  Canadian,  Trenton,  Niagara,  Middle  De- 
vonian, Upper  Devonian  and  Lower  Carboniferous  series.  The 
most  important  shipping  quarries  are  in  t'he  Gower  stage  of 
the  Niagara  at  Stone  City  and  Cedar  Valley,  and  in  the 
Kinderhook  stage  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  east  of  Mar- 
shalltown.  The  dolomitized  formations — the  Oneota,  Galena  and 
Niagara — furnish  lime-buiningr  material  of  unsurpassed  excellence,  as 
the  prosperous  lime  manufacturing  enterprises  in  Allamakee.  Dubuque, 
Jackson  and  Cedar  counties  so  well  attest.  Large  bodies  of  gypsum, 
probably  of  Cretaceous  age,  occurring1  in  Webster  County,  afford  the  raw 
material  for  a  number  of  stucco  mills  which  give  profitable  employment 
to  capital  and  labor  on  a  large  scale.  Clays  of  commercial  importance  and 
inexhaustible  in  amount,  occur  in  nearly  all  the  geological  formations 
from  the  Trenton  to  the  Glacial  series.  Among  t'he  most  important 
clay-working  plants  are  those  using  the  Lime  Creek  shales  in  Cerro 
Gordo  County,  the  Kinderhook  shales  in  Des  Moines  County,  the  Des 
Moines  shales  in  Polk,  Dallas  and  Webster  counties,  the  Missourian 
shales  in  Montgomery,  and  the  Cretaceous  shales  in  Woodbury.  Brick 
and  tile  plants  which  use  clays  of  Pleistocene  age,  are  found  in  almost 
every  county.  Lead  and  fcinc  ores  are  mined  successfully  in  the  counties 
of  Allamakee,  Clayton  and  Dubuque.  while  iron  ore  is  mined  on  a  com- 
mercial scale  in  Allanr-akee.  The  Saint  Peter  formation,  in  parts  of 
Allamakee  and  Clayton  counties,  is  a  pure,  clean,  clear  quartz  sand, 
ideal  material  for  t'he  manufacture  of  glass. 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  annual  value  of  min- 
eral production  of  Iowa,  so  far  as  statistics  of  output  are  available: 


56  Official  Proceedings 

ANNUAL  VALUE  OF  MINERAL  PRODUCTION    IN   IOWA. 

Coal    .  ...$  6,250,000 

Clay    . . . 2,500,000 

f.          .  Stone  and  Lime 1,000,000 

.     •  .  ,  Gypsum    (500,000 

Lead   and   Zinc 55,000 

-  Iron  Ore 5,000 


Total   Value $10,410,000 

,  The  wealth  of  Iowa  lies  in  the  possibility  of  her  splendid  soil.  Ac- 
cording to  the  latest  report  of  the  Iowa  Weather  and  Crop  Service  the 
direct  products  of  the  soil  for  the  year  1900  amounted  to  the  enormous 
total  of  $229,865,058.  The  profits  of  stock  raising  and  feeding  would 
swell  this  great  sum  by  abc.ut  one-half  its  amount,  while  the  product 
of  the  dairy,  the  poultry  yard  and  the  apiary  would  add  at  least  $100,- 
000,000  more.  The  average  Iowa  farm  is  more  profitable  and  more  re- 
liable than  the  average  gold  mine.  The  soils  of  Iowa  produce  more 
wealth  annually  than  all  the  gold  mines  of  the  world  taken  together. 

THE  GEOLOGY  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA. 
By  I.  C.  White,   State  Geologist. 

The  detailed  geologic  history  of  West  Virginia  is  a  long  story, 
but  summarized  it  can  be  briefly  told. 

Its  rocks  begin  with  the  old  volcanic  series  of  the  Blue  Ridge  on 
its  extreme  easte  rn  border,  and  extend  upward  through  the  Cambrian, 
Silurian,  Devonian  and  Carboniferous,  ending  with  the  Permian  beds  of 
the  latter,  along  the  central  and  western  portions  of  the  State.  Meta- 
morphism  of  sedimentary  beds,  great  faults',  veins,  and  extensive  min- 
eralization of  sediments,  are  comparatively  unknown  in  her  strata, 
hence  those  who  would  seek  gold,  silver,  platinum,  copper,  tin,  lead,  etc., 
should  give  West  Virginia  a  "wide  berth."  Traces  she  may  have  of  all 
these,  but  none  in  paying  quantity.  Precious  stones,  gems  and  metals 
have  been  denied  to  the  little  mountain  State,  but  generous  nature  has 
so  richly  dowered  her  with  common  stones,  common  minerals,  and  other 
common  things  that  her  natural  wealth  is  unsurpassed  by  any  equal 
area  on  the  continent. 

Passing  in  brief  review  the  main  features  of  the  West  Virginia 
geologic  column  of  strata  from  the  oldest  to  the  most  recent,  we  find 
them  distributed  as  follows  : 

The  Blue  Ridge  at  the  extreme  eastern  line  of  the  State  contains 
the  oldest  rocks,  and  according  to  the  researches1  of  the  lamented  Prof. 
Williams  of  Johns  Hopkins,  and  his  talented  pupil,  Miss  Bascom,  con- 
sist largely  of  metamorphosed  ancient  volcanic  outflows.  Within  the 
limits  of  West  Virginia,  at  least,  they  do  not  appear  to  contain  any 
minerals  of  especial  value. 

Succeeding  these  ancient  volcanic  rocks  of  uncertain  age,  and  rest- 
ing against  them  in  a  vertical  or  .even  Overturned  condition  come  the 
Siluro-Cambrian.  or  She^andoah  limestones.  These  crop  to  the  surface  in 
only  a  few  counties  of  the  State,  viz.,  Jefferson,  Berkeley,  Hardy,  Hamp- 
shire and  Pendleton,  along  the  border  of  Virginia.  Their  thickness  has 
never  been  exactly  measured,  but  is  probably  somewhere  between  three 
and  four  thousand  feet.  They  make  the  great  wheat  belt  of  the  Shenan- 
doah  Valley.  Much  of  the  rock  is  highly  magnesian,  but  at  a  few  hundred 
feet  below  the  top  of  the  series,  occurs  a  stratum  of  very  pure  carbonate 
of  lime,  75  to  100  feet  thick,  being  low  in  phosphorous  and  silicious  mat- 
ter ;  it  is  highly  prized  for  the  manufacture  of  iron,  glass,  plastering,  etc. 
The  B.  &  O.  Railroad  rums  across  this  belt  of  limestone  for  a  distance 
of  25  miles  between  Harpers  Ferry  and  North  Mountain,  furnishing  ex- 
cellent facilities  for  shipment  from  its  quarries. 

The  dissolution  of  some  ferruginous  limestones  in  this  series'  has 
given  origin  to  a  few  extensive  iron  ore  pockets,  notably  the  Virginia 
mine  on  the  Potomac  River,  a  few  miles  above  Harpers  Ferry. 

The  Martinsburg  shale  (corresponding  to  a  portion  of  the  old  Hud- 
son River  group)  succeeds  the  Shenandoah  limestones,  but  while  it  makes 


International  Mining  Congress.  57 

an  excellent  soil,  it  contains  nothing  else  of  mineral  value.  The  thickness 
of  these  beds  is  probably  not  far  from  2,000  feet. 

The  Oneida  and  Medina  beds  of  the  New  York  series  succeed  the 
Martinsburg  shale,  the  lower  half  consisting  of  sandy  beds  and  red 
shales,  while  the  upper  half  is  a  very  hard  white  sandstone,  500-600 
feet  thick.  It  makes  the  North  Mountain  along  the  western  side  of 
the  Shenandoah  Valley,  and  also  comes  up  in  the  great  folds  of  the 
Appalachian  system  at  Hancock  and  Keyser.  This  white  sandstone  is 
valuable  for  railroad  ballast  and  glass  Sand. 

The  Clinton,  with  its  fossil  iron  ores,  succeeds  the  White  Medina, 
and  extends  through  Morgan,  Mineral,  Hardy.  Hampshire,  Berkeley, 
Grant,  Pendleton  and  Eastern  Monroe  counties,  in  a  series  of  shales  and 
impure  limestones  (500-600  feet  thick),  which  according  to  the  late  Dr. 
Edward  Orton  contain  very  valuable  iron  ores  in  Pendleton. 

The  Clinton  shales  are  succeeded  in  West  Virginia  by  the  red  marls 
and  yellowish,  flaggy  gypsiferous  magnesian  limestones  of  the  Salina  for- 
mation, capped  at  the  top  by  the  same  water  lime  rocks  as  found  in 
New  York.  The  Salina  beds  foot  up  700  to  800  feet  in  thickness,  and 
crop  to  the  surface  only  in  Berkeley,  Hampshire.  Mineral,  Morgan,  Hardy 
and  Pendleton  counties. 

The  Lower  Helderberg  limestones  succeed  the  Salina  beds,  begin- 
ning at  base  as  they  do  in  New  York,  with  the  water  lime  which  along 
the  Potomac  in  Mai  y land  and  West  Virginia  has  given  rise  to  an  im- 
portant indutry,  viz.,  the  manufacture  of  hydraulic  cement. 

The  water  lime  proper  has  a  thickness  of  50-100  feet  and  is  prac- 
tically .  non-fossiliferous.  The  upper  division®  of  the  Helderberg  are 
highly  fossiliferous,  and  many  of  the  beds  furnish  a  most  excellent  lime. 
These  rocks  have  a  thickness  of  500-600  feet,  and  like  the  older  forma- 
tions below,  are  found  only  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  where  the  great 
folds  of  the  Appalachian  system  have  brought  them  to  daylight  in 
steeply  inclined  layers  through  the  counties  of  Berkeley,  Morgan,  Mineral, 
Hampshire,  Hardy,  Grant  and  Pendleton,  and  possibly  small  areas  in 
Eastern  Greenbrier,  Pocahontas  and  Monroe. 

The  Oriskany  Sandstone  caps  the  Helderberg,  and  with  its  typical 
fossils,  and  characteristic  lithology  passes  entirely  across  the  eastern 
border  of  the  State  through  the  counties  of  Mineral,  Morgan,  Berkeley, 
Hampshire,  Hardy,  Grant,  Pendleton.  Pocahontas,  Greenbrier  and  Mon- 
roe. It  retains  the  same  dirty  yellow,  coarse  and  rugged  aspect  seen 
from  New  York  across  Pennsylvania,  and  has  a  thickness  varying  from 
75  to  150  feet.  It  posseses  no  economic  value  in  West  Virginia,  ex- 
cept as  a  repository  of  iron  ore  occasionally  derived  from  the  over- 
lying shales  (Morcellius). 

The  Coniferous  limestone  of  the  New  York  series  does  not  crop 
to  the  surface  in  recognizable  form  anywhere  in  the  State,  but  has  been 
found  by  the  drill  at  Huntington,  Cabell  County,  where  it  underlies  the 
Ohio  River  at  a  depth  of  2,700  feet,  and  is  filled  with  its  characteristic 
black  flinty  nodules  exactly  the  same  as  seen  where  the  formation  comes 
up  to  the  surface  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cincinnati  arch,  near 
Vanceburg,  Kentucky,  50  miles  below  Huntington.  A  limestone  is  often 
found  near  the  base  of  the  Marcellus  black  shale  in  Eastern  West  Vir- 
ginia, but  it  is  so  different  from  the  Coniferous  type  that  it  is  believed 
to  be  simply  a  limy  horizon  in  the  Marcellus.  He,nce  the  Coniferous  is 
believed  to  exist  only  in  the  western  tier  of  counties  in  West  Virginia, 
which  border  Ohio  and  Kentucky. 

The  Marcellus  black  shale  of  the  New  York  series  lies  directly  upon 
the  Oriskany.  and  the  decomposition  and  oxidation  of  its  pyritiferoua 
layers  have  given  origin  to  some  important  deposits  of  iron  ore  in  Green- 
brier,  Pocahontas  and  adjoining  counties  along  the  Virginia  border.  This 
is  also  the  source  of  tho  sulphur  water  at  the  famous  White  Sulphur 
Springs  in  Greenbrier  County.  The  thickness  of  the  black  slates. is  200 
to  300  feet,  and  they  are  found  only  in  the  counties  enumerated  as  hold- 
ing Origkany  outcrops. 

The  Hamilton  dark  gray  shales,  and  sandy  beds,  filled  with  fossils 
of  typical  New  York  Hamilton  type,  succeed  the  Marcellus  beds,  and 
continue  the  rock  column  upward  at  least  a  thousand  feet  further, 
where  they  merge  so  gradually  into  the  Portage  of  Basal  Chemung  beds 
that  no  satisfactory  division  line  has  yet  been  drawn  to  separate  them. 

The   Portage  and   Chemung  rocks   succeed   the  Hamilton  and  extend 


58  Official  Proceedings 

entirely  across  the  eastern  counties  of  the  State  from  the  Maryland 
line  in  Preston,  Mineral  and  Morgan  counties  to  the  New  River  in  Mon- 
roe. They  consist  of  a  series  of  gray  shales,  flaggy  sandstones,  and  one 
or  more  massive  conglomerates,  in  the  Chemung  divisiion  which  is  also 
filled  with  the  fossils  that  characterize  these  rocks  in  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania.  These  beds  are  finely  exposed  in  Preston.  Tucker,  Grant, 
Mineral,  Morgan,  Hampshire,  Hardy,  Pendleton.  Randolph,  Pocahonta®, 
Greenbrier  and  Monroe  counties.  They,  of  course,  underlie  all  the  other 
western  counties  of  the  State,  but  crop  to  the  surface  only  in  those 
mentioned.  Aside  from  flagstones,  these  beds  furnish  nothing  of  eco- 
nomic value,  since  the  natural  gas  and  petroleum  horizons  so  far  devel- 
oped within  the  State  are  believed  to  end  at  the  top  of  this  series.  The 
thickness  of  the  Portage  and  Chemung  is  2,500  to  3,000  feet. 

The  Catskill  red  beds,  consisting  of  massive  greenish  and  red  sand- 
stones and  conglomerates,  interstratied  with  much  red  shale  make  sev- 
eral broad  red  bands  along  the  eastern  portion  of  the  State  through 
the  counties  of  Preston,  Tucker,  Randolph,  Grant.  Mineral,  Morgan, 
Hampshire,  Hardy.  Pendleton,  Poeahontas  and  Greenbrier,  beyond  which 
the  red  beds  disappear,  but  the  greenish  sandstones  continue  on  into 
Monroe.  This  group  is  interesting  from  the  fact  that  its  sandstones, 
or  conglomerates  rather,  are  the  repository  of  so  much  natural  gas  and 
petroleum  in  the  northern  half  of  the  State  where  the  beds  are  buried 
by  2,500  to  3,500  feet  of  higher  rocks. 

The  Verango  oil  sand  group  of  Pennsylvania,  beginning  with  the 
Gantz  and  including  the  fifty-foot  Gordon,  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  or  Eliza- 
beth sands,  the  whole  having  a  thickness  of  about  500  feet,  all  belong 
to  the  Catskilll  formation.  These  beds  furnish  probably  two-thirds  of 
the  15,000,000  barrels  of  petroleum  now  annually  produced  in  the  state. 
It  is  all  of  the  highest  grade  of  Pennsylvania  or  paraffine  base  oil,  with. 
a  gravity  varying  from  41  degrees  to  49  degrees  Baume.  Aside  from 
the  boundless  stores  of  oil  and  gas  held  by  these  beds  (when  sufficiently 
buried  by  an  impervious  cover  of  other  rocks),  they  contain  nothing 
else  of  economic  value.  The  thickness  of  the  Catskill  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  State  is  between  3,000  and  4,000  feet,  while  in  the  centrol 
and  western  portions  it  has  thinned  down  to  only  500  to  600  feet. 

The  Lower  Carboniferous  with  its  triple  division  of  Pocono  sand- 
stone, Greenbrier  limestone,  and  Mauch  Chunk  red  shale,  succeeds  the 
Catskill  formation,  and  like  it,  holds  extensive  deposits  of  petroleum  and 
natural  gas.  The  "Big  Injun"  oil  sand  of  the  Pocono  has  been  hardly 
less  prolific  in  these  precious  hydrocarbons  than  any  single  horizon  in 
the  Catskill,  while  the  Maxton  sand  horizon  of  the  Mauch  Chunk  series 
has  produced  a  large  quantity  of  oil.  The  series  crops  to  the  surface 
in  Preston,  Barbour,  Tucker,  Mineral,  Grant,  Randolph,  Poeahontas, 
Webster,  Nicholas,  Summers,  Monroe,  Raleigh  and  Mercer,  and  at  two 
or  three  points  in  Eastern  Monongalia. 

The  hal-d  Pocono  beds  are  also  found  in  the  summits  of  the  syn- 
clinal mountains  in  western  Berkeley,  Morgan,  Hampshire,  Pendleton 
and  Hardy. 

In  Berkeley,  Morgan  and  Greenbrier  some  thin  beds  of  anthracite 
coal  have  been  exploited  in  the  Pocono  series,  but  nothing  in  paying 
quantity  has  yet  been  developed.  The  Pocono  is  also  the  source  of  the 
brines  which  give  origin  to  the  salt  and  bromine  industries  on  the  Ohio 
and  Great  Kanawha  rivers. 

The  Greenbrier  limestone,  entering  the '  State  from  Pennsylvania  in 
Monongalia  and  Preston  counties,  with  a  thickness  of  about  100  feet, 
increases  in  thickness  to  the  southwest,  attaining  1.000  feet  in  Poco- 
hontas,  Webster  and  Greenbrier,  and  1,400  feet  on  the  New  River  In 
Summers,  and  forms  the  famous  blue  grass  lands  of  the  counties  named. 

The  drill  of  the  petroleum  seeker  has  proven  that  the  Pocono  and 
Greenbrier  series  underlie  every  portion  of  the  State  west  from  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  though  the  Mauch  Chunk  red  beds  are  not  al- 
ways present  in  the  southwestern  end  bordering  Ohio  and  Kentucky. 

The  Pocono  has  a  thickness  of  300  to  (>00  feet ;  the  Greenbrier  of 
100  to  1.400 ;  while  the  Mauch  Chunk  varies  from  nothing  at  the  Ohio 
River  to  2,000  feet  in  Greenbrier,  where  interstratified  with  its  re<J 
shales  and  impure  limestones,  it  holds  several  massive  conglomerates. 

The  coal  measures  which  succeed  the  Mauch  Chunk  shale  appear 
to  conform  to  the  latter  in  dip  and  stratification,  but  the  conformity  is 


International  Mining  Congress.  59 

only  apparent,  since  there  is  a  greater  lost  link  in  the  chain  of  life  at 
this  horizon  than  at  any  other  point  in  the  Paleozoic  column  of  the  State, 
for  a  new  floia  and  comparatively  new  fauna  make  their  appearance 
with  the  first  layers  of  the  Pottsville  conglomerate. 

The  coal  measures  of  West  Virginia  subdivide  naturally  into  four 
groups,  viz. : 

The   Pottsville. 

The  Allegheny  or  Kanawha. 

The   Conemaugh. 

The  Monongahela. 

The  Pottsville  beds,  the  basal  member  of  the  series,  consist  of  mas- 
sive conglomerates,  interstratified  with  dark  shales,  which  hold  the  cele- 
brated New  River  and  Pocahontas  smokeless  coals.  All  of  these  coala 
are  of  the  soft  columnar  coking  variety,  low  in  volatile  matter,  ash  and 
sulphur,  and  high  in  fixed  carbon,  being  the  only  fuels  in  the  United 
States  that  have  the  same  chemical  composition  as  the  Cardiff  coals 
of  Wales,  and  that  rival  them  in  steam-producing  power.  The  Cardiff 
coals  being  harder,  go  into  market  in  larger  blocks,  and  thus-  present 
a  more  attractive  appearance,  but  the  two  coals  have  practically  the 
same  fuel  value. 

The  area  which  holds  these  smokeless  coals  in  West  Virginia  Is 
not  large.  It  is  practically  confined  to  the  region  between  the  heads  of 
Elk  and  Gauley  rivers  and  the  Tug  Fork  or  Big  Sandy  on  the  southwest. 
Along  this  line  the  New  River  coals  occupy  a  belt  of  country  about  30 
miles  in  width  through  the  counties  of  Webster,  Nicholas.  Greenbrier, 
Summers,  Fayette.  Raleigh.  Mercer.  Wyoming  and  McDowell,  while  to 
the  northward,  erosion  has  reduced  the  area  through  Randolph,  Tucker 
and  Preston  to  a  long  narrow  strip  only  one-half  to  one  mile  wide, 
and  -holding  but  a  single  bed  of  commerr-ial  thickness  (three  feet).  In 
the  larger  area  to  the  southwest,  often  two  and  sometimes  three  com* 
mercial  coals  exist  in  these  measures. 

Wifh  this  expansion  of  the  coal  beds  to  the  southwest,  there  is  a 
corresponding  expansion  in  the  combined  thickness  of  the  rock  series. 
It  enters  the  State  from  Pennsylvania  with  a  thickness  of  only  300-400 
feet,  but  this  gradually  grows  to  1.400  feet  on  New  River,  and  swells  still 
furfthei]  Jto  2.000  feet  at  the  Kentucky  line  on  the  Big  Sandy,  ac- 
cording to  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  estimates. 

These  coals  appear  to  have  accumulated  in  commercial  thickness 
only  around  the  eastern  rim  of  the  great  Appalachian  basin,  since  as 
their  "horizons  dip  under  the  higher  measures-,  to  the  west,  the  coals  thin 
away  and  disappear.  Conversely  they  thicken  eastward,  since  the  Poca- 
'hontas  bed  has  a  thickness  of  8  to  9  feet  where  it  escapes  into  the 
air  from  Flat  Top  Mountain  on  the  border  of  Virginia. 

The  Pottsville  conglomerates  are  important  oil  and  gas  horizons 
where  deeply  buried  in  Central  West  Virginia,  the  "Cairo,"  "salt,"  and 
other  productive  oil  sands  belonging  in  this  group. 

The  Allegheny-Kanaw'ha  series  of  coal  measures  come  next  above 
the  great  massive  white  conglomerates  of  the  Pottsville.  They  con- 
sist  of  a  series  of  shales,  clays,  sandstones  and  limestones,  holding  four 
or  five  distinct  coals,  the  thickness  of  the  whole  increasing  from  250  feet 
at  the  northern  line  of  the  State  to  1.000  on  the  Kanawha  River. 

Mr.  David  White,  the  eminent  Paleobotanist  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey,  claims  on  the  evidence  of  fossil  plants  that  the  Kanawha  series 
is  entirely  below  and  intermediate  between  the  Pottsville  and  Allegheny 
beds;  that  it  supplies  a  link  hitherto  missing  between  the  coal  measures 
of  Europe  and  America.  The  stratigraphy  and  lithology  of  the  beds 
would  appear  to  controvert  this  conclusion,  and  to  indicate  that  the 
thin  (250  feet)  northern  series  swells  southwestward  in  about  the  same 
proportion  as  the  underlying  Pottsville.  though,  of  course,  the  basal 
members  of  the  thick  series  (1,000  feet)  at  the  southwest  may  have 
no  recognizable  corresponding  representatives  to  the  northeast.  These 
measures  crop  to  the  surface  in  Monongalia.  Marion.  Preston.  Taylor, 
Tucker,  Mineral,  Grant,  Randolph.  Barbour.  Upshur.  Webster.  Nicholas, 
Clay,  Kanawha.  Fayette,  Raleigh.  Boone.  Lincoln,  Wyoming,  Logan,  Ca- 
bell  and  Wayne,  on  the'  eastern  side  of  the  Appalachian  trough,  and  also 
come  up  to  daylight  in  Brooke  and  Hancock  on  the  western  side  of  that 
great  basin. 


60  Official  Proceedings 

Under  all  the  intermediate  counties  of  the  State  they  are  buried 
from  sight  by  from  one  to  several  hundred  feet  of  higher  measures,  so 
that  we  know  them  only  through  the  drill  of  the  petroleum  seeker. 

There  are  two  (the  Upper  Freeport  and  Lower  Kittanning  beds) 
important  coals  in  this  series  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  of 
the  soft,  coking  variety,  and  also  esteemed  for  general  fuel  and  domestic 
purposes,  the  Kittanning  being  especially  valued  for  smithing  purposes, 
and  shipped  all  over  the  country  for  such  uses. 

In  the  southwestern  end  of  the  State,  or  on  the  Great  Kanawha, 
tlie  coals  develop  a  harder  type  and  have  the  character  of  splint  coals, 
especially  in  the  upper  half  of  the  Kanawha  series,  while  those  in  the 
lower  half  are  softer  and  coke  well.  There  is  also  much  cannel  in  that 
portion  of  the  State.  The  "Kanawha  splints"  are  justly  celebrated  for 
their  great  fuel  value. 

\  The  Conemaugh  beds  succeed  the  Allegheny-Kanawha,  and  constitute 
the  old  Barren  Measures,  No.  XIV.,  of  the  Rogers  brothers.  Its  lo-vier 
portion  consists  of  massive  sandstones  and  gray  shales,  containing  two 
important  coal  beds,  the  Mahoning  and  Masontown,  while  the  middle 
holds  a  great  red  marbly  shale  zone  and  contains  the  last  marine  lime- 
stones (Crinoidal)  of  the  Carboniferous.  Above  the  middle  red  bands, 
come  shales,  sandstones,  other  red  beds,  with  two  or  three  thin  coals 
and  limestones,  the  whole  Conemaugh  having  a  thickness  of  500-600 
feet  at  the  northern  line  of  the*  State,  700  feet  in  Upshur  County,  and 
800  on  the  Great  Kanawha.  The  basal  beds  of  this  group  are  import- 
ant oil  horizons,  the  "Dunkard"  and  "Cow  Run"  oil  sands  being  the 
Mahoning  sandstone  members  of  the  same,  while  the  Morgantown  sand- 
stone higher  up  is  one  of  the  numerous  "shallow  sand"  oil  horizons  of 
West  Virginia  and  Southern  Ohio. 

Next  above  the  Conemangh  beds  just  described  come  the  Monon- 
gahela  River  or  upper  coal  measures,  the  basal  member  of  which  'the 
Pittsburg-Connellsville  coal  seam  is  the  richest  and  most  important  min- 
eral deposit  of  the  Appalachian  basin,  if  not  of  the  continent.  Unrivaled 
for  coke,  rich  in  gas,  excellent  for  steam  and  general  fuel  purposes,  this 
great  bed  extends  from  Pittsburg  up  the  Monongahela  to  Its  head,  and 
across  West  Virginia  to  the  Great  Kanawha.  through  Monongalia,  Marion, 
Harrison,  Doddridge,  Lewis,  Barbour,  Upshur,  Gilmer,  Braxton,  Clay, 
Kanawha  and  Putnam  counties,  while  westward  it  stretches  through 
Wetzel,  Marshall,  Ohio  and  Brooke  to  the  Ohio  River  at  Benwood. 
Wheeling  and  Wellsburg. 

With  a  thickness  seldom  less  than  six  feet,  and  often  exceeding  eight, 
with  practically  no  parting  slates  or  waste  material,  this  important 
coal  has  formed  the  basis  of  Pittsburgh  commercial  supremacy,  and  has 
placed  the  markets  of  the  world  for  the  products  of  iron  and  steel  at 
the  command  of  the  Monongahela  Valley  for  an  indefinite  period. 

The  only  other  important  coal  of  the  Monongahela  series  Is  the 
Sewickley,  or  "Mapletown"  bed  of  the  oil  drillers,  which  lies  about  100 
feet  above  the  Pittsburg,  but  it  is  of  valuable  thickness  only  in  Marion 
and  Monongalia  counties. 

The  group  is  capped  at  the  top  by  the  Waynesburg  coal  bed,  but 
it  is  so  high  in  both  ash  and  sulphur,  that  it  is  rarely  mined  except 
for  local  domestic  use. 

The  Monongahela  beds  in  the  northern  end  of  the  State  consist 
largely  of  fresh  or  brackish  water  limestones,  interstratified  with  gray 
shales  and  sandstones,  and  the  thickness  varies  from  400  feet  in  West- 
ern Monongalia,  Marion  and  Harrison  to  250-300  on  the  Ohio  River. 
In  the  southern  end  of  the  State  the  limestones  have  nearly  disappeared, 
while  red  shales  and  massive  ^sandstones  make  up  most  of  the  300 
feet  of  rocks  which  intervene  between  the  Pittsburg  and  Waynesburg 
coals. 

One  of  the  sand  rocks  of  this  series,  the  Sewickley,  appears  to  be 
petroliferous  at  Cairo,  Ritchie  County. 

The  Carboniferous  rocks  of  West  Virginia  end  with  the  Dunkard 
Creek  beds  which  cap  the  Monongahela,  in  the  central  portion  of  the 
Appalachian  basin  with  a  thickness  of  about  1,000  feet  of  brown  friable 
sandstones,  slightly  gypsiferous  shales  and  limestones,  and  a  large  amount 
of  red  shale.  Five  to  six  thin  coal  beds  are  also  found,  only  one  of 
which,  the  Washington,  ever  attains  to  commercial  thickness.  The  fauna 


International  Mining  Congress.  61 

is  of  fresh  or  brackish  water  type,  and  nothing  is  known  of  its  com- 
parative age,  but  the  flora  has  been  referred  by  Prof.  Fontaine  and  my- 
self to  the  Permian  horizon. 

This  ends  the  rock  history  of  West  Virginia,  since  at  the  close  of 
the  Permian  or  Dunkard  Creek  epoch,  the  Appalachian  revolution  took 
place,  elevating  the  whole  State  above  the  area  of  rock  deposition  Into 
the  region  of  erosion  or  rock-destroying  agencies,  so  that  aside  from 
the  Quaternary  deposits  found  along  the  older  valleys  of  our  rivers,  no 
newer  rocks  than  the  Permian  exist  anywhere  in  the  State. 

From  this  review  it  will  be  seen  that  West  Virginia's  mineral  wealth 
consists  principally  in  coal,  limestone,  building  stone,  glass  sand,  clays 
and"  iron  ore,  along  with  vast  supplies  of  petroleum  and  natural  gas. 

Situated  as  she  is,  in  the  center  of  the  great  Appalachian  coal  field, 
where  it  is  richest,  widest,  and  possesses  the  greatest  variety  of  fuel 
products,  the  Little  Mountain  State  is  rapidly  becoming  a  manufacturing 
center.  Already  she  has  taken  third  place  in  the  galaxy  of  coal-pro- 
ducing States,  and  bids  fair  soon  to  grasp  the  banner  from  Illinois  and 
occupy  the  second  place  alongside  of  her  sister  on  the  north,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

With  her  vast  and  virgin  resources  in  timber,  clays,  building  stone, 
limestone,  coal  and  natural  gas,  no  other  State  in  the  Union  has  a 
brighter  outlook  for  future  growth  and  development,  nor  a  more  in- 
viting field  for  capital  to  invest  in  the  mining  and  manufacturing 
business.  I.  C.  WHITE. 

Morgantown,  West  Virginia,  July  15,  1901. 

APPLICATIONS  OF  GEOLOGY  TO  ECONOMIC  PROBLEMS  IN 

NEW  MEXICO. 

By  C.  L.  Herrick,  Ph.  D.,  Director  of  the  University  Geological  Survey. 

Gentlemen  of  the  Mining  Congress :  When  I  consented,  at  the  re- 
quest of  your  honored  president,  to  prepare  a  paper  for  this  occasion, 
it  was  not  with  the  expectation  that  in  its  preparation  I  should  be  de- 
prived of  the  assistance  of  my  library  as  well  as  the  stimulus  of  personal 
presence  before  such  an  audience  as  this.  But  perhaps  it  may  be  a 
partial  compensation  for  the  lack  of  critical  accuracy  and  enthusiasm  that 
the  paper,  such  as  it  is,  emanates  from  an  engineer  in  the  active  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  surrounded  by  every  incentive  to  remember  that 
practical  success  rather  than  theoretical  perfection  is  required  of  him. 

Under  these  circumstances  a  plea  for  more  of  the  geological  founda- 
tions in  the  structure  of  a  technical  education  may  seem  less  "ex  parte" 
than  would  otherwise  be  the  case. 

Most  of  my  ^colleagues  here  must  have  encountered  the  prevailing 
prejudice  against  "theorizing"  among  self-styled  practical  men.  Some 
of  us,  no  doubt,  share  in  it.  It  must  be  confessed  that  there  is  reason 
for  such  prejudice  and  it  is  top  often  the  case  that  the  school  man 
is  to  some  extent  unfitted  for  his  routine  work  by  a  too  implicit  trust 
in,  or  emphasis  upon,  the  canons-  of  the  books.  It  has  been  the  writer's 
privilege  for  some  years  to  be  contemporaneously  engaged  upon  a  geo- 
logical survey  of  New  Mexico  and  in  the  practical  work  of  a  mining 
engineer,  so  that  he  may  presume  to  speak  from  experience  of  the  way 
in  which  the  work  in  these  fields  mutually  aid  and  supplement  each 
other. 

I  recall  with  amusement  the  disdainful  way  with  which  a  surveyor- 
general  of  one  of  our  mining  districts  declaimed  against  "fossil  geology," 
as  he  contemptuously  called  it,  but  also  recall  that  the  same  critic 
was  very  glad  to  secure  the  evidence  of  fossil  geology  to  ascertain  the 
possibilities  of  a  certain  coal  field  in  which  he  subsequently  became 
interested. 

In  a  similar  way  the  writer  recalls  the  general  incredulity  mani- 
fested in  a  certain  important  mining  camp  as  to  the  value  of  strati- 
graphical  investigation  in  connection  with  the  important  lead-silver 
mines  on  which  the  prosperity  of  the  camp  rested.  But  after  the  sys- 
tem of  faults  had  been  worked  out  and  the  ore-bearing  zones  in  the 
Carboniferous  limestone  had  been  identified,  one  stope  after  another  was 
opened  with  a  minimum  of  "dead  work"  till  hardly  a  working  property  in 


62  Official  Proceedings 

the  camp  has  failed  to  secure  the  help  of  just  this  kind  of  geological 
advice. 

I  venture  therefore  to  call  your  attention  to  a  brief  statement  of 
some  of  the  applications  of  geology  to  economic  problems  in  New  Mexico. 

It  is  true  that  a  great  deal  of  prospecting  has  been  clone  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  it  is  also  a  fact  that  the  IT.  S...  Geological  Survey  and  the 
expeditions  of  many  learned  societies  have  investigated  its  enormous 
area,  but  it  remains  true  that  of  the  kind  of  minute  and  detailed  work 
that  accrues  to  the  direct  profit  of  miners  there  has  been  almost  none. 

In  this  respect  the  published  \vork  of  the  University  Geological  Sur- 
vey is  no  exception,  and  it  remains  a  question  whether  there  can  be 
found  the  means  to  publish  the  results  of  its  studies  in  this  direction. 

The  following  notes  are  collected  almost  at  random  from  the  records 
of  the  survey. 

ECONOMICS  OF  THE  RED  BEDS. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  theoretical  results  of  the  stratigraphical 
work  of  the  survey  has  been  in  the  direction  of  recognizing  the  sub- 
divisions of  this  extensive  formation  so  characteristic  of  the  southwest. 
It  has  been  quite  generally  customary  to  lump  the  great  series  of  red 
and  greenish  shales,  marls  and  sandstones  following  the  Carboniferous 
as  "Jura-triassic"  in  v  spite  of  the  fact  that  numerous  suggestions  of 
the  presence  of  the  Permian  formation  have  been  presented.  In  Central 
and  Northern  New  Mexico  the  great  massive  limestones  of  the  Car- 
boniferous era  show  gradations  of  fauna  into  what  has  been  called 
the  Permo-Carboniferous  and  the  presence  of  the  great  character- 
istic fossils  (especially  bryozoa,  "Fusulina  robusta,  Meekelia,"  etc.) 
makes  the  identification  certain,  but  till  recently  almost  ho 
characteristic  fossils  have  been  found  either  in  the  cap  of  sand- 
stone which  we  have  called  Manzano  sandstone  or  quartzite, 
or  in  the  red  beds  above.  It  was  found  possible  to  divide 
the  series  into  three  approximately  equal  divisions  on  a  litho-, 
logical  basis,  and  it  was  suspected  that  the  lower  of  these,  containing 
a  considerable  number  of  lime  strata  interbedded  with  marly  shales  and 
sandstones  and  capped  by  a  gypsiferous  shale,  which  at  times  supports 
enormous  beds  of  gypsum,  might  be  equivalent  to  the  missing  Permian. 
Full  confirmation  of  this  suspicion  was  secured  when  we  found  near 
Tulawsa  in  Otero  County  a  magnificent  series  of  characteristic  Permian 
fossil.  Another  locality  east  of  Albuquerque  has  also  yielded  confirma- 
tory evidence.  As  yet  no  Paleontological  method  has  been  found  for 
discrimination  between  the  Jurassic  and  Triassic,  .though  it  seems  prob- 
able that  the  missing,  evidence  will  soon  be  forthcoming. 

Practically  the  red  beds  are?  among  th/»  most  important  formations 
in  the  Territory  as  they  yield  copper,  gypeum,  salt  and  petroleum. 

COPPER.— It  'hardly  seems  too  much  to  say  that  the  red  beds  are 
the  original  source  of  nearly  all  the  copper  of  the  TJerritory.  This 
statement  may  seem  somewhat  sweeping,  and  it  must  be  confessed  that 
it  rests  upon  a  theoretical  basis  to  some  extent.  First,  "as  a  direct 
source."  The  primitive  condition  of  the  copper  is  in  the  form  of  sul- 
phides and  oxides  replacing  vegetable  matter. -in  the  shales  and  sand- 
stones of  the  Permian  and  Jura-triassic.  Thi^  condition  is  beautifully 
displayed  in  Mora  County ;  for  example,  where  for  many  miles  the  beds 
of  Permian  and  Jura-triassic  are  tilted  to  a  perpendicular  position  west 
of  the  Mora  anticline,  which  is  itself  chiefly  formed  of  Cretaceous  strata. 
In  the  carbonaceous  shales  lying  between  beds  of  quartzite  sandstone 
nodules  of  copper  ore  are  found  in  such  abundance  as  to  have  long 
served  as  a  source  for  copper.  In  many  cases  the  organic,  nature  of  the 
original  mass  is  perfectly  in  evidence.  In  the  sandstone  layers  trunks 
of  trees  are  often  partly  carbonized  and  partly  cuprified.  This  occur- 
rence of  "tree  copper,"  as  it  is  usually  called  by  miners,  is  general  over 
a  large  part  of  the  Territory.  Unfortunately  in  this  widely  dissseminated 
state  the  copper  is  not  often  sufficiently  segregated  to  be  profitably 
worked  except  perhaps  on  a  very  small  scale. 

THE  SECONARDY  ACCUMULATIONS  of  copper  are  in  reality 
much  more  important,  for  it  seems  certain  that  the  greater  portion  of 
the  copper  mined  within  the  territory  is  derived  from  the  material  pre- 


International  Mining  Congress.  63 

cipitated    by    organic   matter    in    these    sedimentary    strata.      The   primal 
source  of  the  metal  remains  in  any  case  unexplained. 

A  very  interesting  object  les.son  as  to  the  secondary  accumulation 
of  copper  may  be  seen  in  the  San  Andres,  Caballo  or  San  Cristobal 
mountains  or,  for  that  matter,  in  any  of  the  mountain  ranges  where 
the  contact  of  the  super  impoted  stratified  rocks  upon  the  granite  is  well 
seen.  In  the  San  Andres,  for  example,  the  entire  thickness  of  the 
Carboniferous  and  part  of  the  Permian  is  found  lying  conformably  on 
the  granite,  and  warping  fissures  extend  through  the  entire  thickness 
to  the  granite  contact.  These  fissures  have  been  filled  from  above  and 
rarely  extend  to  any  distance  into  the  granite.  At  the  granite  con- 
tact is  a  zone,  where  iron  leechings  from  above  have  formed  a  ferru- 
ginous bed  and  wherever  the  fissures  extend  to  this  belt  of  iron-im- 
pregnated conglomerate  or  quartzite  there  is  copper  precipitation.  Often 
fine  masses  of  copper  glance  or  oxide  occur  here,  but  the  extent  of  the 
deposit  is  usually  strictly  limited  and  not  extensive.  It  is  not  hard 
to  read  the  chemistry  of  the  deposition  of  copper  in  the  presence  of  iron 
and  sulphuric  acid. 

Where  the  granite  bed  rock  forms  a  basin  the  same  principle  ap- 
plies to  a  much  more  important  accumulation,  as  may  be  seen  in  the 
Santa  Rita  district. 

Let  the  practical  geologist  ask  himself  what  would  occur  in  case 
cupriferous  sandstone  and  shale  of  the  red  beds  were  caught  up-  and 
incorporated  more  or  less  fully  in  the  flows  of  andesite  and  aegerite- 
syenite,  which  are  the  gold  and.  silver-bearing  intrusives  of  the  region, 
and  he  will  be  prepared  to  appreciate  the  conditions  in  such  mining 
camps  as  those  of  Chloride  or  San  Pedro.  In  Chloride  particularly  it 
is  easy  to  see  that  both  the  red  beds  and  the  underlying  Carboniferous 
limestones  have  been  not  simply  penetrated  and  disturbed  by  andesite 
flows,  but  in  many  places  the  original  sedimentaries  have  been  broken 
into  .fragments  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  city  block  and 
have  been  most  intimately  mixed  with  the  intrusive.  Quartz  and  spar 
dykes  and  segregation  contacts  under  these  circumstances-  have  secreted 
the  copper  and  silver  often  in  ores  of  great  richness,  but  the  very  vio- 
lence of  the  proceeding  has  militated  against  the  uniformity  and  con~ 
stancy  of  the  result.  In  one  place  the  vein  can  be  ascertained  to  have 
extracted  galena-silver  from  a"  lime  fragment  and  in  another  copper-gold 
from  the  mixture  of  andesite  and  cupriferous  sand-rock.  A  proper 
understanding  of  the  method  of  origin  of  these  ores  would  have  saved 
great  disappointment  in'  this  district  and  would  revise  the  valuation 
upon  many  properties.  In  the  San  Pedro  district  the  same  principle  is 
exemplified  in  a  different  way.  Less  violent  disturbance  has  permitted 
the  andesite  and  aegerite- syenite  to  Interpenetrate  the  Carboniferous 
and  Permian.  The'  cupriferous  sandstone  has  been  greatly  metamorphosed 
and,  with  the  shales,  has  given  rise  to  great  masses  of  garnet  rock 
in  connection  with  which  the  copper  and  gold  has  been  excreted.  The 
adjacent  Carboniferous  limestone  has  collected  its  lead  under  the  con- 
tinued influence  of  the  slow  metamorphism,  as  has  happened  in  the 
Magdalenas  and  other  lead-silver  districts. 

TURQUOIS. — In  the  adjacent  Cerrillos  district  the  effect  of  the 
metamorphic  action  of  the  syenite  on  the  cupriferous  sandstone  has  been 
even  more  interesting,  for  there  can  no  longer  be  any  doubt  that  the 
turquois  of  these  famous  mines,  worked  in  prehistoric  times  to  an  al- 
most incredible  extent,  is  due'  to  the  metamorphic  action  of  the  aegerite- 
syenite  on  the  shaly  beds  in  sandstones  of  the  red-bed  age. 

The  curiously  divergent  reports  that  have  been  made  on  the  geology 
of  this  district  illustrate  the  need  of  a  minute  survey  made  in  the 
light  of  the  entire  environing  country.  Prof.  Blake  seems  to  have 
been  the  only  one  who  recognized  the  sedimentary  series,  but  he  con- 
sidered it  Carboniferous.  The  Igneous  intrusive  -has  been  identified  as 
trachite,  but  this  is  because  only  the  altered  material  was  examined  It 
is  a  most  remarkable  syenite  whose  iron-magnesian  mineral  is  an  un- 
described  pyroxene  with  t£e  optical  characters  but  not  the  chemical 
composition  of  aegerite-augite. 

The  same  rock  is  responsible  for  the  Ortiz  gold  belt  and  the  placer 
material  upon  which  the  Edison  Company  experimented  behind  closed 
bars. 


64  Official  Proceedings 

SALT  AND  GYPSUM. — But  probably  of  much  greater  importance 
to  the  Territory  than  the  copper  or  turquois  is  the  peat  salt  and  gyp- 
suhi  industry  that  one  day  may  place  New  Mexico  in  the  lead  in  these 
directions.  Especially  interesting  from  a  geological  as  well  as  an  eco- 
nomic point  of  view  are  the  circumstances  which  transformed  the  deep  sea 
conditions  of  the  Carboniferous  in  the  west  to  a  time  of  shallow  water 
and  lagoons  of  salt  and  gypsum.  The  great  fields  of  white  gypsum  sand 
collected  by  the  winds  from  off  the  salinas  of  Dona  Ana  County  and 
the  bottomless  crater  conduit  filled  with  supersaturated  brine  in  West- 
ern Socorro  County  are  simply  two  marked  instances  of  the  conditions 
accompanying  the  transition  period  between  the  Permian  and  the  Jura- 
triassic  all  over  the  Territory. 

OIL. — The  recent  interest  in  oil  has  brought  to  light  the  unexpected 
fact  that  in  some  places  the  sands  of  the  red  beds  are  saturated  with 
asphalt  over  large  areas.  While  no  productive  wells  have  so  far  been 
found  and  the  lack  of  suitable  cover  may  prove  an  insuperable  difficulty 
to  collection  of  oil  in  this  horizon  on  a  large  scale,  there  is  abundant 
proof  that  the  vegetable  masses  of  the  late  Permian  or  early  Jura-tri- 
assic  have  been  productive  of  quantities  of  oil  in  Eastern  New  Mexico. 

CRETACEOUS  CORRELATIONS.— An  interesting  result  of  the 
paleontological  work  of  our  survey  has  been  to  show  that  a  large  group 
of  lignites  long  supposed  to  be  of  Laramie  age,  and  actually  containing 
such  well-known  Laramie  fossils  as  "Ostrea  glabra,"  is  followed  by  a 
thick  iseries  of  marine  Cretaceous  with  fossils  like  those  of  the  Upper 
Fox-hills1  group.  Below  the  shales  in  question  in  McKinley  County 
extensive  oil  indications  have  been  found  that  have  given  rise  to  the 
oil  excitement  in  New  Mexico.  The  oil  so  far  seen  is  of  very  high 
gravity  and  has  an  asphalt  base,  but  in  no  case  so  far  has  the  oil  been 
reached  by  deep  boring,  and  tttfe  character  of  the  deeper  oil  is  a  matter 
of  conjecture  solely.  In  the  shales  of  Northeastern  New  Mexico,  im- 
mediately beneath  the  Trinidad  coal  measures  (supposably  of  Laramie 
age)  oil  sign  is  found  associated  with  marine  fossils  like  "Inoceramus 
fragilis."  This  is  undoubtedly  the  same  zone  as  that  which  furnishes 
the  oil  of  Florence,  Colorado,  and  will  no  doubt  furnish  good  supplies 
within  the  Territory  also. 

CARBONIFEROUS. — More  practically  remunerative  than  the  above 
mentioned  have  been  the  geological  applications  from  a  study  of  the 
Carboniferous  lead-silver  horizons,  but  here  one  treads  perilously  near 
the  present  day  problems  where  conflicting  interests  are  concerned,  and 
moreover  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  time  of  the  Congress  is  too 
precious  for  anyone  to  monopolize  a  large  share  of  it.  I  venture  to 
hope  that  the  instances  cited  may  afford  fresh  evidence  of  the  desir- 
ability of  .a  closer  union  between  theoretical  geology  and  technical  eco^- 
nomic  training  in  the  work  of  the  practical  mining  engineer. 

C.  L.  HERRICK. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  next  order  of  business  is  a  paper 
by  Mr.  Robert  Bell,  of  Salmon  City,  Idaho;  subject,  "An  Outline  of 
Idaho  Geology,  and  of  the  Principal  Ore  Deposits  of  Lemhi  and  Custer 
Counties,  Idaho." 

Mr.  Robert  Bell,   of  Idaho,  read  the  following  paper : 

AN   OUTLINE    OF    IDAHO    GEOLOGY   AND    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL 
ORE  DEPOSITS  OF  LEMHI  AND  CUSTER  COUNTIES,  IDAHO. 

Delegates  to  the  present  session  of  the  International  Mining  Con- 
gress approaching  Boise,  as  most  of  them  do,  over  the  various  lines  of 
railroad,  will  receive  a  poor  impression  of  the  geology  of  the  State,  for 
about  the  only  character  of  formation  observable  from  the  car  windows, 
in  passing  through  the  State,  is  tertiary  lava,  which  presents  the  most 
unlikely  condition  for  the  occurrence  of  ores  yielding  valuable  minerals. 

"The  broad  topographical  features  of  Idaho  are  the  drainage  system 
of  the  Snake  and  Columbia  rivers,  with  a  vast  arid  lava  plain  along 
the  former  stream;  a  lybyrinthine  mass  of  rugged  mountains  northward 


International  Mining  Congress.  65 

from  the  plain,  and  a  succession  of  desert  ranges  along  the  southern 
border  of  the  State  between  the  Snake  River  and  the  Great  Basin." 

These  great  lava  fields  cover  up  a  remarkably  interesting  condition, 
and  the  formation  to  the  north  and  south,  beyond  their  borders,  offer  a 
wide  field  for  the  investigation  of  the  geological  student,  of  matter  as 
interesting,  perhaps,  as  any  that  can  be  found  upon  the  American  con- 
tinent. 

The  State  of  Idaho  contains  one  of  the  largest,  if  not  the  largest, 
connected  granite  gold-bearing  area  of  any  State  in  the  Union.  It  1* 
approached  in  extent  only  by  similar  areas  in  California  and  Colorado. 

'This  great  Archaen  land  mass  starts  from  the  mountain  uplift 
which  borders  the  north  side  of  the  Snake  River  Valley  between  Boise 
and  Shoshone,  and  extends  northward  300  miles  to  the  .Coeur  d'Alenes, 
and  has  an  average  width  from  east  to  west  of  fully  75  miles.  In  pre- 
tertiary  times  it  was  much  more  extensive  than  at  present,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  numerous  outlying  islands  of  granite  that  crop  up  above 
the  lava,  and  the  fact  that  great  areas  of  the  lava  beds  are  known 
to  rest  directly  on  the  granite,  or  upon  sediments  derived  directly  from 
the  granite. 

Idaho  has  been  a  large  producer  of  placer  gold.  It  has  at  least 
a  dozen  important  old  placer  camps,  and  they  are  confined  almost  ex- 
clusively to  its  granite  formations.  These  camps  have  all  been  dis- 
covered since  1860.  and  have  produced  in  the  aggregate  $250,000,000 
worth  of  precious  bullion. 

The  placer  gravels  of  Idaho  are  proven  to  have  ante-dated  the 
Columbia  and  Snake  rivers  lava  flows.  All  the  outlying  granite  isl- 
ands have  proven  rich  in  gold,  and  it  is  more  than  likely  that  large 
tracts  of  gold-bearing  gravel  have  been  covered  up  by  the  molten  streams, 
and  that  future  investigations  may  develop  drift  diggings  equally  as 
rich  as  some  of  the  famous  gravel  beds  already  mined. 

Next  in  importance  as  producers  of  precious  metals  have  been  the 
igneous  intrusive  rocks  which  traverse  the  granite  regions  of  the  State. 
These  rocks  abound  in  great  profusion  and  variety,  and  among  them 
there  has  been  developed  -some  remarkably  rich  and  productive  veins  of 
gold  and  silver  ore.  The  most  notable  districts  in  which  these  forma- 
tions occur  are  Silver  City  and  Delamar  in  Owyhee  County,  Atlanta 
and  'Rock  Bar  in  Elmore  County,  and  Bonanza  and  Custer  in  Custer 
County. 

The  veins  of  these  three  districts  are  contained  in,  or  in  contact 
with,  intrusive  igneous  rocks  and  granite,  and  their  aggregate  pro- 
duction has  yielded  to  the  commerce  of  the  world  fully  $100.000,000 
worth  of  the  precious  metals  since  their  discovery. 

Flanking  the  shore  line  of  othe  great  Archean  land  mass  of  Idaho, 
there  is  a  remarkably  well-developed  series  of  Cambrian,  Silurian  and 
Carboniferous  formations,  \vhieh  contain  some  of  the  most  extensive  and 
important  deposits  of  the  baser  metals  to  be  found  anywhere  in  the 
United  States. 

The  Coeur  d'Alene  district  at  present  holds  the  palm  over  every 
other  silver-lead  district,  but  it  is  by  no  means  secure  In  its  position 
of  leader.  It  is  no  exaggerated  prediction  for  me  to  suggest  that  other 
silver-lead  districts  will  be  developed  in  the  Paleozoic  series  of  some 
of  the  eastern  and  central  counties  of  the  State  that  will  in  time  equal, 
and  perhaps  surpass,  the  present  magnificent  record  of  the  Coeur 
d'Alene  in  the  matter  of  silver  and  lead  production. 

Copper  ores  also  abound  in  great  variety  in  several  districts  of  the 
State  in  such  quantity  and  under  such  geological  conditions  as  to  make  a 
most  favorable  comparison  with  the  principal  copper-producing  districts 
of  the  world.  Among  the  most  prominent  districts  may  be  mentioned 
the  Seven  Devils  in  Washington  County,  L/ost  River  in  Custer  County, 
and  Black  Bird  District  in  Lemhi  County. 

Active  work  of  railway  construction  is  at  the  present  time  being 
very  rapidly  pushed  into  these  remote  districts,  and  when  they  have  been 
tapped  and  railroad  transportation  established,  Idaho  is  destined  to 
occupy  a  very  prominent  place  in  the  list  of  copper-producing  States. 


66  Official  Proceedings 

GEOLOGY  OF  SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  ORE  DEPOSITS  OF 
LEMHI  AND  OUSTER  COUNTIES. 

The  geological  formations  of  these  two  counties  are  confined,  with 
some  very  limited  exceptions,  to  the  Arehean  and  Paleozoic  formations, 
together  with  a  great  profusion  of  igneous  rocks  of  all  ages. 

They  are  situated  in  the  eastern  central  part  of  the  State  and  are 
drained  almost  entirely  by  the  Upper  Salmon  River,  which  rises  in  Saw- 
tooth Range,  near  the  south  side  of  Custer  County,  and  flows  in  a  Z- 
shaped  course  240  miles,  passing  out  of  Lemhi  County  at  its  junction 
with  the  Middle  Fork. 

A  complicated  system  of  high  mountain  ranges  and  deep  rugged 
canyons,  together  with  a  few  small  intermountain  valleys,  character  the 
principal  topographical  features. 

The  range  systems  embrace  portions  of  the  Rockies,  Sawtooth  and 
Big  Lost  River  Mountains.  The  Salmon  River  Range,  coursing  north 
and  south  between  the  canyons  of  the  main  river  and  its  middle  fork, 
also  two  more  important  mountain  uplifts,  called  the  Little  Lost  River, 
and  Biroh  Creek  or  Pahsimaori  Mountains. 

These  last  mentioned  ranges  originate  west  of  the  Salmon  River 
and  trend  southeast  roughly  parallel  with  the  main  Rocky  Mountain 
range  for  a  distance  of  150  miles,  where  they  suddenly  drop  off  in  sharp 
hog  backs  or  a  succession  of  isolated  buttes  in  the  western  edge  of  the 
Snake  River  desert.  % 

These  ranges  carry  numerous  elevations  of  over  11,000  feet  and 
rise  very  abruptly  from  the  narrow  valleys  that  intervene  between  them, 
and  like  all  the  other  ranges  of  this  region  show  extensive  evidences  of 
recent  glacial  action. 

GOLD  MINES. 

About  one-third  of  the  area  of  Lemhi  and  Custer  counties  over- 
laps the  eastern  shore  line"  of  the  great  Archaen  land  mass  of  Central 
Idaho.  To  this  strip  of  territory  are  confined  three  placer  districts 
that  have  been  large  producers  of  placer  gold,  and  are  credited  with  an 
aggregate  production  of  $20,000,000.  The  three  principal  camps  being 
Leesburg  in  Lemhi  County  and  Loon  Creek  and  Stanley  Basin  in  Custer 
County. 

The  bedrock  of  each  of  those  three  districts  is  a  soft  friable  granite 
usually  reticulated  with  dykes  of  igneous  rock.  These  deposits  were  com- 
paratively shallow  and  easily  worked  by  primitive  methods,  and  have 
been  pretty  well  exhausted  with  the  exceptioin  of  some  quite  extensive 
tracts  of  flat  ground  in  Stanley  Basin  and  at  McNutt,  near  Leesburg, 
which  are  now  being  very  successfully  worked  by  dredging. 

At  Shoup,  twenty  miles  north  of  Leesburg,  on  the  rugged  slope  ot 
the  Salmon  River  canyon  are  located  the  Kentuck  and  Grunter  mines. 

THE  KENTUCK. 

The  Kentuck  carries  a  fissure  vein  in  rather  coarse  blue  granite. 
It  has  an  east  and  west  strike,  and  dips  to  the  south  at  an  angle  of 
45  degrees.  The  vein  is  from  five  to  ten  feet  wide,  of  white  quartz, 
well  sprinkled  with  iron  pyrites.  It  has  been  faulted  by  two  vertical 
cross  dykes  of  quartz  porphyry,  also  by  a  parallel  dyke  of  greenish  dia- 
base which  pitches  at  a  different  angle.  These  faults  were  only  slight 
and  did  not  much  interfere  with  the  working  of  the  vein,  which  has 
been  developed  to  a  depth  of  800  feet  by  a  series  of  cross  cut  tunnels 
driven  through  the  hanging  wall  formation. 

The  property  is  equipped  with  a  ten- stamp  mill  run  by  water  power, 
and  has  produced  $500,000.  The  ore  yielded  $5  to  $20  per  ton  in  free 
gold,  and  about  an  equal  value  in  concentrates,  which  were  allowed  to 
nm  to  waste  in  the  Salmon  River  with  tailings. 

THE  GRUNTER  MINE. 

The  Grunter  mine  is  on  the  same  vein  as  the  Kentuck,  but  a  little 
lower  down  the  mountain;  its  apex  being  only  500  feet  vertically  above 


International  Mining  Congress.  67 

the  river.  This  property  has  produced  $50,000  in  free  gold  which  was 
worked  out  by  a  light  five-stamp  mill  on  the  bank  of  the  river  just  be- 
low the  mine,  where  there  is  now  piled  up  3,000  tons  of  rich  tailings. 

The  principal  feature  of  this  mine  is  a  shoot  of  white  quartz  well 
sprinkled  with  iron  pyrites.  The  vein  is  exposed  for  400  feet  in  length 
to  a  depth  of  100  feet,  and  is  from  ten  to  thirty  feet  wide,  and  in  it 
there  is  blocked  out  at  the  present  time  50,000  tons  of  ore  that  is  said 
to  carry  an  average  value  of  $10  per  ton.  About  one-naif  of 
this  value  can  be  recovered  by  free-plate  amalgamation,  and  a  high  per- 
centage of  the  balance  by  cyaniding. 

ULYSSES  MINE. 

At  Indian  Creek,  the  Ulysses  mine  is  being  worked  in  a  formation 
of  crystalline  schist.  It  is  equipped  with  a  five-stamp  mill,  which  has 
been  running  steadily  for  the  past  eighteen  months,  producing  a  net  profit 
of  about  $2,000  per  month. 

The  vein  is  ten  to  fifteen  feet  wide  and  carries  a  contact  dyke  of 
gray  quartz  porphyry  of  the  same  width.  It  occurs  east  and  west,  and  dips 
south  at  a  very  flat  angle,  and  shows  considerable  evidence  of  faulting 
and  disturbance.  There  is  about  700  feet  of  tunneling  on  the  vein. 
One  of  the  tunnels  exposes  a  continuous  ore  body  of  granular  brown 
honey  combed  quartz,  250  feet  in  length,  an  average  width  of  ten  feet 
and  an  average  value  of  $10  per  ton ;  70  per  cent  of  which  Is 
saved  on  the  plates,  the  balance  going  into  the  tailing  pile  for -future 
treatment  by  cyaniding,  to  which  the  values  yield  easily. 

The  Ulysses  contact  can  be  traced  for  two  miles  in  either  direction 
to  the  east  or  west,  showing  a  succession  of  ore  shoots  carrying  the  same 
class  of  ore  and  disturbed  conditions  throughout.  Deeper  development 
along  this  contact  promises  to  open  up- a  string  of  very  valuable  gold 
mines. 

At  Gibbonsville,  25  miles  east  of  the  Ulysses,  the  American  Develop- 
ment and  Mining  Company  is  operating  a  group  of  mines  covering  a 
system  of  nearly  vertical  fissure  veins  in  blue  magnesian  slate,  filled  with 
white  quartz  and  massive  ar&enical  pyrites.  These  veins  are  small  but 
rich,  and,  although  very  much  troubled  with  short  faults,  are  persist- 
ently continuous  with  depth. 

The  average  value  of  this  ore  is  about  $30  per  ton,  and  se- 
lected lots  run  over  $10<i  per  ton.  The  company  operates  a  ten- 
stain;)  mill  supplied  witli  frue  vanners.  It  is  run  by  water  power, 
and  the  concentrates  are  treated  with  cyanide  with  good  results. 
Their  principal  veins  have  been  followoed  down  to  a  depth  of 
900  feet,  and  the  mines  have  yielded  gold  bullion  amounting  to  over 
$1,500,000. 

ANDERSON  GROUP. 

Adjoining  this  property  to  the  southwest,  and  covering  a  portion 
of  the  same  system  of  veins,  the  Anderson  gr6up  of  claims  is  quite  ex- 
tensively developed,  and  has  produced  fully  $250,000  in  gold  since  Its 
discovery,  most  of  which  was  ground  out  with  an  arastra.  A  few  ship- 
ments of  rich  concentrates  have  been  made  to  the  Butte  smelters. 

There  are  several  other  interesting  producers  of  the  same  class 
of  ore  in  the  vicinity  of  these  mines,  and  Gibbonsville  has  been  a  steady 
contributor  to  the  world's  wealth  for  a  number  of  years  past.  The 
pay  veins  of  this  district  are  intersected  by  two  vertical  dykes  of 
igneous  rock,  one  of  which  is  diorite  and  the  other  one  quartz  porphyry. 

THE  ORO  CACHE  MINE. 

The  Oro  Cache  mine,  situated  at  the  head  of  Carmen  Creek,  15 
miles  from  Salmon  City,  is  opened  on  a  steep,  pitching  fissure  in  white 
Cambrian  quartzite.  The  vein  is  five  feet  wide  and  filled  with  shat- 
tered granular  quartz  and  taicy  gangue  worth  $5  per  ton.  It 
courses  east  and  west  and  dips  north  at  an  angle  of  60  degrees,  and 
has  been  located  upon  itte  course  for  a  mile  on  each  side  of  the  con- 
tinental divide. 

The  Oro  Cache  is  on  the  Idaho  side,   and  has  been  developed  by 


68  Official  Proceedings 

a  succession  of  adit  tunnels  driven  on  the  vein,  one  of  the  lower  ones 
being  900  feet  long  and  gaining  a  face  depth  of  600  feet,  at  which  point 
the  ore  is  still  completely  oxidized  and  free.  This  property  offers  a  fine 
example  of  economical  mining  and  milling  practice  under  most  ad- 
verse conditions. 

It  is  equipped  with  a  ten-stamp  free-gold  mill,  run  by  steam  power. 
The  mill  is  situated  at  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet  in  a  narrow  gulcib> 
between  two  high  mountain  peaks,  where  the  snow  actually  average's  ten 
feet  deep  for  six  months  in  the  year.  The  mill  has  been  run  steadily 
for  two  years  past,  and  the  total  average  cost  of  mining,  tramming 
the  ore  1,100  feet  and  milling  it,  including  all  expense  of  repairs  and 
management,  has  been  one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents  per  ton  in 
making  an  average  saving  of  80  per  cent  of  the  assay  value  of  the  ore. 

THE    SHOO   FLY   MINE. 

...  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Salmon  River  from  this  mine,  and  right 
on  the  summit  of  the  Leeeburg  Range,  there  is  located  a  very  interest- 
ing gold  mine  that  produced  some  remarkably  high  grade  gold  bullion.  It 
is  called  the  Shoo  Fly.  and  consists  of  a  mass  of  loose  boulders  of 
granular  quartz  of  all  sizes  uj»  to  twenty  feet  each  way.  These  boulders 
were  all  located  on  about  two  acres  of  ground.  They  were  broken  up 
and  worked  in  a  five-stamp  mill  and  yielded  $130,000  in  bullion  at  an 
average  rate  of  thirty  dollars  per  ton.  When  properly  cleaned  the  gold 
from  this  mill  minted  for  $19.75  per  ounce.  A  vein  was  found  beneath 
where  the  float  boulders  were  thickest  that  contained  the  same  char- 
acter of  quartz,  but  not  quite  so  high  grade.  It  was  contained  in  a 
formation  of  siliceous  slate  with  talcose  cleavages  very  near  a  granite 
contact.  This  vein  was  followed  down  about  100  feet  to  wnere  It  was 
cut  off  by  a  dyke  of  rhyolite,  when  its  further  development  was  aband- 
oned. 

THE  YELLOW  JACKET  MINE. 

The  Yellow  Jacket  mine,  situated  on  Yellow  Jacket  Creek,  50  miles 
west  from  Salmon  City,  is  developed  on  a  large  vein  of  granular  quartz 
ten  to  forty  feet  wide,  following  the  bedding  of  a  quartzite  schist  that 
is  intersected  by  eruptive  dykes  of  altered  diabase  and  syenite.  It 
strikes  northeast  and  dips  northwest  at  an  angle  of  35  degrees. 

The  average  ore  mills  about  $7  per  ton,  but  the  vein  carries  lens- 
shaped  shoots  of  ore  worth  $20  to  $30  per  ton.  Some  very  rich  blocks 
of  copper  ore  have  been  found  occasionally  in  the  working  of  this  mine, 
chiefly  high  grade  red  osides.  sprinkled  with  native  copper. 

This  property  is  equipped  with  a  sixty-stamp  mill,  and  has  a  tailing 
dump  containing  ten  thousand  tons  worth  $10  per  ton  gold. 

THE  COLUMBIA  HILL  MINES. 

The  Columbia  HiL  mines,  a  mile  or  two  southwest  from  the  Yellow 
Jacket,  appear  to  be  a  series  of  zones  of  highly  fractured  material  in 
width  from  a  few  feet  up  to  seventy-five  or  a  hundred  feet,  that  course 
northeast  and  dip  30  to  90  degrees  west. 

The  foot  walls  are  frequently  syenite  or  diorite ;  while  the  hanging 
walls  may  be  either  shattered  quartzite,  quartz  porphyry  or  some  other 
eruptive  rock.  The  eruptives  generally  parallel  the  veins  in  strike. 

There  are  three  groups  of  claims  covering  these  zones  on  their 
etrike,  owned  respectively  by  Governor  Hunt,  the  Armstead  Mining 
Company,  and  by  Mr.  Dan  Steen  of  Boise. 

These  properties  have  considerable  development,  in  all  of  which 
the  oxidized  surface  ores  rapidly  change  to  copper  iron  pyrites,  which 
make  a  rich  concentrate  ranging  in  value  from  $100  to  $150  per  ton 
in  gold,  silver  and  copper,  and  the  future  of  this  district,  as  an  im- 
portant producer  of  copper-gold  ores  is  established  beyond  question. 

THE  SINGISER  MINE. 

Ten  miles  south  of  Yellow  Jacket  on  Silver  Creek,  there  is  a  dis- 
trict that  shows  evidence  of  intense  volcanic  activity,  in  the  center  of 


International  Mining  Congress.  69 

which  is  located  the  Singiser  mine,  which  is  developed  on  a  vein  of 
brecciated  quartz  and  porphyry  conglomerate  cemented  with  silicia.  The 
vein  is  thirty  feet  wide  and  is  said  to  carry  an  average  value  of  $12 
per  ton  in  gold  and  silver.  A  pay  streak  that  usually  follows  the  foot- 
wall  is  from  one  foot  to  six  feet  wide,  and  carries  an  average  value 
of  $60  per  ton.  The  proportion  is  about  60  per  cent  gold  and  40  per 
cent  silver.  Specimen  ore  occurs  occasionally  that  runs  several  thousand 
dollars  per  ton,  the  only  mineral  shown  in  the  ore  being  finely  dis- 
seminated sulphurets  of  silver  and  iron.  The  vein  is  in  a  contact  of 
bluish  gray  trachyte  and  white  rhyolite  tuffa.  The  weathered  surface 
of  the  trachyte  resembles  phonolite  and  has  the  same  ring. 

Mixed  with  the  placer  gold  gravels  of  Silver  Creek  and  a  parallel 
stream  called  Panther  Creek  there  is  found  a  considerable  sprinkling  of 
high-grade  stream  tin,  the  amount  running  as  much  as  one  pound  of 
60  per  cent  tin  stone  to  the  cubic  yard  of  gravel  in  some  of  the  pita 
The  source  of  this  mineral  is  probably  in  a  wide  belt  of  rhyolite  tuffa 
that  crosses  the  course  of  both  these  streams,  as  no  tin  ore  has  been 
found,  above  that  point. 

GEM   OPALS. 

In  this  same  vicinity  some  very  beautiful  specimens  of  gem  opala 
have  been  found  in  boulders  of  gray  trachyte.  They  were  of  the  hydro- 
phasic  variety  anil  were  va^ueil  at  $10  per  carat. 


YANKEE    FORK    DISTRICT. 

South  of  Singiser  about  25  miles,  in  Ouster  County,  following  a 
succession  of  igneous  outbursts  that  pierce  and  overflow  the  gray  and 
pink  granite  of  the  region,  we  come  to  Yankee  Fork  Mining  District, 
which  is  entirely  occupied  by  igneous  formations,  including  rhyolite, 
trachyte,  andesdite,  quartz-porphyry,  diorite  and  syenite  with  their  ac- 
companying tuffs  and  breccias. 

A  great  system  of  fissure  veins,  of  which  the  General  Custer  Mine 
is  the  central  feature,  traverse  the  formations  of  this  district  in  an 
east  and  west  direction. 

THE  GENERAL  CUSTER  VEIN. 

The  General  Custer  vein  dips  north  at  an  angle  of  50  degrees.  It 
is  from  ten  to  thirty  feet  wide,  and  cuts  the  bedding  planefe  almost  at 
right  angles,  of  a  heavy  series  of  blue  syenite  porphyry  and  rhyolite. 

The  main  ore  shoot  of  the  General  Custer  was  found  exposed  with 
the  hanging  wall  formation  slipped  or  scooped  off  to  a  depth  of  400  feet. 
The  ore  thus  exposed  was  ten  feet  wide  and  very  rich,  supplying  the 
company  mill  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  with  twenty-five  tons  Of  ore 
per  day  for  months  at  a  time,  and  which  gave  average  battery  samples 
of  $300  per  ton  in  gold  and  silver.  At  500  feet  depth  this  ore  shoot 
in  its  downward  cohrse  passed  from  a  syenite  porphyry  into  a  sandy 
rhyolite,  where  the  vein  widened  to  thirty  feet,  and  the  values  faded 
so  low  as  to  be  unprofitable  to  work.  The  bedded  edges  of  the  same 
syenite  porphyry  are  well  exposed  below  the  rhyolite,  and  if  the  vein 
is  followed  on  down  a  few  hundred  feet  into  that  formation  again  its 
rich  values  may  be  resumed.  The  General  Custer  vein  has  produced 
gold  and  silver  bullion  to  the  value  of  $9,000,000. 

THE   LUCKY  BOY    MINE. 

On  another  parallel  fissure  vein,  600  feet  southeast  of  the  General 
Custer  in  the  same  blue  syenite  porphyry,  the  Lucky  Boy  Mine  has  been 
developed  to  a  depth  of  800  feet.  This  property  is  being  very  success- 
fully operated  at  the  present  time.  The  vein  is  four  to  eight  feet  wide 
of  white  quartz,  carrying  an  '  average  value  of  twenty  dollar®  per  ton, 
mostly  gold,  and  the  ore  shoots  show  greater  strength  and  better 
quality  as  the  vein  is  followed  down. 

This  mine  has  yielded  $1,600,000,  and  has  a  very  promising  future, 
as  only  a  very  limited  section  of  the  known  lateral  extent  of  the  ore 
bodies  has  been  explored. 


70  Official  Proceedings 

THE  BADGER,  LITTLE  GIANT  AND  BLACK  MINES. 

The  Badger,  Little  Giant  and  Black  mines  are  each  opened  on  a 
separate  fissure  vein,  belonging  to  this  same  system;  they  have  the 
same  general  course,  dip  and  inclosing  formation,  and  each  has  con- 
Biderable  development.  The  three  have  an  estimated  production  of 
near  $1.000,000. 

A  magnificent  tunnel  site  is  offered  by  the  canyon  of  Yankee  Fork. 
Jf  a  tunnel  was  started  near  the  Lucky  Boy  mill  and  extended  south- 
east for  a  mile  and  a  quarter,  it  would  cut  this  whole  system  of  fissure 
veins  at  vertical  depths  from  1,500  to  1,900  feet  below  their  apexes,  and 
afford  a  very  convenient  avenue  for  their  further  exploitation. 

THE    CHARLES    DICKENS   MINE. 

The  Charles  Dickens  mine  is  situated  southwest  of  the  General 
Custer  about  one  mile,  on  nearly  the  same  strike  and  dip.  It  is  con- 
tained in  a  formation  of  andesite  and  quartz-porphyry,  and  has  been 
developed  to  a  depth  of  250  feet.  This  mine  was  famous  for  the  pro- 
duction of  very  rich  specimens  of  blended  wire  silver  and  wire  gold.  It 
has  a  bullion  record  of  over  $1,000,000,  and  made  several  small  ship- 
ments of  ore  that  were  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  $10,000  per  ton. 

ESTES   MOUNTAIN   MINES. 

These  properties  are  situated  seven  miles  west  of  Bonanza  and 
Custer  City,  on  the  east  slope  of  Estes  Mountain.  They  cover  an- 
other large  system  of  fissure  veins,  that  course  north  and  south  and 
dip  west  at  angles  varying  from  30  to  80  degrees.  The  inclosing  for- 
mations of  this  system  of  fissure  veins  are  varied.  The  Yankee  Fork 
and  Golden  Gate  mines  are  in  a  contact  of  cream-colored  felsite  on  the 
hanging  and  a  dark  green  diabase  footwall. 

The  Montana  vein  is  in  the  fine-grained  felsite  rock,  both  walls, 
and  the  Arcade  vein,  above  the  Montana,  is  in  a  contact  between  a 
coarse  rhyolite  and  a  blue  clay  dyke  100  feet  wide,  heavily  impregnated 
with  bright  iron  pyrites. 

The  Montreal  mine  on  this  system  is  a  mineralized  zone  fully  600 
feet  wide,  consisting  of  siliceous  porphyry  conglomerate,  which  is  said 
to  carry  good  pay  values  in  gof<l  throughout  its  entire  width.  It  also 
contains  defined  shoots  of  clean  quartz  worth  $20  to  $30  per  ton.  Ac- 
tive development  is  in  progress  on  thi  mine,  and  its  equipment  with  a 
100-stamp  mill  is  one  of  the  probabilities. 

GOLD-BEARING  MINERAL   SPRING. 

While  not  quite  as  rich  as  Mark  Twain's  famous  gold-bearing  spring 
of  Calistoga,  there  is  in  fact  on  the  lower  edge  of  this  great  zone  a 
live  spring  of  iron  water  that  has  deposited  a  great  bed  of  boggy  Iron 
precipitate. 

The  spring  has  been  conducted  through  a  wooden  trough  into  a 
big  tub.  The  tub  fills  up  with  the  rusty  iron  sediment  in  a  few  months  and 
has  to  be  cleaned  out.  By  careful  handling  a  few  filmy  crystals  of 
bright  native  gold  can  be  panned  out  of  this  sediment,  and  an  assay 
of  the  material  shows  it  to  contain  an  average  value  of  about  $13 
per  ton. 

Mining  development  in  this  section  has  been  carried  to  a  very 
limited  extent.  That  on  the  Montana  is  the  deepest.  It  has  an  inclined 
shaft  which  was  put  down  on  the  original  discovery  ore  shoot  to  a  depth 
of  518  feet.  From  this  shaft  was  taken  $535,000,  of  which  $325,000 
was  net  profit. 

The  run  of  the  mine  showed  about  an  equal  proportion  of  gold  and 
silver,  but  the  richest  ore  was  a  black  argentite.  There  were  'several 
twenty-five  and  fifty- ton  lots  of  ore  shipped  from  this  mine  that  were 
paid  for  at  the  smelter  at  the  rate  of  50 -cents  per  pound. 

THE   YANKEE   FORK   MINE. 

The  Yankee  Fork  Mine,  adjoining  the  Montana,  has  several  hundred 
feet  of  shallow  tunnels  driven  on  the  vein,  which  is  four  to  six  feet 
wide ;  carrying  an  average  value  of  $30  per  ton  in  gold  or  silver,  its 


International  Mining  Congress.  71 

best  strength  and  values  are  shown  in  the  lowest  level.  The  high- 
grade  shipping  ore  of  this  mine  runs  to  ruby  silver  and  copper  sul- 
phides, carrying:  values  of  from  $500  to  $10,000  per  ton. 
This  mine  has  produced  $200,000.  It  is  being  actively  developed 
at  the  present  time,  and  is  turning  out  some  remarkably  fine  ore  in 
which  copper  values  are  commencing  to  cut  quite  an  important  figure  as 
depth  is  attained. 

There  are  a  dozen  other  fine  claims  on  the  Estes  Mountain  system, 
all  of  which  carry  high-grade  gold  and  silver  values.  They  promise  to 
develop  some  very  valuable  mines. 

The  Yankee  Fork  District  is  accessible  by  a  good  wagon  road  from 
the  railroad  terminus  at  Ketchum,  Idaho,  75  miles  distant. 

AN  IDAHO  CRIPPLE  CREEK. 

Stanley  Basin,  situated  20  miles  southwest  of  Yankee  Fork,  has 
some  geological  resemblance  to  Colorado's  famous  gold  camp.  It  is  a 
high  mountain  basin,  7,000  feet  above  sea  level,  near  the  foot  of  the 
great  Sawtooth  Range. 

It  presents  a  condition  of  broad  flat  gulcheg  and  low  rounded  grassy 
hills  made  up  of  soft  crumbling  mineral-stained  granite.  The  whole  sur- 
face of  the  basin  is  covered  with  a  light  glacial  debris,  all  of  which 
carries  placer  gold.  In  some  of  the  gulches  very  rich  pay  streaks  have 
been  found,  which  yielded  an  occasional  boulder  of  very  rich  free  gold 
ore,  also  heavy  chunks  of  cinnabar,  and  rough  sapphires  have  been  found 
in  the  sluices. 

The  district  is  ribbed  up  with  great  dykes  of  quartz  porphyry  and 
diorite  and  is  dottted  with  conglomerate  buttes  of  similar  igneous  ma- 
terial. Numerous  veins  of  curly  agate  quartz  occur,  some  of  them  richly 
impregnated  with  green  and  purple  fluorites  and  banded  streaks  of 
honey  combed  quartz,  carrying  values  of  from  $50  to  $75  per  ton  in 
very  fine  rusty  gold,  pointing  to  a  source  from  tellurium  compounds. 

Near  the  head  of  some  of  the  best  placer  gulches  rocker  diggings 
have  been  followed  up  to  and  into  several  of  the  big  dykes  of  quartz 
porphyry ;  the  joints  and  cleavage  planes  of  which  were  found  to  be 
rich  in  coarse  free  gold,  producing  occasional  specimens  that  would  as- 
say several  thousand  dollars  per  ton. 

An  open  cut,  fifteen  feet  long,  ten  feet  wide  and  ten  feet  deep,  wa* 
made  in  one  of  these  dykes,  from  which  three  tons  of  talcose  screen- 
ings were  obtained  that  yielded  ninety  dollars  per  ton  when  run. 

EAST  FORK  MINES. 

The  canyon  of  East  Fork  of  Salmon  River  is  cut  through  massive 
eruptive  formations  almost  its  entire  length  of  45  miles,  that  rise  in 
great  mountain  masses  on  either  hand  to  elevations  8,000  to  9,000  feet. 
These  formations  consist  of  andesite,  trachyte,  rhyolite,  with  dykes  of 
basalt  and  great  masses  of  tuff  and  breccian,  and  it  is  only  in  the 
rugged  aggregations  of  still  higher  mountain  peaks  among  which  this 
stream  takes  its  source  that  the  metamorphis  formations  appear. 

The  East  Fork  Mountains  carry  some  of  the  loftiest  peaks  in  the 
State.  Standing  on  a  known  elevation  of  10,250  feet  at  Croesus  Peak. 
Castle  Mountain,  seven  miles  distant,  seems  to  tower  to  a  sharp  pyramid 
point  fully  3.000  feet  still  higher,  and  is  probably  the  highest  moun- 
tain in  Idaho.  It  has  only  been  .scaled  by  one  man,  Mr.  Ed.  Chamber- 
lain, the  present  sheriff  of  Ouster  County,  who  had  a  very  perilous  ex- 
perience which  he  has  no  desire  to  repeat. 

Most  of  the  higher  summits  are  rusty,  red-stained  granite,  prob- 
ably of  igneous  origin ;  but  some  of  the  peak®,  over  10,000  feet  high,  are 
capped  by  several  hundred  feet  of  white  Silurian  marble  and  thin  bedded 
blue  lime.  These  altered  sedimentaries  are  cut  by  small  fissure  veins  of 
high-grade  lead-silver  ore,  that  carry  good  gold  values. 

The  J.  D.  Wood  group  of  mines  in  these  formations  have  yielded 
$500,000.  The  ore  had  to  be  packed  on  mules.  50  to  75  miles,  and  it 
contained  an  average  value  of  over  50  per  cent  lead,  150  ounces  silver 
and  $20  gold  per  ton. 

There  are  a  number  of  other  mines  carrying  this  class  of  ore,  also 
Borne  great  bodies  of  concentrating  lead  ore  with  good,  noble  values  in 
the  same  vicinity. 


72  Official  Proceedings 

In  the  granite  formations  of  the  higher  peaks  of  basins  of  this 
district  there  are  numerous  mammoth  fissure  veins  of  honey  combed 
quartz,  carrying  good  pay  values  in  free  gold. 

The  district  is  well  watered  and  timbered,  and  offers  fine  natural 
advantages  for  rapid  development.  It  will  well  repay  an  investigation 
by  either  the  prospector  or  the  capitalist. 

SILVER   MINES. 

The  largest  producers  of  silver  ore  in  Ouster  County  have  been  the 
mines  of  Bayhorse  district. 

The  canyon  of  Bayhorse  Creek,  which  enters  the  Salmon  River  12 
miles  above  Challic,  cuts  the  formations  of  the  Salmon  River  at  right 
angles  to  their  trend,  and  presents  ideal  geological  conditions  for  the 
occurrence  of  rich  ore  bodies,  which  are  in  fact  here  found. 

Commencing  with  the  granite  axis  of  the  main  divide,  between  the 
waters  of  Yankee  Fork  and  the  main  Salmon  River,  the  district  is  over* 
laid  with  a  heavy  bedded  series  of  Cambrian  quartzite,  and  above  the 
quartzite,  folded,  faulted  and  intruded  by  great  dykes  and  masses  of 
igneous  rocks,  is  a  wide  belt  of  dark  metamorphic  slates ;  leaning  on 
the  slates  is  a  series  of  blue,  gray  p.nd  dolomitic  limestone,  700  or  800  feet 
thick.  Overlying  the  lime  belt  is  another  series  of  slates  and  shales, 
then  two  miles  of  foothill  formations,  consisting  of  dykes,  beds  and 
bosfees  of  andesite,  basalt,  breccia  and  tuffs. 

THE   RAM  SHORN   MINE. 

The  Ramshorn  mine  is  opened  in  the  slate  formation.  It  is  a  true 
fissure  vein  that  courses  due  north  and  south  and  dips  west  at  an  angle 
of  50  degree's,  cutting  the  bedding  of  the  slates  and  includes  igneous 
rocks  at  a  sharp  angle.  It  has  produced  $2,000,000  to  date,  and  nas  at 
the  present  time  $3,000;000  worth  of  ore  blocked  out. 

The  mine  has  been  opened  by  a  series  of  adit  tunnels  or  drifts, 
started  and  driven  on  the  vein  as  it  courses  down  the  precipitous  slopes 
of  the  canyon.  The  longest  tunnel  is  in  3,000  feet,  and  has  gained  a 
face  depth  of  2,000  feet,  and  shows  a  succession  of  handsome  ore  shoots 
throughout  its  entire  length.  This  tunnel  is  still  500  feet  vertically 
above  the  bed  of  the  canjon. 

The  gangue  of  the  Ramshorn  is  nearly  clean  siderite  (spathic  iron), 
sprinkled  with  gray  copper  and  chloride  of  silver,  and  it  is  from  one 
foot  to  six  feet  wide. 

The  average  ore  runs  about  100  ounces  of  silver  and  5  per  cent 
copper.  Pay  streaks  six  to  eighteen  inches  thick  of  clean  gray  copper 
occur  that  run  1,000  to  1,200  ounces  of  silver  and  20  per  cent  copper. 

This  mine  has  between  30,000  and  40,000  feet  of  open  development, 
and  it  is  being  put  in  condition  now  for  active  production,  which  is  to 
commence  as  soon  as  the  new  Salmon  River  Railroad  shall  have  ad- 
vanced sufficiently  near  to  justify  it. 

THE  SKYLARK  MINE. 

This  mine  adjoins  the  Ramshorn  on  the  west.  It  is  also  a  true 
fissure  vein  in  the  same  formation,  but  has  not  so  steep  a  pitch,  and 
courses  a  little  east  of  north,  intersecting  the  Ramshorn  vein  at  a 
point  near  the  summit  of  Ramshorn  Mountain,  10,000  feet  above  the 
sea  level. 

The  character  of  the  ore,  size  of  the  veins  and  values  are  almost 
identical  in  the  two  mines.  The  Skylark  is  also  opened  by  a  series  of 
adit  tunnels,  and  has  over  20,000  feet  of  connected  underground  devel- 
opment. It  has  produced  $2,700,000.  and  has  a  larger  showing  of  high- 
grade  ore  in  its  lowest  level  at  the  present  time  than  ever  before  in 
its  history. 

REDEMPTION    GROUP    OF    MINES. 

At  Poverty  Flat  Mountain,  10  miles  south  of  the  Ramshorn  and 
Skylark,  in  the  same  slate  belt,  the  Redemption  group  of  mines  have  a 
flat  pitching  fissure  vein  which  produces  the  same  class  of  silver  chloride 
and  gray  copper,  and  is  credited  with  a  production  of  silver  bullion, 


International  Mining  Congress.  73 

estimated   at   $700,000,   all   of  which  has   come   from   the   first   150   feet 
of  vertical  depth  in  the  mine. 

LEAD-SILVER  ORES. 

This  class  of  ore  has  been  quite  extensivelyy  produced  by  the  mines 
in  the  limestone  belt  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Bayhorse,  three  miles 
below  the  Ramshorn  mine.  The  limestone^  at  this  point  have  been 
excessively  fractured,  faulted  and  silicified.  They  are  apparently  de- 
void of  igneous  intrusive  rocks  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  mines, 
with  the  probable  exception  of  two  nearly  horizontal  dykes  of  white 
quartz  porphyry,  or  porphyrite,  that  issue  directly  from  underneath  the 
blue  lime  bluffs  at  the  mouth  of  the  canyon  below  the  town;  thefr 
actual  contact  being  obscured  by  about  100  feet  of  debris. 

If  these  great  dykes  of  porphyry  should  prove  to  be  intruded  into 
the  lower  blue  limestone,  this  district  may  develop  the  same  character 
of  great  bedded  ore  deposits  for  which  Leadville  was  so  famous. 

THE   BEARDSLEY   EXCELSOIR   MINES. 

The  Beardsley  Excelsoir  mines  at  Bayhorse  were  opened  on  a 
nearly  vertical  fault  fissure  which  cut  the  horizontal  blue  and  gray  lime- 
stone in  a  northwest  and  southeast  direction. 

The  principal  feature  of  this  property  was  a  bonanza  ore  shoot,  100 
to  200  feet  long  and  one  foot  to  20  feet  wide,  that  was  filled  with  high- 
grade  sand  carbonate  ore,  running  60  per  cent  lead,  60  ounces  silver  and 
a  small  amount  of  gold  and  copper. 

The  silver  was  largely  in  the  form  of  chloride,  and  the  copper  a 
carbonate  stain  that  increased  with  depth.  This  main  ore  shoot  wa» 
followed  down  500  feet,  and  produced  1,500.000  ounces  of  silver,  to- 
gether with  about  1,500,000  units  of  lead.  At  500  feet  deep  the  rich 
ore  body  expanded  into  a  mammoth  shoot  50  feet  wide  and  400  feet 
long,  of  ore  containing  about  5  per  cent  lead  and  5  ounces  silver.  When 
this  stage  of  development  was  reached  silver  dropped  so  low  that  the 
further  exploration  of  the  mine  was  abandoned. 

THE   DEMOCRAT  VEIN. 

On  Silver  Brick  Mountain,  one-half  mile  south  of  the  last-men- 
tioned property,  the  Democrat  vein  is  a  well-defined  fissure,  four  feet 
wide,  that  courses  northwest  and  southeast,  pitching  steeply  to  the  east. 
The  gray  lime  wall  of  this  vein  is  very  silicious,  and  the  vein  is  filled 
with  "a  gangue  of  brecciated  lime  spar  and  quartz  and  makes  strong 
shoots  of  very  rich  ore. 

This  mine  is  now  producing  about  a  carload  of  ore  a  week  that 
averages  50  per  cent  lead,  100  ounces  of  silver,  4  per  cent  copper  and 
$3  in  gold  per  ton.  The  necessary  labor  is  all  done  by  two  men.  There 
are  also  cross  courses  cutting  the  main  fissure  at  intervals  of  two  to 
three  hundred  feet,  which  have  been  productive  of  quite  a  large  ton- 
nage of  the  same  class  of  ore. 

The  Democrat  fissure  courses  through  an  adjoining  mine  called  th& 
Pacific,  in  the  workings  of  which  there  is  a  fine  body  of  a  like  char- 
acter of  rich  ore  exposed.  The  Pacific  group  carries  also  a  large  flat 
vein,  five  to  ten  feet  wide,  of  brecciated  gangue  well  sprinkled  with 
pebbles,  kidneys  and  boulders  of  high-grade  galena,  as  well  as  rich  cai^ 
bonate  ores.  It  is  worked  by  lessors,  and  has  seven  carloads  of  ore 
on  the  dump  at  the  present  time.  This  ore,  which  is  now  ready  for 
shipment,  will  sample  65  per  cent  lead  and  90  ounces  of  silver  per  ton. 

RIVER  VIEW  MINE. 

Sputheast  of  the  Beardsley  Exce'lsoir,  the  River  View  mine  is  ex- 
tensively developed.  It  is  a  steep-  pitching  fissure,  cutting  the  bedding 
planes  of  the  lime.  It  has  produced  lead-silver  ore  to  the  value  of 
$500,000,  mostly  massive  galena  with  high  silver  values  and  about  5  per 
cent  zinc. 

The  development  of  the  mines  in  this  last-mentioned  lime  belt  is 
all  comparatively  shallow  and  they  offer  exceptional  inducement  for 
deeper  exploration.  They  have  been  held  back  by  lack  of  railway  trans- 


74  Official  Proceedings 

portation,  a  condition  likely  to  be  soon  relieved,  when  this  district  will 
doubtless  again  become  an  active  producer  of  high-grade   smelting  ore. 

CLAYTON  DISTRICT. 

Just  above  the  town  of  Clayton,  20  miles  south  of  Bayhorse,  the 
Salmon  River  cuts  at  right  angles  through  a  great  anticline  of  heavy 
bedded  Cambrian  quartzite,  which  courses  north  and  south  and  forms 
a  high  dividing  ridge  between  Kinnikinick  and  Squaw  creeks.  It  ia 
flanked  on  its  east  and  west  slopes  by  steep,  pitching  strata  of  siliciolis 
slate,  blue  lime  and  gray  lime  shale,  that  are  intruded  with  dykes  of 
greenstone  and  a  variety  of  recent  igneous  rock  which  very  much  re- 
semble the  monzenite  of  Tintic,  Utah. 

THE  ELLA. 

Following  the  lime  quartzite  contact  on  the  east  slope,  the  Ella 
mine  has  been  opened  on  a  vein  of  brown  hematite  ore.  five  to  ten 
feet  wide,  that  can  be  traced  almost  continuously  for  10,000  feet.  The 
general  average  of  these  croppings  carries  from  five  to  fifteen  ounces  of 
silver,  and  there  have  been  several  fine  bodies  of  rich  lead  ore  opened 
up  in  shallow  development  along  the  course  of  this  vein.  The  principal 
ore  body  worked  was  a  pipe  of  steel  galena,  sprinkled  with  gray  cop- 
per, that  was  followed  down  to  water  level  and  produced  2,000  tons  of 
ore  that  averaged  200  ounces  of  silver  and  60  per  cent  lead;  and  ex- 
plorations now  being  carried  on  in  this  mine  below  water  level  are  turn- 
ing out  a  very  handsome  quality  of  ore  that  runs  high  in  copper  and 
silver  values. 

THE   RED   BIRD. 

On  the  west  slope  of  this  anticline,  the  Red  Bird  mine  is  developed 
on  a  zone  of  blocky,  brecciated  blue  lime.  It  consists  of  a  successioa 
of  pipe-shaped  shoots,  or  geyser  holes,  filled  with  rich  galena  and  lead 
carbonate  mixed  with  soft  limonite  iron.  It  is  a  very  remarkable  and 
interesting  deposit.  The  pipes  of  ore  sometimes  round,  sometimes  ob- 
long, of  various  sizes  from  ten  feet  in  diameter  to  thirty  by  sixty  feet. 
They  usually  stand  at  a  high  angle,  but  are  very  erratic,  and  are  liable  to 
flatten  off  and  reverse  their  pitch  in  a  very  irregular  manner,  but  they 
have  been  persistently  continuous  in  depth.  In  fact  several  blind  shoots 
have  been  developed  in  the  mine  that  did  not  come  to  the  surface. 

The  Red  Bird  is  developed  to  a  depth  of  400  feet  by  short  cross- 
cut tunnels  driven  through  the  gray  lime  shale  of  the  hanging  wall,  and 
these  ore  bodies  can  be  opened  in  the  same  manner  to  a  further  depth 
of  400  feet. 

From  the  surface  to  the  400-foot  level  this  mine  has  produced  $700,- 
000,  and  it  has  reserves  left  above  this  level  amounting  to  $300,000 
more.  Great  bodies  of  clean  galena  are  occasionally  met  with  that  run 
65  per  cent  lead  and  90  to  175  ounces  of  silver  per  ton ;  but  the  aver- 
age run  of  the  ore  mined  is  about  30  per  cent  lead  and  30  ounces  of 
silver.  Everything  under  10  per  cent  is  sorted  out  and  thrown  over 
the  dump,  or,  where  convenient,  is  left  standing  in  the  mine. 

MINERAL   SPRINGS. 

The  Red  Bird  ore  shoots  and  contact  can  be  traced  along  the  side 
of  the  mountain  for  several  miles.  The  lime  contact  is  well  exposed  in 
the  steep  walls  of  the  Salmon  River  canyon,  four  miles  south  of  the 
mine  at  Sullivan's  hot  springs,  where  there  has  been  a.  neat  little  hotel 
and  bathing  resort  built  up.  These  springs  issue  directly  from  a  large 
shoot  of  soft  carbonate  of  iron  and  lime  spar  containing  a  little  lead 
and  silver,  and  they  are  only  fifty  feet  above  the  river  and  fully  1,000 
feet  lower  than  the  Red  Bird  mine.  The  springs  may  be  of  consider- 
able interest  as  indicating  the  origin  of  these  ore  bodies.  Their  waters 
are  highly  charged  with  sulphur  and  are  constantly  depositing  a  tufa- 
ceous  residue  that  contains  pronounced  specimens  of  all  the  usual  gangue 
minerals  found  in  the  ore  deposits  of  the  vicinity. 


International  Mining  Congress.  75 

MINERALIZED  WOOD. 

Another  striking  evidence  of  rich  ore  in  solution  was  found  at  the 
Livingston  group  of  mines  on  Slate  Creek,  fifteen  miles  southeast  of 
Clayton.  Near  the  croppings  of  one  of  the  veins  of  this  group  there 
were  found  several  tons  of  stumps  and  roots  of  mineralized  wood,  show- 
ing all  the  grains!,  knots  and  fiber  of  a  fir  tree.  This  unique  ore  waij 
shipped  to  the  smelter  and  san.pled  at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent  lead,  60 
ounce®  of  silver  and  $5  per  ton  gold. 

The  Livingston  mines  consist  of  two  systems  of  flat  fissure  veins  in 
a  series  of  black  or  dark  colored  carboniferous  slate,  and  quartzite  beds 
that  have  been  intersected  with  dykes  of  rhyolite  and  birdseye  porphyry. 
These  veins  are  from  six  inches  to  ten  feet  wide.  The  wider  veins  run 
50  per  cent  to  60  per  cent  lead  and  about  20  to  50  ounces  silver  and  $5 
gold.  The  smaller  veins  strike  at  a  little  different  angle  and  carry 
very  much  higher  values.  Several  shipments  have  been  made  that  re- 
turned 250  ounces  silver,  $25  in  gold  and  60  per  cent  lead  per  ton. 
They  are  quite  well  developed  and  have  about  $200.000  worth  of  shipping 
ore  in  sight  at  the  present  time,  awaiting  better  transportation  facilities. 

AN  EMBARRASSED  INDUSTRY. 

Since  the  fall  in  silver  values,  the  lead-silver  producing  districts 
of  Ouster  County  have  been  seriously  embarrassed  for  want  of  cheap 
transportation,  and  a  large  number  of  them  have  been  practically  aband- 
oned for  several  years.  This  is  especially  true  of  Seafoam,  Sheep  Moun- 
tain, East  Fork  and  Big  Lost  River  districts,  each  of  which  contain* 
very  expensive  bodies  of  rich  concentrating  lead-silver  ores  that  will  in 
time  justify  the  establishment  of  large  mining  enterprises. 

RICH  LEAD  DISTRICT  IN  LEMHI  COUNTY. 

One  of  the  richest  bodies  of  lead  ore  ever  mined  in  the  State  was 
found  in  the  Viola  mine  at  Nicholia,  in  Lemhi  County.  It  was  con- 
tained in  a  contact  between  a  great  series  of  white  quartzite  and  over- 
lying blue  lime  beds,  pitching  east,  and  unconformable  to  the  granite 
axis  of  the  main  range  of  the  Rockies.  This  great  ore  body  coursed  north 
and  south.  It  was  1,200  feet  long  and  about  200  feet  deep  on  the 
dip,  and  5  to  70  feet  thick.  The  ore  was  nearly  all  clean  sand  car- 
bonate, and  averaged  60  per  cent  lead  and  12  ounces  of  silver  per  ton. 
It  was  worked  out  in  about  three  years  of  active  production,  and  yielded 
lead  and  silver  to  the  value  of  $10,000,000.  This  great  ore  body  was  ex- 
hausted during  the  Cleveland  administration,  when  lead  values  dropped 
so  low,  and  the  further  exploration  of  the  mine  beyond  the  shallow 
depth  of  300  feet  was  discontinued ;  and  nothing  has  since  been  done 
except  the  gouging  out  of  remnants  of  the  best  ore  by  lessors. 

THE    CLIPPER    MINE. 

This  property  adjoins  the  Viola  on  the  same  contact.  It  contains 
a  mammoth  body  of  soft  brown  ore.  that  has  been  developed  for  a  length 
of  400  feet,  a  depth  of  200  feet  and  a  width  of  250  feet.  This  great 
mass  of  mineral  is  said  to  carry  an  average  value  of  5  per  cent  lead, 
5  ounces  silver  and  50  cents  gold  per  ton.  The  lead  is  disseminated 
through  the  soft  iron  in  the  form  of  fine  sand  carbonate,  and  it  is  more 
than  likely  that  exploration  of  the  body  to  greater  depth  will  open  up 
other  large  bodies  of  concentrating  lead  ore. 

SPRING   MOUNTAIN   AND   BANNISTER    DISTRICTS. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  valley  of  Birch  Creek  from  Nicholia,  the 
Birch  Creek  range  of  mountains,  composed  almost  entirely  of  paleozoic 
and  Igneous  rock,  rise  in  a  succession  of  bare,  rocky  peaks,  trending  In 
a  southeast  direction  parallel  to  the  main  range,  some  of  which  exceed 
11,000  feet  in  height.  A  section  of  this  range  between  Spring  Moun* 
tain  and  Bannister  has  been  subject  to  great  dynamic  disturbance,  faults, 
folds  and  flexures  of  the  strata  occurring  in  rapid  succession  for  fifteen 
miles  along  the  east  slope  of  the  range,  together  with  great  bosses  and 
dykes  of  grano-diorite  and  quartz  porphyry.  The  limestone  beds  of  this 


76  Official  Proceedings 

district,  exposed  by  faults,  show  a  development  of  5,000  feet  in  thick- 
ness. There  are  some  very  handsome  lead-silver  properties  in  this  dis- 
trict. The  veins  occur  as  bedded  deposits  in  the  lime,  also  as  true  fis- 
sures cutting  the  lime,  also  as  contact  deposits  with  the  lime  and  por- 
phyry, or  lime  and  quartzite.  The  richest  values  seem  to  favor  the 
blue  lime  beds.  The  shipping  ore  of  this  district  runs  about  50  per 
cent  lead,  50  ounces  silver,  $3  gold  and  3  per  cent  copper.  The  district 
has  probably  made  a  total  production  of  10,000  tons1  of  ore  of  that  grade. 
Several  of  the  mines  are  producing  ore  now  of  such  quality  as  to  justify 
hauling  by  wagon  freight  85  miles  to  Dubois  to  be  shipped  to  Denver  for 
treatment.  The  gold  and  copper  values  in  these  ores  are  a  very  interest- 
ing feature. 

BRUCE  MINE. 

The  Bruce  mine,  in  the  center  of  the  Spring  Mountain  district,  is 
located  on  a  body  of  high-grade  magnetic  iron  ore,  that  is  300  feet 
long  and  100  feet  wide,  and  is  said  to  carry  an  average  value  of  3  per 
cent  copper  and  $2  in  gold  and  silver.  This  body  of  ore  lies  between 
white  dolomite  and  greenish  gray  diorite.  On  an  adjoining  claim  the 
same  contact  carries  a  smaller  body  of  similar  iron  containing  20  per 
cent  copper  and  $10  gold  per  ton.  There  are  quite  a  number  of  simi- 
lar prospects  in  this  vicinity,  and  it  is  more  than  likely  that  a  rich 
copper  gold-bearing  zone  may  be  developed  along  this  belt. 

COPPER  DISTRICTS. 

Two  of  the  most  promising  new  copper  districts  are  situated  in 
Lemhi  and  Custer  counties,  which  are  attracting  the  attention  of  some  of 
the  wealthiest  and  most  conservative  of  Eastern  investors  at  the  pres- 
ent time. 

The  Blackbird  Copper  district  is  situated  30  miles  west  of  Salmon 
City,  the  county  seat  of  Lemhi  County.  Blackbird  Creek,  on  which  the 
principal  mines  of  the  district  are  at  present  located,  is  a  small  side 
tributary  of  a  large  mountain  system  called  Big  Creek.  (Misnamed 
Napiers  Creek  on  the  recent  government  map.) 

This  district  was  discovered  in  1893,  and  since  then  there  has  been 
fully  1,000  locations  filed  with  its  deputy  recorder. 

The  general  course  of  the  copper-bearing  belt  is  north  and  south, 
parallel  to  and  about  half  way  between  the  summit  of  the  Middle  Fork 
range  and  the  bed  of  Big  Creek  canyon. 

There  are  several  deep  canyons  and  larger  tributary  streams  putting 
into  Big  Creek  from  the  west  that  cut  the  formation  at  right  angles  to 
their  trend  and  expose  an  excellent  cross  section  of  the  geology  of  the 
district. 

She  Big  Deer  Creek  canyon  cuts  the  belt  at  about  its  center  and  fol- 
lowing up  the  course  of  this  stic-am  west  from  its  junction  with  Big 
Creek,  the  first  two  miles  of  formation  passed  through  is  coarse  granite; 
the  bedding  of  which  stands  nearly  vertical  but  it  pitches1  a  little  west 
up  stream,  contains  great  shear  zones  and  larger  fissure  veins  of  quartz 
and  gossbn  iron  ore  that  show  fair  copper  gold  values  at  the  surface. 

The  granite  is  overlaid  with  about  half  a  mile  of  gneiss  well 
sprinkled  with  iron  gainets  and  also  containing  numerous  fissure  veins. 
Above  the  gneiss  are  several  mines  of  steep  pitching  dark  quartzite  and 
micucous  schists  that  extend  nearly  to  the  summit,  where  they  are  suc- 
ceeded by  lighter  colored  quartzose  formations. 

The  wihole  series  have  been  very  rnucn  disturbed  but  the  general 
strike  is  north  and  south  and  dip  very  steeply  to  the  west. 

Great  .dykes  of  diorite,  rhyolite  and  quartz  porphyry  occur  through- 
out the  entire  district.  They  usually  follow  the  general  strike  and  pitch 
of,  the  formation  or  run  in  contact  with  the  ore  courses. 

The  principal  development  of  this  district  is  on  the  property  ot 
the  Blackbird  Copper  Gold  Company.  This  company  owns  the  Brown 
Bear-  St.  Joe  and  Uncle  Sam  groiiDs. 

Covering  a  connected  area  of  about  800  acres  of  patented  lode 
claims,  th  ore  deposits  of  the  Blackbird  district  are  of  two  classes, 
impregnation  zones  of  great  width,  that  follow  the  general  strike  and 
dip  of  the  wavy  schists,  also  typical  fissure  veins  that  cut  the  bedding 
of  the  schist  or  granite  formation  at  a  sharp  angle. 


International  Mining  Congress.  77 

The  Brown  Bear  mine  is  developed  by  a  shaft  300  feet  deep  from 
which  levels  and  crosscuts  have  been  run  at  each  100  feet  drop. 

The  crosscuts  from  the  mine  show  a  zone  of  black  quartzose  mica 
schist  100  feet  wide,  impregnated  with  thread  kidneys,  bunches  and  len- 
ticular masses  of  copper  iron  pyrites,  an  I  carry  an  average  value  across 
its  entire  width  of  5  per  cent  copper  and  $2.50  in  gold. 

The  ore  of  this  quality  already  developed  in  this  mine  Is  estimated 
at  400,000  tons.  It  concentrates  to  excellent  advantage,  and  with  rail- 
road transportation  should  show  a  handsome  margin  above  cost  of  min- 
ing and  reduction. 

The  St.  Joe  mine-  2,000  feet  south  of  th*  Bro<vn  Bear,  is  devel- 
oped by  a  vertical  shaft  150  feet  deep  un  a  nearly  vertical  fursare  vein 
that  has  been  drifted  on  300  feet  to  the  north  from  the  150- foot  level. 

The  walls  of  this  vein  are  also  naisc,  sauOy  mi«:a  schist,  and  the  vein 
from  the  50-foot  level  to  the  face  of  the  present  north  drift  at  the  150- 
foot  level  is  from  6  to  12  feet  wide  of  massive  copper  iron  sulphide  ore 
sprinkled  with  a  little  quartz  and  spathic  iron.  This  ore  averages  about 
8  per  cent  copper  and  $4  geld  per  ton. 

The  St.  Joe  shaft  is  equipped  xvith  a  fine  hoisting  plant,  and  prep- 
arations are  now  being  made  to  rink  it  V)ii  f<v>t  deeper  as  it  is  cen- 
trally located  and  offers  excellent  advange  for  developing  the  adjoin- 
ing mines  of  the  company. 

The  Uncle  Sam  mine  is  opeand  on  another  fissure  vein,  which 
parallels  the  St.  Joe  to  the  east.  It  has  about  1,000  feet  of  adit  tunnels 
and  contains  the  richest  ore  in  the  camp. 

The  upper  tunnel  of  the  Uncle  Sam  is  300  feet  long  and  exposes 
two  handsome  ore  shoots.  The  first  one  is  50  feet  long  and  about  2 
feet  wide  of  blue  bomite  ore,  containing  an  average  value  of  30  per 
cent  copper  and  $29  In  gold.  The  second  shoot  is  150  feet  long  and  3 
to  6  feet  wide  of  massive  sulphide  ore  worth  16  per  cent  copper  and 
$8  gold  per  ton.  These  two  shoots  are  connected  by  a  narrow  vein  of 
the  same  class  of  ore,  four  inches  to  a  foot  wide. 

The  lower  tunnel  of  the  Uncle  Sam  mine  has  been  run  in  700  feet 
and  it  follows  the  course  of  the  vein  for  500  feet,  which  shows  a  con- 
tinuous paystreak  of  bright  chalcopyrite,  4  inches  to  4  feet  thick,  worth 
16  per  cent  copper  and  $8  gold.  This  tunnel  is  200  feet  vertically  be- 
low the  upper  tunnel,  but  has  not  been  extended  in  far  enough  to 
undercut  the  big  ore  shoot  exposed  above. 

The  Uncle  Sam  mine  carries  a  parallel  dyke  of  mica  hornblende 
diorite  40  feet  wide,  and  100  feet  east  of  the  vein  the  walls  of  this  dyke 
are  both  impregnated  with  rich  copper  ores,  and  crosscutting  in  depth 
may  reveal  some  rich  contact  ore  bodies. 

West  of  the  Big  Brown  Bear  ore  zone,  at  a  distance  of  800  feet,  the 
Katherine  vein,  owned  by  the  same  company,  has  been  cut  at  a  vertical 
depth  of  100  feet,  exposing  another  parallel  fissure  that  pitches  directly 
opposite  to  the  bedding  of  the  schist.  It  is  nine  feet' wide,  of  granular 
quartz,  worth  about  9  per  cent  copper  and  $6  gold  per  ton. 

The  surface  croppings  of  most  of  the  veins  arid  ore-bearing  zones 
of  the  Blackbird  district  is  usually  a  sprinkling  or  solid  mass  of  sandy 
brown  honeycombed  quartz.  Thi®  oxidized  condition  changes  to  sulphide 
ore  at  depths  varying  from  20  to  150  feet  below  the  surface. 

The  ore  shoots  in  the  fissure  veins  lenzy  but  large,  and  so  far  have 
proven  very  strong  and  held  their  size  and  value  going  down.  With 
the  big  zone  deposits,  it  is  simply  a  question  of  finding  the  ore  suffi- 
ciently concentrated  to  pay  to  work.  There  is  no  scientific  reason  why 
their  values  should  not  go  down  indefinitely. 

The  Brown  Bear  zone  has  been  followed  north  along  its  course 
through  the  Daisy  group  to  the  Blue  Bird  and  Tinker's  Pride  mines, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Big  Deer  Creek  canyon,  three  miles  distant, 
where  the  same  character  of  sulphide  ores  are  found  within  50  feet 
of  the  surface. 

At  the  Tinker's  Pride  mine  the  zone  is  300  feet  wide  and  is  well 
sprinkled  with  copper  mineral  throughout  its  whole  width,  with  bands  of 
high-grade  sulphide  ore  cropping  through  to  the  surface.  Those  crop- 
pmgs  are  2,000  feet  vertically  below  the  Brown  Bear  shaft.  The  foot 
wall  of  the  zone  .at  this  point  is  only  200  feet  west  of  the  gneiss  or 
granite  contact  and  its  hanging  wall  is  a  huge  dyke  of  rhyolite. 

Copper  sulphide  ores  can  be  found  scattered  through  the  schist 
formations  of  this  district  for  miles  in  width  and  are  sufficiently  con- 


78  Official  Proceedings 

centrated  at  several  points  to  indicate  some  enormous  reserves  of  pay 
ore.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  Copper  Queen,  Jefferson,  Hawkey*. 
Lone  Star  and  Rainbow  group. 

The  Blackbird  district  is  very  extensive  in  a  north  and  south  di* 
rection.  Rich  sulphide  ores  are  found  in  big  fissure  veins  that  cross 
the  Musgrove  Creek  canyon,  ten  mile®  south  of  Blackbird  Creek,  while 
north  the  belt  has  been  followed  15  miles  to  Clear  Creek,  where  a  num- 
ber of  surface  prospects  have  produced  rich  specimens  of  bomite  and 
red  oscide  ore,  some  of  them  showing  great  slatters  of  wiry  native 
copper. 

Nearly  all  the  ores  of  this  district  carry  low  silver  values,  but  pro- 
portionately high  gold  values.  The  average  for  the  whole  district  will 
run  about  50  cents  in  gold  for  each  unit  of  copper. 

There  are  a  number  of  other  copper  districts  in  Lemhi  County  of 
considerable  promise. 

The  Torney  group  of  mines  on  Shoup  Creek,  six  miles  southwest 
of  Salmon  City,  has  several  hundred  ^eet  of  development  on  a  contact 
vein,  2  to  10  feet  wide,  that  courses  eastward  and  dips  north  at  a  steep 
angle  in  walls  of  quartzite  and  porphyry.  Thisi  vein  carries  oxides  of 
iron  and  copper  at  the  surface,  that  pass  into  sulphide  at  100  feet  deep 
and  carries  average  values  of  from  5  to  25  per  cent  copper  and  about 
$10  gold  and  silver  per  ton. 

The  Copper  Queen  mine  at  Agency  Creek,  30  miles  east  of  Salmon 
City,  has  shipped  a  dozen  carloads  of  bomite  ore  worth  20  to  30  per 
cent  copper  and  $20  to  $30  gold  and  silver  from  a  well-defined  con- 
tact vein  in  wall  of  crystalline  slate  and  diorite.  This  mine  is  noted 
for  occasional  rich  specimens  of  native  gold  set  in  soft  copper  sulphide. 

The  old  Paymaster  and  Valley  View  mines  at  Birch  Creek  have  pro- 
duced several  hundred  tons  of  red  and  brown  oscide  ores,  well  sprinkled 
with  native  metal  and  carrying  an  average  value  of  30  per  cent  copper 
from  a  flat  contact  vein  with  walls  of  blue  lime  and  red  quartzose  sand- 
stone. 

There  are  numerous  other  fine  evidences  of  copper  mineral  through- 
out Lemhi  County.  Great  croppings  of  gosson  iron  ore  occur  at  sev- 
eral points  well  sprinkled  with  oscide  and  carbonate  of  copper  and  light 
values  in  gold  and  silver.  This  is  one  of  the  best  watered  and  timbered 
sections  of  the  State,  and  with  the  rapid  advance  of  the  Oregon  Short 
Line's  new  branch  line  from  Blackfoot,  some  important  copper  mining 
developments  may  be  anticipated  in  the  near  future. 

THE  WHITE  KNOB  COPPER  MINES. 

This  property  is  situated  near  Houston  in  Custer  County,  Idaho, 
95  miles  northwest  of  Blackfoot,  from  which  point  a  new  branch  of  the 
Oregon  Short  Line  Railroad  is  being  constructed  and  is  to  be  completed 
by  October  1.  1901. 

The  high  mountain  range  in  which  these  mines  are  located  forms  to 
the  south  the  watershed  of  Wood  River  and  to  the  northeast  that  ot. 
Big  Lost  River. 

The  range  is  an  anticline  with  a  core-  of  gray  granite,  overlaid  with 
quartzites,  slates,  conglomerates,  calcareous  shales '  and  limestonesy  and 
carries  a  succession  of  very  lofty  peaks,  among  them  being  Mount  Hynd- 
man,  12,000  feet,  and  White  Knob  Mountain,  1.1,500  feet  above  sea  level. 

The  mines  of  the  White  Knob  Copper  Company  in  contrast  with  the 
Blackbird  district  more  resemble  in  geological  setting  the  big  copper 
bonanzas  of  Arizona. 

They  are  situated  on  the  northeast  slope  of  White  Knob  Moun- 
tain, half  way  between  the  summit  and  the  valley  of  Lost  River,  In  a 
series  of  pure  lime  and  a  sandy  calcareous  rocks  interbedded  with  thin 
dykes  of  quartz  porphyry,  the  whole  resting  on  a  base  of  eruptive  gray 
granite  and  pitching  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees  towards  the  valley. 

The  most  conspicuous  features  of  the  deposits  at  the  surface  are 
great  shoots  of  brown  hematite  and  spongy  gosson  iron  ore,  30  to  60 
feet  wide,  running  3  to  6  per  cent  copper  and  several  dollars  in  gold 
and  silver.  Interspersed  between  these  bodies  of  iron  and  especially 
along  the  contact  line,  the  sedimentary  beds  overlying  the  granite 
are  richly  impregnated1  with  copper  carbonate  and  oxide  ores  over  an 
irregular  area  fully  forty  acres  in  extent. 

This  great  surface  deposit  of  copper  mineral  has  been  developed  by 


International  Mining  Congress.  79 

several  thousand  feet  of  open  cuts,  quarries,  shallow  shafts,  drifts  and 
tunnels,  and  the  mineralization  has  been  found  to  extend  down  from  50 
to  200  feet,  exposing,  according  to  conservative  estimates  of  parties  fully 
competent  to  judge,  fully  1,000,000  tons  of  copper  ore,  worth  an  average 
value  of  5  per  cent  copper  and  $5  per  ton  in  gold  and  silver. 

For  the  permanent  development  of  this  property,  a  vertical  shaft 
has  been  sunk  700  feet  deep  near  the  granite  contact  and  a  cross-cut 
driven  from  the  bottom  to  the  vein  at  a  point  under  the  big  iron  hat. 
where  it  is  currently  reported  that  a  great  body  of  "high-grade  sulphide 
ore  has  been  encountered. 

The  mines  are  equipped  with  a  50-ton  smelter  with  which,  under 
the  management  of  Mr.  John  L.  Evans,  of  Baltimore,  one  of  the  most 
competent  copper  metallurgists  in  America,  some  very  elaborate  test  runs 
have  been  made,  and  with  an  unlimited  quantity  of  the  purest  kind  of 
fluxing  material  right  on  the  ground.  These  low  grade  ores  were  found 
to  yield  a  very  high  percentage  of  their  value  to  direct  smelting. 

The  only  problem  left  to  be  settled  for  their  profitable  handling  was 
that  of  getting  the  rates  on  the  necessary  coke  fuel  reduced  from  $32 
per  ton  by  wagon  freight,  to  ordinary  railway  rates. 

This  is  rapidly  being  solved  by  the  construction  of  the  Short  Line 
branch  from  Blackfoot. 

The  White  Knob  Copper  Company  is  headed  by  Mr.  John  W. 
Mackay  of  Comstock  fame.  This  company  owns  a  very  extensive  tract 
of  proven  rich  copper,  gold  and  silver-bearing  territory.  They  have  let 
a  contract  for  the  erection  of  a  smelting  plant  of  500-tons  daily  capa- 
city, which  is  now  under  course  of  construction,  and  within  a  few  months 
they  promise  to  become  very  active  producers  of  copper  bullion  well 
seasoned  with  noble  values. 

South  of  the  White  Knob  mines,  higher  up  the  mountains,  on  a 
contact  of  white  dolomite  and  granite,  the  Baker  Claim  is  a  new  dis- 
covery, showing  a  ten-foot  vein  of  higih-grade  magnetite,  associated  at 
shallow  depth  with  rich  blue  copper  sulphide  ore  and  high  values  in  gold 
and  silver. 

In  the  Rio  Grande  gulch,  immediately  adjoining  the  White  Knob 
Company's  property,  to  the  southwest,  there  are  a  number  of  fine  cop- 
per prospects,  carrying  the  same  class  of  ores  in  the  same  general  for- 
mation, and  this  belt  can  be  readily  traced  in  a  southeast  direction  for 
10  miles,  showing  occasional  good  croppings  and  copper-tainted  springs 
all  along  the  line  to  Copper  Basin. 

The  Copper  Basin  group  of  claims  carry  considerable  shallow 
development  and  cover  a  zone  400  feet  wide  of  similar  formations  to  the 
White  Knob  mine  and  accompanied  with  a  dyke  of  conglomerate. 

This  zone  is  sprinkled  with  carbonate  and  oxide  ores  throughout  its 
entire  width  and  makes  in  strong  shoots  of  clean  ore,  2  feet  to  20  feet 
wide,  worth  5  to  30  per  cent  copper,  also  high  values  in  gold  and  silver. 
This  mine  was  equipped  with  a  small  test  smelter  a  year  ago,  and  a 
carload  of  pig  copper  run  out.  But  the  excessive  cost  of  coke  at  thte 
point,  $35  per  ton,  precluded  the  possibility  of  profit,  and  the  opera- 
tion was  discontinued. 

THE  BRONZE  GOD  AND  CAVE  CLAIMS. 

The  Bronze  iiod  and  Cave  claims,  covering  a  contact  vein  10  feet 
wide  in  the  gray  granite  of  the  Sawtooth  range,  near  Cape  Horn,  are 
interesting  prospects.  The  ore  makes  copper  pyrites  within  10  feet  of 
the  surface  and  lies  in  contact  with  a  dyke  of  quartz  porphyry.  The 
vein  is  continuous  for  a  considerable  distance  and  carries  average 
values  for  several  feet  in  width  of  from  6  to  19  per  cent  copper  and 
up  to  $zO  in  gold  and  silver. 

*  There    are    numtious    other    copper    prospects    of    a    similar   caliber 
throughout  Custer  County  that  are  well  worth  investigation. 

COAL  DISCOVERY. 

An  important  discovery  of  high-grade  lignite  coal  has  recently  been 
made  at  Pollard's  ranch,  two  miles  west  of  Salmon  City. 

The  vein  is  16  feet  wide.  The  total  development  so  far  consists 
of  a  tunnel  100  feet  long  with  a  face  depth  of  40  feet. 

The  underlying  formation   is  a  thick  bed  of  gray  cretaceous  sand- 


80  Official  Proceedings 

etone  resting  upon  the  granite  and  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  main  Lees- 
burgh  Mountains,  near  the  foot  of  which  the  discovery  was  made. 

The  true  roof  of  the  yein  has  not  been  cut  yet,  the  crosscut  at 
the  face  of  the  tunnel  being  still  in  coaly  shale.  The  vein  dips  at  an 
angle  of  45  degrees  east  toward  the  valley,  but  will  probably  flatten  to 
conform  to  the  horizontal  beds  of  tertiary  sandstone  shale  and  clay  ex- 
posed in  high  bluffs  near  Salmon  City. 

At  present  the  vein  shows  two  bands  of  clean  merchantable  coal, 
oue  of  them  three  feet  and  the  othei  five  feet  thick,  that  is  well  adapted 
for  domestic  and  steam  purposes.  A  recent  analysis  of  this  fuel  shows 
its  quality  to  compare  in  close  detail  with  the  best  lignites  of  Utah  and 
Dakota. 

The  sedimentary  beds  of  the  Salmon  City  Basin  are  at  several  points 
found  banded  with  interclary  beds  of  igneous  rock,  and  if  the  coal 
measure  is  found  to  underlie  the  whole  basin,  which  is  likely,  develop- 
ment may  prove  areas  where  contact  metamorphism  has  produced  a 
much  higher  quality  of  fuel,  probably  coking  coal. 

CONCLUDING  REMARKS. 

In  the  foregoing  description,  the  object  of  this  paper  has  been  to 
show  the  varied  character  of,  and  conditions  under  which  the  ore  de- 
posits of  this  part  of  Idaho  occur,  and  space  only  permits  mention  of 
a  very  limited  number  of  the  piincipal  properties. 

There  are  dozens,  yes,  hundreds  of  mines  and  prospects  in  the  vicinity 
of  these  described  that  promise,  in  numerous  instances,  to  develop  a 
very  interesting  resource  of  mineral  traffic. 

Central  Idaho  offers  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  fields  for  rail- 
road and  mining  development  left  unoccupied  in  the  United  States  today. 

This  is  especially  true  of  Lemhi  and  Custer  counties.  These  two 
counties  have  already  yielded  to  the  efforts  of  the  pioneer  miners,  under 
the  most  adverse  and  isolated  conditions,  gold,  silver,  lead  and  copper 
bullion  to  the  value, of  $50,000,000,  and  yet  the  surface  has  merely  been 
scratched. 

Ohallis,  Idaho,  July,  1901. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  next  order  on  the  program  is  the 
reading  of  a  paper  by.  Prof.  E.  A.  Babcock,  of  Grand  Forks,  North  Da- 
kota, subject,  "The  Value  of  Science  and  Training  in  the  Mining  In- 
dustry : 

Prof.  Babcock  read  the  following  paper : 

"THE  VALUE  OF  SCIENCE  AND  TRAINING  IN  THE  MINING  IN- 
DUSTRY. 

By  E.  J.   Babcock,   Director  of  School  of  Mines  and  Geological   Survey, 
Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota. 

Could  the  red  man  who  pitched  his  tepee  on  this  beautiful  spot  and 
in  these  fertile  fields  only  two  generations  ago  now  return  and  look 
over  the  same  lovely  valley  and  along  the  same  beautiful  streams  once 
so  familiar  to  him,  we  can  imagine  his  bewilderment  at  the  changes 
which  so  short  a  time  has  wrought  in  his  quiet  hunting  grounds.  Or 
even  as  the  early  settler  of  three  or  four  decades  ago  looks  over  this 
beautiful  State  and  our  whole  western  country  and  traces  the  wonder- 
ful changes  which  the  hand  and  brain  of  man  has  effected  in  this  vast 
region  from  the  Golden  Gate  to  the  Mississippi,  he  becomes  impressed 
with  the  thought  that,  grand  as  may  have  been  the  progress  of  our 
great  nation,  few  spots  have  done  more  toward  realizing  the  dreams  of 
the  founders  of  our  nation,  the  dreams  of  those  men  who,  but  little 
more  than  a  century  ago,  laid  so  well  the  broad  foundation  and  estab- 
lished so  well  the  policy  and  principles  which  have  built  up  and  bound 
together  so  great  and  glorious  a  land,  and  under  which  we  are  now 
working  and  striving  together  to  build  up  a  greater,  a  better  and  a 
nobler  nation. 

In  what  region  could  they  see  their  hopes  and  aspirations  more  per- 


International  Mining  Congress.  81 

.fectly  realized  than  in  the  illustration  which  we  have  here  of  our  west- 
ern cities  springing  up  among  the  wilds  of  mountain  and  forest,  and 
attracting  from  every  direction  the  sturdy  workers  and  the  strong- 
hearted,  clear-headed  captains  of  commerce  and  industry,  and  raising 
wealth  in  enormous  quantities,  almost  as  if  by  magic,  from  the  depths 
of  the  earth ;  building  railways  and  factories,  and  covering  the  green 
acres  of  mother  earth  with  prosperous  farms  and  orchards-  and  giving 
profitable  and  honest  labor,  comfortable  homes  and  the  privileges  and 
benefits  of  education  and  refinement  to  thousands  of  earnest,  intelligent, 
industrious  and  thrifty  men.  Thousands  of  honest  hands  are  engaged! 
all  about  in  raising  from  the  bosom  of  mother  earth  and  from  the  great 
reservoirs  of  wealth  those  almost  enexhaustible  treasures'  which,  count-* 
less  ages  ago,  a  kind  and  bountiful  God  stored  up  "here  for  the  benefit 
of  man.  Great  railroads  have  been  laid  over  wide  praries  and  through 
forests  and  mountains  formerly  considered  impenetrable,  till  now  they 
reach  our  very  doors  to  bring  in  exchange  for  our  mineral  wealth  the 
products  of  other  regions  and  all  the  comforts  and  luxuries  man 
needs.  Along  the  valley  through  which  winds  this  beautiful 
pituresque  stream  we  can  already  hear  the  roll  of  mills,  the 
"hum  of  machinery  and  the  shriek  of  the  engine ;  while  the  beautiful 
homes  and  the  prosperous  city  tell  of  the  manner  in  which  this  rich 
region  rewards  labor,  industry  and  skill. 

But  what,  we  may  ask,  has  caused  this  wonderful  transformation? 
The  answer  comes  quickly.  It  is  due  to  the  courage  and  perserverance 
of  the  men  who  settled  the  great  West,  to  the  clear  "heads  and  strong 
hearts  of  our  captains  of  industry  and  the  builders  of  the  great  rail- 
way systems,  and  to  the  forward  march  of  civilization  which  has  been 
made  possible,  in  a  large  measure,  by  a  truer,  more  thorough  and  more 
practical  educational  system. 

The  education  which  is  demanded  today  is  one  which  will  give  a 
"higher  ideal  of  social  and  individual  life  and  which  will  give  its  posses- 
sor such  a  power  over  nature  that  he  will  be  able  to  get  and  to  give 
to  his  fellows  more  of  all  the  good  things  which  a  bountiful  God  has 
intended  for  the  uplifting  of  man.  Prosperity  brings  to  men  not  simply 
wealth,  comforts  and  luxuries,  but  great  duties  and  tremendous  re- 
sponsibilities ;  and  every  good  citizen  seeks  to  know  and  to  fulfill  these 
duties,  so  that  when  he  leaves  to  others  the  activities  of  life  he  can  feel 
that  "he  has  done  something  to  make  the  world,  richer  and  better  for 
his  having  been  in  it. 

It  is1  with  such  a  thought  for  our  own  lives  and  for  those  to  follow 
us  that  we  seek  to  become  more  thoroughly  familiar  with  a  world  in 
which  man  is  constantly  striving  to  bring  to  his  aid  more  fully  all  the 
material  and  power  that  nature  has  to  offer,  and  that  we  seek  to  se- 
cure such  system  of  education  and  such  a  knowledge  of  science  as  will 
bring  these  results.  A  comprehensive  education  must  be  one  which 
will  make  it  possible  for  the  young  man  gradually,  though  efficiently,  to 
gain  knowledge,  the  use  of  hands,  and  a  skill  which,  as1  he  grows  to 
manhood,  will  fit  him  to  pursue  successfully  his  life's  work. 

It  is  my  purpose  to  consider  the  subject  which  has  fallen  to  me  not 
so  much  from  an  educational  as  from  a  utilitarian  point  of  view.  The 
people  of  our  land  who  are  interested  in  the  great  industry  of  mining,  in 
its  various  forms  and  with  its  large  number  of  associated  occupations 
and!  requirements,  look  to  such  assemblies  as  this  for  suggestions,  plans 
and  helps  of  every  kind  which  wilf  render  more  pleasant  and  more  pro- 
ductive the  great  and  honorable  life  work  in  which  they  have  engaged. 

With  the  growth  of  civilization  and  education  and  the  development 
of  a  keener  and  stronger  mental  perception,  mining  is  rapidly  changing , 
from  an  aimless,  luckless,  blind  grasping  for  hidden  treasures  to  a  sys- 
tematic, scientific  business,  I  might  say  a  truly  technical,  professional 
business.  To  meet  most  fully  the  demands  of  such  a  business  as  min- 
ing and  to  grasp  and  solve  the  great  variety  of  problems  constantly  pre- 
senting themselves  to  one  engaged  in  such  a  work  there  is  a  rapidly 
growing  demand  for  men  of  clear  perception,  good  judgment,  wide  extent 
of  knowledge  and  a  thorough  scientific  training.  We  owe  it  to  our- 
selves, to  our  children  and  to  our  nation  to  foster  in  every  possible 
way,  by  personal  effort  and  by  state  and  national  legislation  every 
means  which  can  encourage  the  more  perfect  development  of  one  of  the 
greatest  sources  of  individual  and  National  comfort,  wealth  and  power, 
the  mineral  industries. 


82  Official  Proceedinys 

Our  friends  engaged  in  agricultural  work  have  developed  a 
strong  and  a  wonderfully  helpful  educational  and  experimental  system, 
beginning  with  the  rural  schools  and  running  through  the  agricultural 
college  and  the  experiment  station  to  the  United  States  agricultural  lab- 
oratories at  Washington,  and  finally  ending  with  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture. 

We  who  are  especially  anxious  to  develop  our  great  mineral  re~ 
sources  must  help  to  build  a  similar  system,  which,  beginning  early,  will 
insruct  our  youth  relative  to  the  subject  of  mineralogy  and  geology, 
so  that  they  will  realize  their  importance  and  use.  Then  w'e  must 
construct  a  system  which  will  provide  for  more  advanced  instruction  and 
skill  similar  to  that  which  is  secured  for  agriculture  from  its  schools  and 
experiment  stations. 

In  considering  such  a  subject  we  naturally  ask  what  are  the  gen- 
eral advantages  which  may  be  derived  from  such  a  science  as  geology. 
All  the  way  from  boyhood  to  old  age  we  should  be  learning  something 
of  the  wonderful  and  beautiful  story  of  the  world  on  which  we  are  born 
and  live  and  die.  No  one,  certainly  no  one  in  a  mining  region,  should 
go  through  life  without  knowing  something  of  the  grandly  inspiring  and 
intensely  practical  subject  of  geology.  It  is  true  that  the  occasional 
one  who  goes  through  a  long  college  course  may  have  the  opportunity 
to  take  up  this  study,  but  what  about  the  ninety  and  nine  who  do  not? 
It  is  for  these  that  our  system  of  education  must  provide.  The  college 
man  will  take  care  of  himself.  It  is  for  the  mass  of  our  people  that 
care  must  be  taken.  Give  them  the  best :  give  them  the  opportunities  to 
widen  their  spheres  of  usefulness,  and  inspire  them  with  higher  and 
more  beautiful  views  of  life. 

Fortunately,  we  do  not  all  have  the  same  desires  or  thoughts  or 
ways  of  doing.  The  result  of  this  difference  is  the  development  of 
literature,  industries,  science,  arts ;  in  short,  that  wonderfully  diversified 
thought  which  has  brought  about  the  civilization  of  today  and  made  life 
really  worth  .the  living.  It  has  not  come  home  to  us  with  sufficient 
clearness  that,  just  as  a  knowledge  of  a  foreign  language  is  essential  to 
one  who  is  to  spend  his  life  in  a  foreign  land,  so  in  like  manner  is  a 
knowledge  of  'such  a  science  as  geology  or  mineralogy  of  direct  practi- 
cal value  to  all  in  our  life-long,  daily  intercourse  with  nature.  In  fact, 
judged  from  a  purely  utilitarian  standpoint,  the  advantages  derived  from 
the  most  elementary  acquaintance  with  what  may  be  termed  a  science 
of  daily  life  are  so  manifold  that,  if  once  appreciated,  they  would  readily 
be  accepted  as  a  general  need. 

How  many  of  those  who  go  out  into  the  world,  sometimes  even  from 
our  public  schools,  pas's  through  life  deaf  and  blind  to  the  wonderful 
things  around  them.  How  often  men  live  pitiable  slaves  to  nature  rathei^ 
than  rejoicing  masters  simply  because  they  know  nothing  of  her  laws, 
have  no  experience  in  working  with  her,  and  have  not  been  trained  to 
do.  Huxley  says,  "Knowledge  of  nature  is  the  guide  to  practical  con- 
duct. Anyone  who  tries  to  live  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  without 
attention  to  the  laws  of  nature  will  live  there  but  for  a  very  short 
time,  most  of  which  will  be  passed  in  exceeding  great  discomfort ;  a 
peculiarity  of  natural  laws  as  distinguished  from  those  of  human  enact- 
ment being  that  they  take  effect  without  summons  or  prosecution.  Thou- 
sands of  us  are  dying  daily  and  living  miserably  because  we  have  not 
yet  been  sufficiently  zealous  to  learn  the  code  of  nature." 

But  on  the  other  and  even  higher  grounds,  we  should  give  more  at- 
tention to  such  a  practical  science  as  that  of  geology.  It  tends  to 
develop  a  side  of  the  human  intellect  which  I  believe  I  am  justified  in 
saying  is  left  largely  uncultivated ;  namely,  the  faculty  of  observing  and 
reasoning  from  observation. 

A  strong  argument  for  giving  more  attention  to  such  a  science  a* 
geology  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  it  affords  mental  training  of  a  particular 
character,  and  at  the  same  time  inculcates  useful  knowledge,  which  Is 
rendered  more  forceful  and  attractive  because  of  its  direct  reference 
to  the  familiar  objects  and  operations  of  nature.  We  cannot  afford 
to  live  ignorant  of  all  that  is  going  on  around  us  and  without  learning 
to  use  our  eyes  of  our  reasoning  powers.  We  cannot  afford  to  be  un- 
acquainted with  the  wonders  and  beauties  of  the  material  universe  about 
us. 

No  effort  should  be  spared  in  giving  our  young  men  a  training  which 
will  be  an  effectual  preparation  and  truly  adapted  to  the  exigences  of 


International  Mining  Congress.  83 

practical  life  as  well  as  to  fit  for  a  higher  and  nobler  plane  of  living. 
Su,ch  a  science  as  geology  beautifies  labor  and  makes  the  laborer  a 
more  thrifty  bread  winner.  But  a  higher  value  rests  in  HS  power  to 
quicken  the  observation,  broaden  the  conceptions,  strengthen  the  reason- 
ing powers  and  develop  a  love  for  the  beautiful  and  a  reverence  for  the 
infinite. 

Contrary  to  the  common  notion,  the  science  of  geology  is  a  power 
in  expanding  and  elevating  the  imagination.  Where  «an  one  find  a 
wider  field  for  its  exercise  than  that  opened  through  the  revelations  of 
geology?  As  the  mind  wanders  over  a  vast  expanse,  crossing  bound- 
less space®,  dwelling  in  almost  illimitable  time,  witnessing  the  display 
of  measureless  power,  studying  the  wonderful  adaptations  of  nature  and 
the  evident  working  out  of  an  infinite  design,  one  lives  in  a  realm  of- 
beauty,  of  wonder  and  of  grandeur  such  as  the  poet  cannot  exp 
by  word,  the  musician  by  sound,  nor  the  artist  by  color  or  form.  It  Is 
by  such  a  subject  that  man  is  made  to  feel  his  dependence  and  to  reach 
out  toward  the  infinite.  Such  a  science  elevates  and  enriches  the  imag- 
ination, ennobles  the  intellect  and  induces  lofty  aspirations.  It  also 
develops  the  aesthetic  nature  of  man,  for  only  as  we  ask  of  nature  will 
her  wonderful  beauty  be  unfolded  to  us.  The  grand  ocean,  the  snow- 
capped mountain,  the  majestic  cataract,  the  lovely  valley,  reveal  more 
of  their  beauty  to  one  who  knows  the  mysteries  they  conceal. 

And  thus  we  might  continue  to  show  the  general  importance,  of  this 
grand  science  which  among  others  is  at  the  very  foundation  of  our  vast 
mining  industries,  but  time  forbids.  We  must  not  forget,  however, 
to  encourage  whatever  will  better  fit  man  to  act  his  part  as  a  citizen, 
of  the  world  and  to  live  in  a  higher  and  purer  mental  and  spiritual  at- 
mosphere. We  must  remember  that  if  the  life  of  a  nation  depends 
upon  its  citizens  then  the  proper  training  of  the  individual  becomes: 
an  all  important  problem.  Open  to  our  young  citizens  so  much  of 
science  and  power  that  it  will  place  before  them  a  new  world  of  posssl-, 
bilities  and  put  into  life  new  meaning  and  deeper  inspiration.  It  will 
enlarge  the  capacity,  not  only  for  higher  pleasures,  but  for  material 
profit.  Such  a  training  will  go  far  toward  giving  our  young  men  con- 
trol over  the  great  industries  we  are  considering,  while  with  a  high  ideal 
of  individual,  industrial,  social  and  civil  life. 

We  need  to  provide  for  a  wider  dissemination  of  knowledge  of  the 
earth  on  which  we  live  and  the  wonderful  treasures1  of  wealth,  power 
and  comfort  which  are  stored  up  for  us,  but  now  we  need  still  more  to 
provide  for  deep  and  exhaustless  study  and  experimentation  upon  the 
fundamental  principles  underlying  our  mineral  industries  and  the  many 
intricate  and  perplexing  problems  which  are  confronting  the'  miner  and 
metallurgical  manufacturer  of  today.  It  is  encumbent  upon  our  com- 
monwealths and  upon  the  national  government  to  unite  in  building  up 
the  most  thoroughly  equipped  technical  mining  and  metallurgical  indus- 
trial schools.  That  Congress  has  not  already  provided  such  means  for 
research  and  experimentation  to  aid  our  mineral  resources  as  it  has  for 
agriculture  is  due  in  a  large  degree  to  the  fact  that  it  has  not  realized 
the  gigantic  proportions  to  which  our  mineral  resources  have  grown  and 
the  untold  wealth  to  be  yielded  up  to  us  as,  by  new  scientific  discoveries 
and  more  skillful  methods,  we  get  more  perfect  mastery  over  nature. 

No  industry  requires  for  its  success  higher  technical  skill  than  does 
that  of  mining  and  metallurgy  in  its  various  phases  ;  and  next  to  agri- 
culture no  industry  contributes  so  largely  to  the  growth  and  prosperity, 
of  the  nation.  The  growth  and  magnitude  of  our  mineral  productions 
is  astonishing.  It  has  now  reached  annually  the  enormous  sum  of  over 
a  billion  dollars,  a  large  part  of  which,  unlike  agricultural  products,  is 
a  permanent  contribution  to  the  nation's  wealth. 

Yet  because  of  a  lack  of  knowledge  of  our  resources  and  of  the 
best  methods  of  utilizing  the  powers  of  nature  we  have  as  yet  only 
begun  the  development  of  our  boundless  wealth.  As  our  knowledge,  skill 
and  interest  are  developed  there  will  constantly  be  added  new  resources. 
Indeed,  we  may  safely  say  that  what  we  have  gotten  is  but  the  shadow 
of  what  we  may  expect.  In  no  other  industry  has  such  rapid  and  sub> 
stantial  growth  been  made  and  in  no  other  are  there  such  grand  op- 
portunities for  the  reward  of  genius  and  scientific  training  as  well  as 
for  the  profitable  investment  of  capital. 

Ten  or  twenty  years  ago  mining  was  universally  considered  a  reck- 
less venture.  Today  it  is  beginning  to  be  regarded  as  a  profitable  bus!- 


84  Official  Proceedings 

ness,  one  whjch,  though  requiring  good  judgment,  care,  technical  skill, 
time  and  capital,  will,  under  such  conditions,  very  surely  bring  good 
returns.  Success  in  mining  operations  requires  intelligence  and  scien- 
tific training.  Iron  ores  of  many  localities  which  were  previously  con- 
sidered worthless  are  now,  by  new  methods  of  treatment,  made  ex- 
ceedingly valuable.  In  many  of  our  western  States  abandoned  mines 
can  now  be  worked  successfully  because  of  the  development  of  more 
scientific  methods  of  concentration  and  of  the  cyanide  and  similar 
processes. 

There  are  yet  before  us  a  large  number  of  important  problems  the 
solution  of  which  will  many  times  revolutionize  the  mining  industry. 
Among  these  are  such  as  that  of  more  efficient  furnace  work,  more  per- 
fect extraction,  the  use  of  electricity  in  mining,  deep  mining  and  many 
others  of  equal  importance.  We  have  already  learned  that  many  of 
our  deep  mines  are  the  richest,  and  when  we  have  more  fully  solved 
the  problem  of  deep  mining  we  shall  realize  that  we  have  now,  so  to  speak, 
only  scratched  the  surface  of  our  mineral  deposits. 

To  what  other  industry,  then,  could  Government  aid  be  of  such 
immediate  and  great  benefit?  As  a  result  of  systematic  and  scientific 
experimentation  the  miner  would  be  directed  so  as  to  save  much  time, 
labor  and  money  in  seeking  results  otherwise  impossible.  It  would  re- 
sult in  bringing  out  new  processes  of  mining  and  ore  treatment  which 
would  make  it  possible  to  work  with  profit  vast  deposits  of  ore  now 
worthless.  By  the  provision  for  growth  in  knowledge  and  scientific  ex- 
perimentation which  such  schools  would  afford  there  would  soon  result 
a  large  increase  in  mineral  production  and  saving. 

Genius,  education  and  training  are  doing  much  for  this  industry, 
but  what  they  have  done  is  only  the  beginning  of  what  will  be  ac- 
complished if  Congress  comes  to  our  support  so  as  to  make  possible  more 
perfectly  equipped  technical  and  experimental  mining  schools.  Such 
schools  would  be  wonderful  aids,  by  uniting  science  and  skill,  in  lifting 
the  occupation  of  mining  to  a  higher  level  and,  insuring  a  grander  suc- 
cess than  has  yet  been  dreamed  of. 

The  Government  investment  in  educational  training  pays  well.  The 
great  naval  achievement  of  Manila  harbor  did  not  come  so  much  from 
the  .superiority  of  naval  equipment  as  from  superiority  of  our  men. 
It  is  to  the  men  commanding  those  vessels  and  behind  those  guns  to 
whom  we  are  indebted.  They  were  brave  men,  but  they  had  been  well 
trained.  The  years  of  instruction  through  which  they  had  passed  and 
which  the  Government  provided  proved  on  the  day  of  conflict  that  the 
expenditure  had  been  a  wise  one,  for  it  was  their  skill  and  accuracy 
which  saved  the  honor  and  supremacy  of  the  nation.  No  less  profitable 
will  be  the  provision  for  the  training  of  our  citizens  in  the  peaceful  pur- 
suits of  industry. 

The  prosperity  of  a  people  does  not  depend  upon  the  natural  re- 
sources alone,  but  as  much  upon  integrity,  enterprise,  industry  and  skill. 
With  reasonable  natural  resources  on  which  to  base  the  industries  ot 
jife,  that  state  or  nation  which  possesses  these  characteristics  in  the 
highest  degree  is  certain  in  the  end  to  attain  the  highest  prosperity. 

It  is  therefore  the  duty  of  every  citizen  and  every  such  or- 
ganization as  this,  acting  through  legislative  assemblies  and  through 
Congress,  to  foster  whatever  will  promote  the  strongest  character  in  its 
people,  cultivate  habits  of  industry,  develop  skill,  stimulate  intelligence 
and  impart  the  most  useful  knowledge ;  in  short,  whatever  can  make 
our  civilizatfon  and  our^  industries  stronger  and  better.  No  legislation 
should  be  neglected  which  would  encourage  natural  .  enterprise,  aid  in 
the  diversification  of  occupations,  or  in  training  the  people  so  that  thev 
can  secure  greater  rewards  .from  their  industries.  We  need  not  hesitate 
to  ask  of  any  administration  or  party  such  legislation.  And  it  is  such 
that  we  are  seeking  when  we  ask  Congress  to  aid  us  in  the  development 
of  our  schools  of  mines  and  metallurgical  industries. 

The  National  Government  ha,s  wisely  established  under  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  a  well-endowed  system  of  agricultural  schools  and 
experiment  stations  for  the  purpose  of  giving  instruction  in  agriculture, 
investigating  rural  regions  and  'solving  the  difficult  problems  of  agricul- 
ture What  this  magnificent  system  has  done  for  agricultural  advance- 
merit  within  the  last  few  years  we  all  know.  How  it  has  extended  the 
agricultural  domain  -over  vast  areas  known  until  recently  as  great  desert 
regions;  how  the  farmer  lias  been  taught  that  he  can  raise  many  dif- 


International  Mining  Congress.  85 

ferent  products  where  formerly  he  was  dependent  upon  a  single  crop. 
Many  such  examples  might  be  cited.  The  good  work  still  goes  on  and 
our  agriculturists  are  becoming  stronger  and  more  independent,  and 
under  this  grand  system  the  benefits  will  continue  until  our  farmers 
become  the  masters  of  the  agricultural  world. 

It  is  a  similar  system  which  we  want  Congress  to  aid  in  building 
up  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  our  mineral  industries.  We  are  con- 
stantly learning  what  study  and  thorough  scientific  experimentation  cart 
do  for  the  development  of  mining,  metallurgy  and  manufacturing.  And 
when  in  time  what  we  are  seeking  shall  have  become  a  strong  part  of 
our  industrial  and  educational  systems  then  we  shall  realize  more  fullj 
the  enormous  advantages  to  be  derived  from  a  training  which  gives  a 
knowledge  of  the  laws  of  nature  and  a  skill  and  power  capable  o* 
mastering  difficulties  and  problems  previously  beyond  our  comprehen> 
sion.  Then  we  shall  see  that,  great  as  have  been  our  attainments,  still 
the  mission  of  science  has  made  only  the  beginning  of  what  it;  is  capa- 
ble of  doing  toward  aiding  us  to  secure  wealth,  comfort  and  refine- 
ment ;  in  short,  that  power  over  mind  and  matter  which  lifts  man  above 
the  beast  and  renders  possible  that  growth  of  mind  and  soul  which  makes 
life  strong  and  noble  and  grand. 

I  trust  that  this  assembly  will  express  in  no  uncertain  manner  its 
wish  to  have  Congress  foster  our  mining  and  metallurgical1  industry,  aai 
it  does  the  agricultural  interest,  by  granting  aid  for  mining  schools  as 
provided  for  in  the  bill  known  as  the  Mondell  Bill,  H.  R.  982,  which 
was  before  Congress  at  its  last  session  and  was  favorably  reported  upon 
by  the  Committee  on  Mines  and  Mining  and  also  the  Committee  of  ths 
Whole.  The  system  thus  started  may  be  made  to  end  in  a  division  of 
mines  and  mining  under  the  geological  survey,  or  in  a  department  of 
mining.  The  establishment  of  such  a  system  will  not  only  be  giving 
proper  recognition  of  the  importance  and  needs  of  this  great  industry, 
but  it  will  prove  an  inspiration  and  an  aid  to  knowledge  and  industry 
which  will  result  in  unfolding  from  the  hills  and  valleys  of  our  broatl 
land  treasures,  gifts  of  a  generous  God,  far  beyond  all  we  would  dare 
to  ask. 

MR.  ROBERTS,  OF  OHIO:  Mr.  President,  I  would  ask  that  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions  be  requested  to  make  a  report  of  their  work 
up  to  this  time. 

THE  PRESIDENT:  Is  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  ready  to 
make  a  report  at  this  time? 

MR.  RICHMOND,  OF  UTAH :  Mr.  President,  the  €6mmittee  on 
Resolutions  will  report  the  following: 

Resolution  introduced  by  the  gentleman  from  Colorado: 

Resolved,  That  the  International  Mining  Congress,  assembled  at 
Boise,  Idaho,  extends  to  the  president  and  directors  of  the  Louisianna 
Purchase  Exposition,  its  fraternal  greeting  and  promises-  for  it  an  ac- 
tive and  continued  interest  and  support. 

We  also  urge  upon  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States,  such  a 
generous  financial  recognition  of  the  coming  exposition  as  shall  con- 
tribute materially  'to  its  already  assured  success. 

The  Committee  on  Resolutions  beg  leave  to  report  this  back  to 
the  Committee  of  the  Whole,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  6e 
adopted. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Goodsell,  of  Illinois,  duly  seconded  and  carried, 
the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  was  adopted. 

MR.  RICHMOND:  Resolutions  introduced  by  Mr.  Prince,  of  New* 
Mexico : 

Resolved,  That  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  be  respectfully 
requested  to  provide  by  law  for  the  locating  and  working  of  mines  of 
the  reserved  minerals — gold,  silver  and  quicksilver,  on  Spanish  and  Mexi- 
can land  grants. 


86  Official  Proceedings 

Resolved,  That  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the  mining  in- 
dustry, which  has  now  reached  over  a  billion  of  dollars  of  annual  pro- 
duct, call  for  the  establishment  of  a  national  department  of  mining-, 
the  chief  officer  of  which  shall  be  a  member  of  the  President's  cabinet. 

The  Committee  on  Resolutions  begs  leave  to  report  these  resolutions 
back  to  the  Committee  of  the  Whole,  with  the  recommendation  that  they 
be  adopted. 

On  motion,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  report  of  the  Committee 
on  Resolutions  was  adopted. 

Secretary  Mahon  read  the  following  resolution,  which  was  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions' : 

Resolved,  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  International  Mining  Con- 
gress it  is  not  to  the  best  interests  of  mining  that  undeveloped  mines 
or  prospects  be  placed  on  the  "boards"  or  "lists"  of  mining  exchanges  and 
offered  for  sale  to  the  general  public,  but  only  mines  which  have  been 
'so  fully  exploited  as  to  be  well  established  propositions  should  be  of-, 
fered  on  the  boards. 

Secretary  .Mahon  then  read  the  following  preambles  and  resolution: 

Whereas,  The  past  experience  of  the  officers  of  this  organization 
in  attempting  to  secure  proper  railway  rates  to  the  meetings  of  this 
Congrss  ;  and  "  • 

.    Whereas,  Said  officers  have  been  looked  upon  as  lacking  the  proper 
authority  to  demand  such  concessions;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  elected  to  serve  during  the 
Coming  year,  to  be  known  as  the  Committee  on  Transportation,  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  handle  the  above  question  in  time  for  the  next 
meeting. 

THE  PRESIDENT:  What  is  your  pleasure  with  regard  to  this 
resolution?  It  is  scarcely  of  a  character  to  go,  under  the  rules,  to  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions1.  It  might,  perhaps,  be  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Permanent  Organization. 

On  motion  of  Mrs.  Haskell,  of  Montana,  the  foregoing  resolution 
was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization. 

Secretary  Mahon  read  the  following  resolution,  presented  by  Mr. 
Goodsell  of  Illinois: 

Whereas,  ,  The  National  Secretary  and  also  the  Vice- President  for 
Illinois  worked  together  for  two  months  to  obtain  recognition  from 
the  various  railway  passenger  associations  of  the  country  in  order  to 
obtain  special  round  trip  rates  for  the  delegates  to  this  Congress,  and 

Whereas,  These  repeated  applications  were  repeatedly  refused  to 
us  by  the  passenger  associations,  before  such  rates  were  allowed,  and 

Whereas,  Such  desirable  rates  were  finally  secured  only  through 
the  personal  assistance  of  the  following  named  railroads  ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Congress  be  extende  dto  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway,  the  Colorado  Midland  Railway,  Union 
Pacific  Railway  and  the  Oregon  Short  Line  Railway,  for  the  good  will 
and  assistance  rendered  by  them  to  enable  delegates  to  secure  satis- 
factory rates  to  this  Congress.  It  is  also 

Resolved,  That  the  members  of  this  International  Mining  Congress 
do,  as  far  as  possible,  remember  tkese  lines  when  routing  their  freights, 
and  extending  passenger  favor,  thus  expressing  proper  credit  for  their 
courtesies. 

It  is  also  known  that  had  the  other  passenger  associations  granted 


International  Mining  Congress.  87 

a  fair  rate  to  this  meeting,  it  would  have  quadrupled  the  attendance  to 
this   Congress. 

THE  PRESIDENT :  This  goes  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions, 
as  it  contains  other  matter  than  simply  the  thanks  of  the  Congress. 
It  is  so  referred. 

The  next  matter  on  the  program  is  an  address  by  Mr.  Charles  J. 
Moore,  of  Colorado,  on  "The  Geology  of  Cripple  Creek."  ilustrated  on 
the  blackboard. 

THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  CRIPPLE  CREEK  MINING  DISTRICT, 
TELLER  COUNTY,  COLORADO. 

By  Charles  J.  Moore,  Mining  Engineer  of  Cripple  Creek,   Colorado. 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  My  only  excuse  for  bring- 
ing this  subject  before  you  at  this  time  is  the  fact  that  the  Cripple 
Creek  mining  region,  as  found  today,  is  the  most  important  gold  min- 
ing section  in  the  United  States.  As  a  matter  of  American  patriotism 
each  of  us  ought  to  know  something  about  the  resources  of  every  por- 
tion of  our  country — more  especially  of  those  portions  which  enter  into 
competition  with  the  other  mining  regions  of  the  world. 

It  has  often  been  said  that  the  Cripple  Creek  mining  region  is  the 
largest  and  most  important  in  the  world.  This  is  not  so,  but  it  is 
the  most  important  in  the  United  States.  And  it  Is  unique  in  several 
features,  some  of  which  I  purpose  to  show  you  this  morning. 

I  thought  it  would  be  more  interesting  to  you,  especially  in  view 
of  the  temperature,  to  sketch  before  you  the  manner  in  which  the  for- 
mation occurs — in  other  words,  the  actual  geological  processes  by  which 
the  district  was  formed,  and  the  veins  and  the  values  deposited  therein, 
as  we  have  it  at  the  present  day. 

The  chart  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  board  represents  in  graphical 
form,  platted  to  a  scale,  the  actual  production  of  the  Cripple  Creek 
mining  district  from  the  year  1890,  in  which  the  first  discovery  was 
made,  shown  at  the  summit  of  the  pyramid  upon  the  lower  chart,  to 
the  end  of  the  year  1900,  which  is  the  lowest  line  on  the  chart.  Each 
one  of  the  vertical  intervals  between  the  horizontal  lines  represents 
on  year's  time.  Each  one  of  the  horizontal  lines  represents  the  total 
production  of  the  district,  platted,  as  I  said  before,  to  one  uniform  and 
accurate  scale. 

You  will  thus  see  that  starting  in  the  year  1890,  the  summit  of 
which  being  a  point  shows  no  production  whatever,  and  continuing 
downwards  to  the  end  of  the  year  1900,  we  have  a  production  increasing 
from  nothing  to  twenty-two  and  a  half  millions,  as  the  total  produc- 
tion of  last  year.  In  other  words,  in  ten  years  the  Cripple  Creek  min- 
ing region  has  arisen  from  an  unknown  quantity  to  the  largest  individual 
gold-producing  region  in  the  United  States.  One  of  the  \\onderful 
features  of  this  region  is  the  fact  that  the  whole  of  this  production 
comes  from  an  area  measuring  not  more  than  five  miles  from  north  to 
south,  by  three  and  a  half  miles  from  east  to  west. 

It  is  located  upon  the  site  of  a  typical  volcano.  I  might  continue 
with  regard  to  this  lower  chart  to  say  that,  contrary  to  the  statistics 
of  most  regions,  we  have  not  failed,  with  some  degree  of  accuracy,  to 
ascertain  the  profits  that  have  been  made,  both  by  -organized  mining 
companies,  whose  stock  is  on  sale  to  the  general  public,  and  by  in- 
dividuals, from  the  working  of  these  mines. 

The  red  shaded  portion  upon  the  left-hand  side  of  this  lower 
chart  represents  the  total  amount  that  has  been  actually  distributed  in 
dividends  among  the  organized  corporations  or  companies.  The  yellow, 
or  orange-colored,  shading  adjoining  that  represents  the  amount  that  has 
been  made  in  addition  to  those  dividends  by  private  individuals.  So 
that,  starting  in  the  year  1890  to  1891,  at  this  point  the  first  profits 
begin  to  show,  as  made  by  private  individuals,  not  by  organized  com- 
panies. In  the  year  1892  to  1893,  and  towards  the  close  of  the  year 
1893,  the  profits  began  to  be  distributed  in  the  form  of  dividends  by 
organized  companies.  From  that  time  forward,  organized  companies  be- 
came the  favorite  method  of  realizing  the  values  of  the  district.  Fol- 


88  Official  Proceedings 

lowing  down  the  point  of  my  cane,  you  will  see  that  the  average  line> 
of  profits  distributed  increases  very  rapidly  after  the  year  1897,  until 
in  the  year  1899,  and  down  to  the  close  of  1900,  the  percentage  of  profit 
was  increasing,  and  is  increasing  very  largely.  By  noting  with  your  eye 
the  relative  proportions  of  the  shaded  part  of  any  one  horizontal  black 
line  with  the  remainder,  you  will  see  at  a  glance  the  percentage  of 
profit  that  was  made  out  of  the  total  production. 

Without  going  into  detail,  I  may  state  that,  as  an  example,  we  will 
take  the  total  production  for  the  year  1895,  which  was  $6,970,000,  of 
which  36  per  cent  was  distributed  in  the  form  of  profit,  17  per  cent  going 
in  the  form  of  dividends  to  the  stockholders  in  organized  mining  com- 
panies, and  the  remaining  19  per  cent,  as  nearly  as  we  can  estimate, 
as  profits  to  private  individuals. 

Coming  down  to  the  year  1899,  the  total  profit  made  by  the  or- 
ganized companies  and  distributed  in  the  form  of  dividends  was  21 
per  cent,  the  total  for  the  year  being  27  per  cent,  showing  that  the 
private  individuals,  who  were  chiefly  lessees,  without  capital,  working 
mainly  by  their  own  muscle,  had  made  6  per  cent  of  the  total,  as  theh 
share  of  the  profits  of  the  district. 

Coming  down  to  the  lowest  point,  the  yeor  1900,  we  find  as  against 
the  total  production  of  twenty-two  and  a  half  millions,  the  amount  of 
$6,863,674  a®  profits  in  dividends ;  at  the  rate  of  30  per  cent  of  the 
entire  amount  to  the  organized  companies.  I  estimate  that  4  per  cent 
additional  is  what  was  made  by  private  individuals,  namely,  lessees, 
making  the  total  profit  on  the  whole  production  for  the  year  1900,  34 
per  cent.  You  can  see  for  yourselves1  the  individual  profits  made  in  the 
different  years  by  comparing  the  figures  which  represent  the  published 
dividends  of  the  different  companies!,  with  the  total  amount  in  black 
figures  upon  the  right-hand  side  of  the  board.  I  would  say  in  passing, 
that  there  are  very  few  businesses  in  the  world,  I  do  not  care  whether 
it  is  manufactures,  or  any  other  form  of  enterprise,  which  can  show 
any  such  continuous  profits,  and  such  a  tendency  as  you  will  notice  at 
the  lower  part  of  the  chart  to  still  further  increase,  as  those  of  the 
mining  industry.  We  do  not  claim  for  the  Cripple  Creek  mining  di®* 
trict  that  we  make  a  larger  amount  of  money  per  capita  than  any 
other  mining  district,  but  we  do  claim  that  the  work  we  are  doing  in 
Cripple  Creek  in  adding  to  the  wealth  of  the  country  shows  as  favor- 
ably as  any  throughout  the  United  States;  and  that  we  are  still  in- 
creasing at  such  a  rapid  rate  that  it  will  retain  the  supremacy  of 
Cripple  Creek  as  the  leading  gold  region  for  years  to  come,  in  spite 
of  its  small  area. 

Passing  now  to  the  chart  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  board,  we 
have  a  sketch  to  represent  a  typical  volcano.  Through  the  central  vent, 
the  red  lines  represent  the  volcano  in  active  eruption,  and  at  the  sum* 
mit  of  the  ejectament,  you  will  observe  the  typical  cloud,  which  always 
rests  over  a  volcano.  It  is  not  one  of  that  class  of  volcanoes  which 
throw  out  large  sheets  of  lava,  covering  the  country,  as  you  have  it  a 
short  distance  below  here,  with  immense  beds  of  dense  basalt,  traps  or 
lava  flows.  It  was  a  volcano1  very  active,  very  rapid  and  very  sudden 
in  its  action.  The  consequence  was  that  the  materials  thrown  out  from 
the  throat  were  a  series  of  fragmentary  portions  of  rocks.  They  were  not 
thrown  out  in  a  molten  condition,  and  afterwards  consolidated  by  cool- 
ing on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  but  thrown  out  unmelted  in  fragmentary 
condition,  and  then  consolidated  on  the  earth's  surface  into  the  rock 
Which  we  have  today,  locally  known  as  porphyry,  more  properly  as  a 
"breccia,"  breccia  being  rock  composed  of  pre-existing  angular  frag- 
ments cemented  together  by  silicious  waters.  The  material  of  which  this 
rock  is  composed  varied  in  the  size  of  the  fragments,  from  a  fine,  al- 
most impalpable  dust,  to  fragments  which  would  weigh,  say,  150  to  200 
tons.  The  larger  fragments  are  rare,  but  are  still  to  be  found  in  places 
throughout  the  district.  The  greater  portion  of  the  rock  thus  formed 
upon  the  underlying  granite  is  composed  of  fragments  from  perhaps  one- 
half,  to  the  full  size  of  an  ordinary  man's  head. 

Now  you  will  notice  that  out  of  the  cloud  there  is  a  continual  rain 
of  this  fine  volcanic  dust  falling.  I  will  erase  the  cloud,  and  show  you 
the  condition  which  existed  after  the  active  portion  of  the  eruption 
ceased,  and  these  various  materials,  which  you  might  almost  say  dropped 
from  the  skies,  became  the  superincumbent  rocks  upon  the  earth's  sur- 
face. The  throat  of  the  volcano  was  still  filled  with  a  molten  mass, 


International  Mining  Congress.  80 

and  partly   with   these  fragments  of  which   I  have   spoken,  imbedded  in 
the  mass. 

The  result  of  all  that  material  thrown  out  from  the  central  crevice, 
and  from  a  few  subsidiary  or  side  crevices,  was  to  place  on  top  of  the 
granite  a  series  of  fragmentary  rocks  of  that  character,  finally  con- 
solidated into  the  surface  as  we  find  it  today,  something  like  that  (in- 
dicating) ;  there  is  no  bedding,  or  evidence  of  bedding;  but  it  is  a  solid, 
generally  hard  and  homogeneous  rock,  formed  by  all  these  individual 
fragments  cemented  together  with  the  quartz  deposited  from  a  flow  of 
silicous  waters. 

Now  the  central  throat,  or  main  vent  of  the  volcano,  has  never 
yet  been  discovered  by  actual  underground  developments ;  but  from  the 
fact  that  there  is  a  certain  rock  in  a  certain  position,  known  as  syenite, 
which  required,  for  its  formation  a  long  time  of  cooling  in  a  heated 
envelope,  we  infer  that  that  rock  actually  occupies  the  throat  of  the  vol- 
cano. So  I  will  place  that  rock  in  the  middle  of  the  throat.  That  rock 
we  will  call  syenite. 

You  will  notice  that  up  to  this  time  I  have  said  nothing  about 
veins.  The  condition  of  affairs  after  the  heavy  eruption  ceased  is  in- 
dicated now  upon  that  chart.  The  next  operation  was  in  the  final  throes 
of  the  volcano,  creating  numerous  fissures,  or  cracks.  A  peculiarity  of 
the  Cripple  Creek  district  is  the  fact  that  there  are  very  few  faults, 
or  displacements,  along  the  line  of  the  fissures.  The  cracks  seem  to 
have  been  created  or  originated  very  largely  by  the  general  contraction  of 
the  rock  in  cooling.  These  were  emended  afterwards  by  dynamic  forces, 
but  to  a  great  extent  they  were  mere  cooling  cracks :  so  that  the  fissures 
extend  through  every  rock  without  displacement,  where  they  pass  from 
one  to  another. 

I  will  now  indicate  the  general  form  in  which  these  fissures  come 
up  through  the  country.  You  will  notice,  as  a  peculiarity,  that  in  pass- 
ing through  the  granite  to  the  surface,  there  is  no  displacement  of  any 
kind  where  they  enter  from  the  lower  into  the  superincumbent  rock. 
That  is  another  respect  in  which  this  differs  from  any  other  mining 
region.  Of  course  you  know  that  in  other  regions  you  may  have  branches 
running  off  from  a  fismre,  and  as  you  go  downwards  you  will  find  a 
union  of  fissures  on  their  dip.  You  will  have  occasional  crossings, 
though  there  are  fewer  crossings  than  unions,  and  the  unions  are  not 
very  many,  compared  to  the  total  number  of  veins. 

These  fissures  were  not  immediately  filled  with  mineral-bearing 
values  after  their  creation.  Many  of  them  were  filled  with  dykes.  There 
seems  to  have  been  a  later  series'  of  empta,  which  consisted  entirely  of 
molten  rocks;  and  there  we  come  to  another  peculiarity  of  the  Cripple 
Creek  district.  It  differs  from  most  of  the  other  mining  districts  of 
the  world  in  the  fact  that  the  principal  molten  rock  injected  into  these 
fistsures  was  what  is  known  as  phonolite.  The  only  other  mining  re- 
gion in  the  United  States  in  which  this  has  developed  to  any  great  ex- 
tent is  in  the  Black  Hills,  in  South  Dakota,  and  there  it  is  also  as- 
sociated with  a  high-grade  ore. 

I  will  now  draw  with  the  green  chalk  the  dyke  coming  up  through 
certain  of  these  fissures.  Still,  I  have  said  nothing  of  ore  deposits1; 
this  was  subsequent  to  the  formation  of  these  dykes,  which  you  will 
notice  I  have  drawn  corning  through  the  fissures  from  the  underlying 
granite  through  the  superincumbent  rock,  formed  from  the  volcano;  and 
you  will  observe  there  is  no  evidence  of  any  veins  as  yet.  The  last 
process  in  the  formation  of  the  Cripple  Creek  mining  district  was  the 
deposit  in  these  fissures,  in  some  cases  in  the  dykes,  in  many  cases  in 
fissures,  where  no  dykes  existed.  Sometimes  the  dykes  themselves  are 
entirely  mineralized  throughout.  There  are  a  number  of  interesting 
phenomena  in  the  district,  in  reference  to  veins  and  other  formations, 
which  I  have  no  time  to  enlarge  on  now ;  but  with  the  red  chalk  I  will 
draw  the  veins  which  finally  gave  us  the  economic  values  which  we  art 
today  extracting.  Occasionally  veins  will  come  like  the  one  I  am  no\v 
drawing,  retaining  its  own  individuality,  from  great  depth  to  the  sur- 
face, crossing  everything  in  its  path  without  displacement.  There  are  sev~ 
eral  diagonal  and  cross  veins  differing  from  each  other,  but  the  ones 
on  the  right  hand  side  show  the  most  important  characteristics. 

The  sketch,  letter  "A"  shows  a  typical  Cripple  Creek  vein,  entering 
from  the  granite  below,  through  the  superincumbent  rock,  in  a  series 
of  parallel  cracks,  or  fissures.  You  will  notice  that  the  shading  in  the 


90  Official  Proceedings 

central  portion  of  that  sketch  is  heavier  than  that  on  the  side.  There 
is  always  one  narrow  fissure  which  contains  much  more  value  than 
any  of  the  rest  of  the  vein.  But  every  other  parallel  tissure  also  con- 
tains value,  sometimes  not  thicker  than  a  sheet  of  paper,  but  carrying 
a  very  great  percentage  of  gold,  extending  from  40  per  cent  to  a  sheet 
of  almost  free  gold.  The  result  of  that  character  of  mineralization  is1 
that  the  country  rock  existing  between  all  those  small  fissures  is  mineral- 
ized, so  that  in  extracting  the  vein  we  mine  the  entire  width,  as  far 
as  we  find  values  by  assays,  and  this  has  led  to  the  expression  that  in 
Cripple  Cre"ek  there  are  no  walls  to  the  veins.  It  is  the  truth  that  in 
the  width  of  the  vein  there  is  very  often  no  physical  wail  developed, 
as  in  tne  rest  of  the  country,  but  there  is  a  division,  which  is  found 
by  assaying,  between  that  which  is  profitable  and  that  which  is  un- 
profitable to  extract.  In  some  oases  the  veins,  by  reason  of  that  shape 
of  structure,  attain  a  great  width.  In  the  Portland  mine,  which  is  .the 
leading  mine  of  the  district,  in  one  place  today  we  are  mining  a  total 
width  of  106  feet.  It  is  true  that  not  the  whole  of  t'hat  106  feet  in 
width  is  payable  ore,  that  is,  ore  that  can  be  smelted  at  a  profit,  but 
the  whole  of  it  can  be  treated  ;  the  low-grade  portion  can  be  treated  in 
chlorination  or  cyanide  mills,  and  is  being  put  up  on  a  separate  dump 
to  be  treated  by  a  chlcrination  mill  which  the  Portland  Company  1» 
now  constructing. 

Sketch  No.  3  represents  the  next  most  common  type  of  vein  in 
Cripple  Creek.  In  that  you  will  see  a  dyke  that  is  colored  green,  en- 
tering from  below  upwards  from  the  underlying  granite,  into  the  super- 
incumbent breccia,  and  after  the  dyke  was  formed  it  was  mineralized, 
somewhat  in  the  same  way  you  see  by  the  red  lines.  Tracing  that  a 
little  further,  you  will  see  the  mineral  placed  along  the  boundaries  of 
the  dyke,  occasionally  passing  through,  and  running  lengthways  of  the 
dyke  through  the  center,  passing  diagonally  across  in  various  places, 
thereby  rendering  the  whole  dyke  profitable  to  extract.  That  dyke  might 
be  either  phonolite,  basalt  or  andesite,  those  three  being  the  main  dyke 
rocks  of  the  region.  The  grade  of  the  Cripple  Creek  ore  is  not  equalled 
anywhere  throughout  the  whole  world,  except  in  West  Australia,  m 
the  Kalgoorlie  region.  It  is  a  double  telluride  of  gold  and  silver,  in 
which  the  gold  occupies  in  the  mineral  crystals  an  average  of  40  per 
cent  of  metaL  It  would  sound  extraordinary  if  I  were  to  tell  you 
the  values  that  are  obtained.  In  some  cases  ores  have  been  mined, 
not  in  lots  of  many  carloads  to  be  sure,  but  still  in  quantities  which 
made  a  very  respectable  fortune  for  a  single  carload ;  as  much  as  $80,- 
000  to  $90,000  to  the  carload  of.  eight  and  a  half  tons  has  been  shipped, 
not  infrequently,  from  tne  Cripple  Creek  district.  In  some  cases  ores 
have  run  up,  by  actual  assays,  and  in  quantity,  to  as  much  as  $160,- 
000  to  the  ton  in  gold.  Such  extraordinary  values,  of  course,  are  more  or 
less  irregular  in  their  distribution,  both  in  the  veins  themselves,  and 
throughout  the  district ;  but  the  average  of  the  total  production  last 
year  was  $45.67  per  ton  for  all  grades  of  ore;  and  I  venture  to  say. 
that  throughout  the  United  States — nay,  throughout  the  world — that 
cannot  be  equalled.  Taking  all  the  grades  that  we  ship  out.  the 
greater  portion  of  which,  of  course,  are  low  grade,  which  run  below  $15 
to  the  ton,  and  is  sent  to  cyanide  and  chlorination  mills  for  treatment, 
— including  all  that  vast  mass,  and  adding  to  that  the  higher  grades, 
and  taking  the  general  mean,  not  an  arithmetical  average,  but  a  true 
mean  of  the  ore,  produces  that  result — $45.67,  as  the  average  in  value 
per  ton  for  last  year's  production.  As  we  have  gone  deeper  below  the 
surface  we  have  found  no  decrease  in  the  average  value  of  the  ore,  but 
on  the  contrary,  the  same,  or  nearly  the  same  grade  has  been  main- 
tained as  we  had  in  the  superficial  ores,  and  we  have  reached  now  a 
total  depth  of  1,150  to  1,200  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

I  will  call  your  attention  once  more  to  the  fact  that  the  first  ship- 
ment was  made  in  the  year  1891 ;  the  total  gross  production  of  that 
year  was  only  $200,000.  Now,  if  you  carry  in  your  minds1  the  fact 
that  in  those  nine  years  from  the  close  of  1891  to  1900,  the  district 
has  produced  and  added  to  the  country's  wealth  over  one  hundred  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  and  that  the  grade  has  not  decreased  as  we  have  gone 
downwards,  but  has  maintained  its  high  value,  even  in  the  lowest  levels 
today — in  fact,  I  may  say  that  the  average  of  the  lowest  levels  that 
we  nave  developed,  at  1,150  feet  below  the  surface,  is  greater  than  the 


International  Mining  Congress. 


91 


average  500  feet  above,  you  will  get  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  this 
district,  and  its  importance  to  the  whole  of  the  United  States, 

I  see  that  I  am  booked  to  talk  to  you  about  the  Leadville  forma- 
tion, and  it  seems  to  me  that  on  account  of  the  heat  I  have  tried  your 
patience  long  enough,  but  would  be  perfectly  willing,  if  it  is  agree- 
able, to  resume  this  evening,  or  at  some  other  time,  and  give  you  an 
account  of  the  Leadville  mining  district  in  the  same  way,  by  sketches 
on  the  blackboard.  (Applause.) 

The  address  was  delivered  entirely  without  notes,  and  illustrated 
by  charts  and  chalk  sketches  on  a  large  blackboard.  The  following  table 
contains  the  statistics  of  production  and  profit  referred  to  in  the  address : 

CRIPPLE  CREEK  STATISTICAL  MAP. 


Year. 

Total  Production 
in  Dollars. 

DIVIDENDS  BY  COMPANIES 

Percentage  of 
Profit  by  Ind.- 
viduals 
Outside  of 
Companies. 
(Estimated) 

Total  Profit  in 
Percentages. 

Dollars. 

Percentage  of 
Total 
Production. 

1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 

$       200,000 
587,310 
2,010,400 
3,250,000 
6,970.000 
10,000,000 
12,500,000 
15,735,757 
20,000,000 
22,500.000 

'4 

25 
17 
12 
10 
16 
21 
30 

37 
26 
16 
10 
19 
12 
10 
9 
6 
4 

37 
26 
26 
35 
36 
24 
20 
25 
27 
34 

88,940 
843,876 
1,232,000 
1,178,744 
1,271,395 
2,598,456 
4,332,494 
6,863,674 

Total  $93,753,467 

$18,409,579 

Average  19.6 

Men  employed  in  1900,  4,500.     Mines  working,  75.     Mills  supplied,  7. 
Smelters,  5.     Average  gross  value  per  ton  of  ore  shipped  for  1900.  $45. 
Revised  and   corrected   August   12.   1901. 

CHAS.    J.    MOORE,    Mining    Engineer. 
Cripple   Creek,   Colorado. 

MR.  DERN,  OP  UTAH :  Mr.  President,  Dr.  Talmage,  of  the  Utah 
delegation,  is  a  momber  of  the  Legislature,  and  is  unable  to  remain 
during  the  entire  session  of  the  Congress.  Therefore  I  wish  to  announce 
the  name  of  Mr.  J.  H.  McChristie  as  a  substitute  for  Dr.  Talmage  on 
the  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization. 

THE  PRESIDENT:  The  next  on  the  program  is  a  paper  by  Mrs. 
Pauline  L.  Holland,  of  Galena,  111. ;  subject.  "Why  Mining  Men  Should 
Be  Politicians." 

Mrs.    Holland    read    the    following    paper : 


SHOULD  MINING  MEN  BE  POLITICIANS? 

However  much  our  individual  judgments  may  differ  regarding  the 
correct  and  proper  answer  to  this  question,  in  this  we  will  probably 
all  be  agreed :  that,  hitherto,  mining  men,  as  a  class,  have  conscientiuos- 
ly  held  aloof  from  politics  and  cannot  be  accused  of  fermenting  the 
political  leaven,  to  any  large  extent,  with  their  own  troubles.  Whether 
wisely  so  or  not  remains  to  be  seen.  The  advancement  of  the  industry 
has,  without  doubt,  been  steady,  and  ia  in  the  aggregate  enormous. 
But  it  is  attributable,  almost  wholly,  to  tenacious  and  unaided 
individual  effort.  The  mining  man  has  been  a  mining  man, 
pure  and  simple,  first,  last  and  all  the  time.  He  seems  to 
have  had  no  time  to  be  anything  else.  He  has  asked  for  nothing 
and  has  received  nothing.  With  uncomplaining  patience  he  has  applied 


92  Official  Proceedings 

"himself  strictly  to  his  business.  Animated  by  a  rugged,  and  almost  stub- 
born independence,  engendered1  by  his  .peculiar  calling,  he  is,  no  doubt, 
capable  of  ultimately  working  out  his  own  salvation.  Even  though  left 
entirely  to  himself  his  progress  will  be  in  the  future,  as  it  has  been 
in  the  past,  onward.  Still  he  must  feel  that  his  labors  have  not  yielded 
unmixed  success.  The  net  result  has  not  been  the  best  possible  nor 
the  most  satisfactory.  The  advance  seems  to  be  only  by  slow  and  pain- 
ful degrees  and  with  many  a  drag.  It  is  achieved  at  the  expense  of 
many  a  hardship  and  dearly-bought  lesson.  The  pathway  seems  to  be 
almost  as  arduous  today,  as  years  ago.  when  it  was  blazed  by  the  pioneers 
of  the  industry.  We  feel  that  we  are  beset  with  obstacles  and  that, 
on  all  sides  we  meet  the  resistance  of  nature  and  of  man. 

And  yet,  strange  to  say,  many  of  these  difficulties  have  not  been 
unavoidable  and  our  attitude  towards  them  has  been  one  of  surpris- 
ing indifference.  We  have  felt  the  heavy  burden  of  unwise  legislation, 
in  some  instances  unreasonable  and  oppressive,  in  others  mischievously 
lax.  Yet,  we  have  taken  but  little  or  no  pains  to  seek  relief.  We  have 
been  hampered  by  the  almost  entire  want  of  official  recognition,  aid 
and  encouragement.  Still  we  have  remained  silent  and  did  not  complain. 
Like  unto  every  other  industry  in  the  land,  we  have  been  caught  in  the 
whirlpool  of  recent  economic  changes  and  disturbances  and  have  not 
escaped  the  consequences  of  a  keen  industrial  warfare.  Yet  we  have 
stood  by,  with  masterly  inactivity,  passively  contemplating  the  field  of 
action,  in  which  others  struggled.  In  a  word,  we  have  been  so  absorbed 
with  the  immediate  pursuit  of  our  industry  that  we  have  remained  al- 
most completely  out  of  touch  with  the  political  and  economic  life 
around  us,  as  if  we  failed  to  realize  that  we,  too,  are  an  important  and 
vital  part  of  the  economy  of  the  nation. 

The  proper  administration  of  public  affairs  for  the  advancement  and 
prosperity  of  our  whole  people  concerns  us  all  and  demands  the  co- 
operation of  all.  It  is  not  sufficient  that  the  citizen  play  his  part,  high 
or  low,  in  the  great  scheme  of  our  political  existence ;  but  the  ma- 
terial interests  of  the  country,  being  a  part  of  the  economic  whole,  must 
claim  a  voice  and  take  a  hand  in  the  affairs  of  government,  through  their 
best  and  ablest  representatives. 

And,  therefore,  I  say,  with  confidence,  that  an  industry,  which  has 
gained  the  proportions  and  importance  of  the  mining  industry,  is  not  do- 
ing itself  justice,  nor  subserving  its  own  best  interests,  if  it  goes  un- 
represented and  unchampioned  in  our  public  economy;  and,  mining  men, 
not  alone  should,  but  they  must,  in  some  measure,  be  politicians  if  we 
aspire  to  the  highest  degree  of  industrial  development.  Not  politicians 
in  the  vulgar  sense;  meaning  an  intelligent  and  active  interest  in  public 
and  political  affairs,  so  far  as  they  are  applicable  to  the  needs  and  re- 
quirements of  our  ir.dustry. 

To  the  unthinking  mind,  of  course,  politics  and  mining  may  have 
very  little  in  common,  except  perhaps,  that  they  are  both  very  un- 
certain. But  when  we  reflect  that  the  strain  of  politics  runs  through  the 
entire  woof  and  web  of  our  industrial  fabric;  that  its  mechanism  is  oi 
the  most  delicate  structure  and  the  disturbance  of  any  one  part  produces 
an  inevitable  reaction  on  all  the  others :  that  the  doings  of  politics  can 
effect  every  industry  in  the  land  to  the  quick;  and  when,  furthermore, 
we  reflect  that  judicious  governmental  neglect  can  interpose  most  dis- 
couraging obstacles  to  the  industry,  it  behooves  us  to  concern  ourselves 
with  this  aspect  of  the  question. 

We  should  know,  and  I  have  no  doubt  we  do  know,  what  our  in- 
dustry wants  and  needs,  both  for  itself  and  in  its  relation  to  all  the 
other  industries  of  the  nation.  But  knowing  it  is  not  sufficient.  It  i» 
our  duty  to  assert  our  wants.  It  is  idle  to  wait  for  others  to  take  up 
our  cause.  The  initiative  must  come  from  us,  who  are  primarily  inter- 
ested. It  is  true,  the  American  nation  is  today  striving  for  universal 
progress  in  every  direction.  And  development  in  every  line  of  human 
pursuit  and  in  every  section  of  the  country,  is  the  watchword  of  the  day. 
The  people  want  to  see  every  furnace  in  the  land  aglow,  every  wheel  in 
every  workshop  and  factory  humming,  every  pick  and  shovel  employed, 
every  sail  spread  to  the  wind.  But  at  the  same  time  the  public  mind 
is  slow  to  understand  and  slow  to  act.  The  great  majority  are  so  pre- 
occupied with  their  own  immediate  concerns  that  they  have  little  time 
and  little  inclination  to  stu.dy  the  requirements  of  the  industries  ot 
our  great  country  or  the  important  relation  each  bears  to  the  general 


International  Mining  Congress.  93 

welfare  and  prosperity.  It  is  a  fact,  too  well  known  for  Contradiction, 
that  every  important  issue  that  has  ever  been  submitted  to  the 'judg- 
ment of  the  American  people  has  required  a  preliminary  campaign  of 
education.  No  great  reform  was  ever  inaugurated,  no  advance  step 
taken  in  our  political  and  domestic  economy,  which  has  not  been  pre> 
ceded  by  persevering  and  earnest  agitation.  And,  agitation,  particularly 
in  the  domain  of  an  industry,  so  technical  and  scientific  as  mining,  taust 
come  in  the  first  instance  from  those  who  best  understand  its  necessi- 
ties. The  foremost  economists  of  the  age  can  only  speculate  and  theorize. 
They  are  helpless  without  the  aid  of  those  who  have  grappled  with 
the  vexing  problems  of  our  industry,  through  a  life-long  experience  In 
its  pursuit.  From  you,  therefore,  must  come  the  suggestion,  tbJe  agita- 
tion, until  success  crowns  your  efforts. 

And  in  thus  entering  the  lists  of  politics,  you  will  not  be  pioneers. 
In  fact  you  will  be  in  the  wake  of  a  long  procession  that  has  gone  be- 
fore you.  You  will  have  the  encouragement  of  many  successes  that 
have  already  been  achieved  by  others.  There  are  practical  examples, 
within  the  experience  and  memory  of  us  all,  of  the  startling  and  tre- 
mendous impetus  which  our  material  progress  gains  when  it  feels  the 
breath  and  pulse  of  politics.  Not  so  many  years  ago  the  complaints  of 
the  manufacturing  interests  in  this1  country  were  loud  and  long.  But 
their  grievances  went  unheard  and  their  interests  unheeded,  till  they 
carried  them  into  the  arena  of  American  politics.  Early  and  late  they 
bespoke  the  attention  of  the  American  people.  They  clamored  for  Gov- 
ernment  aid  and  recognition  until  the  entire  country  was  alive  to  their 
demands.  Their  needs  and  requirements  became  the  absorbing  eco- 
nomical question  of  the  day  and  formed  the  pivotal  issue  of  two  great 
national  campaigns.  Everyone  knows  how  fierce  and  protracted  the 
battle  was,  but  the  manufacturing  interests  won,  and  today  the  Mc- 
Kinley  act  and  the  Dingley  law  stand  as  living  monuments  of  what  the 
manufacturing  industry  could  accomplish  for  itself  when  it  chose  to 
take  a  hand  in  politics.  How  wise  and  fostering  governmental  legisla- 
tion has,  through  long  years,  aided  the  upbuilding  of  the  great  trans* 
continental  transportation  interests  of  this  country,  is  but  recent  his^ 
tory,  fresh  in  the  minds  of  all,  and  needs  no  recounting.  And  it  is 
not  to  be  denied  that  they  have  thrived  and  grown  healthy  and  strong 
under  its  protection.  In  the  immediate  present  politics  is  giving  its 
most  solicitous  attention  to  our  merchant  marine.  For  weeks  past  a 
congressional  party,  representing  the  Rivers  and  Harbor  Committee, 
have  been  employed  upon  the  North  Pacific  coast  and  Alaska,  gathering 
information  and  statistics,  examining  waterways  and  commercial  porta, 
ready  to  recommend  new  improvements  and  to  provide  new  appropria- 
tions, in  order  to  accommodate  our  ever-expanding  ocean  commerce. 
Its  needs  have  also  obtained  the  official  recognition  of  the  Republican 
party,  in  its  national  platform,  wherein  they  say :  "Our  present  de- 
pendence on  foreign  shipping  for  nine-tenths  of  our  foreign  carrying, 
is  a  great  loss  to  the  industry  of  this  country  and  a  serious  menace  to 
out  trade  *  *  *  which  supplies  a  compelling  reason  for  legislative  action, 
which  will  enable  us  to  recover  our  former  place  among  the  trade  car- 
rying fleets  of  the  world."  And  it  is  safe  to  predict  that  the  next 
Congress  will  carry  out  this  suggestion  by  passing  a  ship-subsidy  bill 
that  will  materially  assist  us  to  recover  this  lost  place.  In  still  an- 
other direction  the  potency  of  politics  appears  in  the  Kansas  City  plat- 
form, wherein  the  Democratic  party  raises  its  voice  on  behalf  of  Ameri- 
can labor  and  the  upbuilding  of  the  working  man  as  the  cornerstone 
of  the  prosperity  of  the  country :  and,  to  that  end,  recommends  that 
Congress  create  a  department  of  labor,  in  charge  of  a  secretary,  with 
a  seat  in  the  cabinet. 

But  it  is  needless  to  multiply  examples.  In  fact  there  is  hardly  an 
industry  or  line  of  pursuit,  except  mining,  which  has  not,  in  some  way, 
sought  and,  in  some  degree  at  least,  experienced  the  vivifying  govern- 
mental touch.  But,  let  it  be  remembered,  that  in  no  case  has  it  come 
of  itself  and  unsought.  Nor  has  it  come  easy.  Politics,  like  fortune, 
needs  to  be  courted  for  its  favors.  And  if  we  wish  that  politics  should 
interest  itself  in  us  we  must  first  interest  ourselves  in  politics.  With 
this  reservation,  I  dare  say,  it  will  depend  wholly  on  us  to  be  up  and 
doing,  in  order  to  come  into  our  own. 

Nor  can  we  be  at  a  loss  to  discover  a  field  in  which  our  political 
energies  may  be  profitably  exerted.  Indeed,  these  energies  have  lain 


94  Official  Proceedings 

dormant  so  long  that  the  work  has  piled  up  on  all  sides  of  us,  and  the 
real  difficulty  consists  in  knowing  where  to  lay  hold  first. 

Unfortunately  the  lack  of  time  and  space  forbids  to  do  more  than 
make  suggestions.  Our  fundamental  necessity  is  to  awaken  a  just  sense 
of  national  wealth,  but  as  an  essential  element  in  the  progress  of  civili- 
zation. Each  of  the  three  great  productive  industries  exploits  a  natural 
kingdom  for  the  benefit  of  man.  What  agriculture  does  for  the  veget- 
able, and  the  raising  of  cattle,  poultry  and  fish  for  the  animal,  mining 
does  for  the  mineral  or  inorganic  world.  Yet  there  is  one  respect  in 
.which  mining  differs  from  all  the  others.  Its  resources  of  supply  are  not 
perpetual  land ;  once  exhausted  cannot  be  renewed.  Hence,  vigor  in  the 
development  and  economy  in  the  use  of  mineral  resources  have  always 
been  urged  as  a  national  duty.  All  civilized  governments  have  recog- 
nized, in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  the  necessity  for  encouraging  the  min- 
ing industry;  but  the  methods  employed  have,  by  no  means,  been  ade- 
quate to  its  needs  nor  commensurate  with  its  importance.  The  first 
step  usually  taken  in  this  direction  consisted  in  the  collection  and  pub- 
lication of  mining  data  and  statistics.  In  this  country  the  several  states 
have  performed  this  work  most  irregularly.  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Nevada,  California,  Colorado  and  perhaps  some  others, 
at  present  keep  up  more  or  less  complete  statistical  bureaus.  The 
Federal  Government  began  by  doing  it  very  imperfectly,  in  the  Census  and 
in  the  Statistical  Bureau  of  the  Treasury;  later,  more  carefully,  for  the 
public  lands  in  and  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  through  special  com- 
missioners, reporting  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (1866-76)  ;  still 
later  trrough  the  reports  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint  at  Washington  and 
of  the  various  topographical  and  geological  surveys  of  the  Interior  and 
War  Departments.  Recently  there  has  been  a  perceptible  tendency  on 
the  part  of  especially  those  States  which  have  done  the  least  in  develop- 
ing heir  own  resources  and  industries,  to  extend  into  the  States  the 
national  geological  and  statistical  work,  heretofore  confined  chiefly  to  na- 
tional lands.  But,  withal,  it  will  be  readily  seen  the  work  has  been 
spasmodic  and  lacking  in  uniformity,  and  but  little  has  been  accom- 
plished towards  the  prevention  of  waste  or  the  securing  of  permanence 
in  mining. 

To  the  writer,  it  would  seem,  that  the  best  results  will  not  be  ob- 
tained until  these  scattered  and  fitful  efforts  are  concentrated  and 
centralized.  And  this  can  only  be  done  through  the  instrumentality  of 
a  national  department  of  mh:ing.  The  time  is  ripe  for  it.  The  ad- 
vance of  recent  years  has  made  it  possible.  We  have  grown  to  be  a 
powerful  industry  and  our  interests  lie  in  almost  every  State  of  the 
Union.  In  mining  and  metallurgy  we  surpass  all  nations.  In  the  year 
1899  the  ore  and  mineral  output  of  the  United  States  was  to  exceed 
five  hundred  and  eighty  million  dollars,  not  including  the  metal  output 
and  secondary  mineral  and  chemical  products,  which  would  easily  swell 
it  up  to  a  grand  total  of  over  twelve  hundred  million  dollars.  Iron, 
steel,  copper  and  coal  are  now  firmly  in  the  list  of  our  great  exports 
and  the  moneyed  and  business  interests  of  the  whole  country  are  now 
closely  allied  with  the  mining  industry,  so  that  its  wealth  and  import- 
ance and  votes  should  be  able  to  obtain  for  us  a  representative  in  the 
President's  official  family.  In  1899,  when  grain,  cattle  and  cotton  had 
become  great  export  staples1,  the  -business  interets  representing  them  se- 
cured the  establishment  of  a  department  of  agriculture.  Some  idea  ol 
the  efficiency  of  this  bureau  may  be  gained  from  the  completeness  and 
thoroughness  with  which  it  is  organized.  It  pays  to  its  secretary  and  his 
assistants  and  the  various  chiefs  of  divisions  alone,  not  including  cleri- 
cal help,  the  splendid  sum  of  $73,000  per  year  in  salaries.  And  among 
the  heads  of  its  numerous  divisions  may  be  found  experts  in  such  highly 
scientific  and  technical  branches  of  learning  as>  agrostology,  vegetable 
physiology  and  pathology,  forestry,  chemistry,  entomology,  botanay. 
pomology  and  various  others.  I  will  leave  it  to  you  to  picture 
to  ourselves  the  incalculable  benefit  your  industry  would  reap 
from  the  labors  and  researches  of  a  department  of  mining, 
so  splendi'dly  equipped  as  this  now  is.  Then,  indeed,  the  time 
will  hasten  itself  when  mining  will  come  to  be  recognized,  as  it  ought 
to  be,  as  a  commercial  business  and  a  most  exactly  organized  industry. 

If  your  efforts  in  politics  produced  no  other  results  than  this  your 
pains  would  be  well  repaid.  But  I  know  your  enthusiasm  would  be 
aroused  by  your  success  and  you  would  be  eager  for  new  conquests  in 


International  Mining  Congress.  95 

the  political    domain.      And   the   field   is   large.      A   complete   revision   o> 
the   mining    statutes    and    perhaps    a    codification    that   would    unify    and 
harmonize  many  conflicting  judicial  declarations,  is  "a  consummation  de^ 
voutly  to  be  wished  for."     Yet  this  reform  would  be  so  gigantic  and  so 
sweeping  that  it  could  only  be  brought  about  by  gradual  degrees.     Fo* 
the  beginning  we  could  accomplish  much  for  the  benefit  of  the  industry 
by  securing  some  of  the  most  necessary  changes.      I   might   instance   as 
one    of    the    most    important    and     desirable     of    these,    the    adoption    of 
"square    locations."     As    long   ago    as    1880   a    special    public    land    com^ 
mission,  appointed  by  the  President,  and  consisting  of  the  Commissioner 
of  the   General  Land  Office,   the  Director  of  the  Geological   Survey  and 
three  civilians,  made  a  sweeping  recommendation  of  this  change.    But  no 
legislative  action  was  ever  taken  thereon.     The  present  law  of  lode  lo- 
cations, with  extra  lateral  rights,  has  been  aptly  described  by  a  writer  as 
"a  peculiar  right,    which   may   be    summed   up   as   the   ordinary   common 
law  right  to  the  surface  and  all  beneath  it,  plus  a  certain  addition  and 
minus  a   certain  deduction — the   addition   being   the  right  of   the   locator 
to    follow    veins   of  which   his    land    contains    the    apex,    downward,    be- 
tween the  end  plains   of  his  location,   into  his  neighbor's  land,  and  the 
deduction,    being   a    similar   right   possessed   by    the   adjoining    neighbor.'* 
That   this  "peculiar  right"  has  been  productive  of  much  mischief  is  our 
almost  universal  experience.     It  'has  given  the  opportunity  to  unscrupu- 
lous "miners  to  prey  upon  bona  fide  mining  by  the  location  of  fractions, 
which   have   no  value  and  were   never   intended   to  have  any  value  save 
for  the  purposes  of  blackmail.     And  the  large  amount  of  costly  litigation 
under   the   present   system,   as   compared  with   the   almost  total   absence 
of  mining  litigation  proper,   in  the  older  States,  under  the  common  law 
system  of  location,   is  a  striking  and  unanswerable  fact.     A  recent  and 
conspicuous    illustration   of   this1  is    afforded   by    the   celebrated   Pennsyl- 
vania mining  case,  which  occupied  the  attention  of  the  court  at  Butte, 
Montana,  for  fully  two  months  in  1899.     A  small  fortune  was  paid  out 
in  lawyer's  fees  alone,  to  say  nothing  of  models,  plans  and  diagrams  that 
cost  thousands  of  dollars,  and  experts,   kept  in  attendance  on  the  court 
for  weeks  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  dollars  a  day  and  expenses ;  and,  In 
the  end,  $147,000  costs  were  taxed  up  by  the  winning  side  against  the 
losing.     And  mark  you,   this  is  only  the  initial  stage.     The  figures  will 
be  appalling  after   the   case   has   dragged   its   weary   length   through   all 
the  successive  courts  to  which  it  will  be  appealed.     It  is  apparent  that 
only  the  richest  of  mines,  backed  by  almost  unlimited  capital,  can  stand 
such  a  drain  or  afford  to  pay  such  a  tribute  to  the  "apex"  idol.     Thus, 
while  we  may  not  interfere  with  right  already  vested  under  the  existing 
law,  judicious  and  timely  action  wUl  at  least  help  to  protect  the  future 
discoverer  and  locator. 

Besides  those  already  mentioned  there  are  numerous  other  direc- 
tions in  which  your  concerted  political  activity  might  expend  itself,  to 
the  production  of  much  good  for  the  industry.  In  fact  we  will  have  oc- 
casion to  haunt  the  legislative  halls  and  congressional  committee  rooms 
many  a  day,  before  we  <have  exhausted  the  measure  of  our  needs.  The 
entire  industry  would  welcome  more  stringent  legislation  for  the  eradica- 
tion of  an  evil,  which  has  grown  to  be  a  canker  on  the  body  of  the  min- 
ing industry — I  mean  the  illegitimate  or  so-called  "wildcat"  mining 
ventures..  I  doubt  whether  any  other  industry  was  ever  afflicted  with  a 
similar  pernicious  growth.  Of  course  these  parasites  appeal  to  one  of  the 
ruling  passions  and  weaknesses  of  mankind — the  instinct  of  gambling 
and  the  desire  to  get  something  for  little  or  nothing — and  they  can 
perhaps  never  be  entirely  suppressed.  But  for  the  good  of  legitimate 
and  deserving  mining  enterprise,  from  which  capital  might  otherwise  be 
frightened  off,  it  is  well  worth  our  time  and  thought  to  seek,  and  after 
we  have  found,  to  press  a  remedy  against  this  evil. 

Then  again,  the  entire  abolition  of  mining  districts  and  district 
officers ;  changes  in  the  issuing  of  patents  to  public  lands,  so  that  minerals 
beneath  the  surface  shall  at  all  times  remain  open  to  exploitation,  In- 
dependently of  the  patent  to  the  surface;  provisions,  tending  to  force 
possessory  owners  to  become  purchasers  within  a  reasonable  period;  a 
fair  system  of  mining  valuation,  assessment  and  taxation — all  these  are 
questions  that  interest  us  vUally  in  their  bearing  upon  the  prosperity 
of  the  entire  industry.  And  while  they  are  questions  that  have  been 


96  Official  Proceedings 

many  times  mooted  before,  they  have  never  received  earnest  attention, 
with  a  view  to  getting  action  and  results. 

Lastly,  if  current  reports  prove  true,  our  recently  acquired  posses- 
sions  in  the  far  East  are  likely  to  prove  an  inviting  and  profitable  field 
to  the  miming  man.  The  mining  laws  will  have  to  be  extended  over  the 
Philippines.  It  is  our  business  for  the  sake  of  the  whole  industry  to 
see  to  it  that  the  development  of  that  new  country  and  the  establish- 
ment of  industrial  occupation  shall  not  be  hampered  by  unwise  congres- 
sional legislation,  as  it  has  in  the  case  of  Alaska.  The  people  there,  ow- 
ing to  improvident  legislation,  haye  been  subjected  to  many  petty  exac- 
tions and  indirect  government  spoliation,  all  of  which  has  fallen 
portionately  harder  on  the  shoulders  of  the  mining  industry  than  on  any 
other.  And  the  practical  result  has  been  to  impose  a  tax  upon  capital 
which  capital  is  not  earning.  We  may,  of  course,  none  of  us,  ever  be 
individually  interested  in  mining  projects  in  the  far-off  Philippines;  still, 
we  owe  it  as  a  political  duty  to  the  industry  at  large  to  insist  upon 
wise  and  benevolent  legislation  for  it  in  every  section  of  our  country, 
so  that  the  disastrous  mistakes  of  the  past  will  not  be  repeated. 

Thus  far  I  have  dealt  solely  with  what  I  might  call  "domestic  poli- 
tics"— politics  as  it  is  directly  and  visibly  connected  with  our  industry 
and  having  for  its  object  direct  and  immediate  results  for  it.  But  there 
are  deeper  and  more  intricate  problems  affecting  us,  which  ihave  a  scope 
and  sweep  altogether  beyond  the  reach  of  ordinary  politics  and  broaden 
out  into  the  domain  of  statesmanship.  Time  will  not  permit  to  extend 
this  brief  essay  into  a  treatise  on  political  economy,  as  applied  to  the 
mining  industry.  It  will  suffice  to  give  one  illustration  that  will  point 
the  way  and  make  the  moral  clear. 

The  steady  decline  of  silver,  for  many  years  past,  has  been  a  dis- 
couragement and  a  blow  to  the  silver-producing  industry  of  this  country. 
Its  hope  and  prayer  has  been  for  a  restoration  of  the  bullion  price  of 
Silver  to  the  rates  that  prevailed  prior  to  the  year  1873.  How  this  can 
be  accomplished  interests  us  deeply :  but  all  the  science  and  all  the  re- 
search of  our  industry  does  not  offer  the  key.  Of  course  we  all  know 
that  the  want  of  a  sufficient  demand  for  silver  is  responsible  for  its  fall 
in  price.  But  to  discover  a  way  to  increase  the  demand.  There's  the 
rub.  Enlightened  political  economy  alone  will  find  the  remedy,  if  there 
is  one.  It  is  thje  opinion  of  the  foremost  economists  that  the  ultimate 
salvation  of  silver  will  come  from  the  building  up  of  a  large  and  ever- 
increasing  commerce  with  the  silver-money  using  countries,  such  as  India. 
China,  Central  and  South  America,  which,  together,  represent  about 
three-fiftlis  of  the  population  of  the  world.  Being  countries  of  still 
comparatively  low  prices  and  limited  exchanges,  silver  is  their  natural 
coin  medium  of  exchange  and  standard  of  value.  Civilization  in  these 
countries,  through  the  advent  of  better  means  of  production  and  ex- 
change, i'3  rapidly  advancing,  thereby  necessitating  a  continually  In- 
creasing demand  for  silver  as  money.  Even  a  comparatively  small  per 
capita  increase  in  the  use  of  silver,  by  such  vast  numbers,  would  not 
only  rapidly  absorb  any  existing  surplus  but  possibly  augment  the  demand 
in  excess  of  any  current  suplly.  The  true  economic  policy  of  our  country, 
therefore,  which  1*3  a  large  producer  and  seller  of  silver,  would  seem 
to  be  to  remove  all  obstacles  in  the  way  of  commerce  between  itself 
and  these  countries,  in  order  that  through  increased  traffic  and  conse- 
quent prosperity,  the  demand  for  silver  on  the  part  of  the  latter  may 
be  promoted.  If  this  is  the  true  solution  of  this  absorbing  question,  it 
behooves  us  to  manifest  all  possible  interest  in  such  a  policy  and  by 
word  and  deed  to  facilitate  and  hasten  such  a  result. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  by  neglecting  to  observe  and  study  the 
complicated  orbits  and  oftentimes  perplexing  mazes,  in  which  move  the 
economic  conditions  of  the  whole  country,  we  may  often  fail  to  justly 
understand  our  own  true  situation  or  to  know  "how  to  advance  our  own 
interests 

These  are  only  a  few  random  suggestions,  out  of  an  almost  count- 
less number  that  might  be  made.  They  are  not  intended  as  anything 
more  than  hints,  and  will  have  fully  served  their  purpose  if  they  awaken 
in  our  minds  a  realizing  sense  of  how  many  of  our  needs  are  referable 
to,  and  how  many  of  our  hopes  are  centered  in  politics  and  statesmanship. 
If  we  desire  to  achieve  the  highest  measure  of  industrial  success,  it  is 


International  Mining  Congress.  97 

plain  we  must  come  out  of  our  isolation  into  the  busy  hive  of  politics 
and  statecraft,  where  men  are  at  work  day  and  night,  shaping  the  policies 
and  destiny  of  the  nation. 

Having  arrived  at  this  conclusion,  it  is  essential  to  a  complete  discus- 
sion of  this  question  to  consider  briefly,  how  best  to  obtain  the  results 
so  obviously  desirable.  Shall  it  be  left  entirely  to  our  individual  effort? 
Shall  each  take  up  the  fight  single-handed  and  alone  and  plan  and  act 
according  to  his  best  understanding  and  enlightenment?  Or  shall  the 
scheme  of  our  future  political  activity  be  formulated  here,  in  Conpress ; 
and  not  alone  formulated,  but  completed  in  every  detail,  except  the  exe- 
cution? The  answer  is  clear.  By  every  principle  of  good  politics,  this 
Congress  is  the  proper  vehicle  through  which  alone  we  can  make  the 
beginning  for  concrete  results  in  political  and  legislative  action.  It  la 
composed  of  representative  men  of  the  mining  industry  from  almost 
every  State  in  the  Union,  and,  as  such,  its  utterances  will  command  the 
attention  of  the  entire  country.  In  its  combined  intelligence,  it  is  safe 
to  'say,  tho  Congress  is  in  a  position  to  know  best  the  needs  of  the  whole 
industry  and  of  every  part  of  it,  as  well  as  to  devise  ways  and  means  for 
action.  It  should  be.  by  every  right,  the  initiative  and  referendum  of  all 
legislation  relating  to  the  mining  industry.  If  it  will  only  assert  itself 
and  be  properly  backed  up  by  the  subsequent  patient  and  persistent  ef- 
forts of  its  member?  there  is  no  valid  reason  why  it  should  not  be  a. 
power  in  politics — not  for  the  sinister  manipulation  of  public  affairs  to 
private  ends,  but  for  the  great  and  lasting  good  of  the  industry. 

Now  is  an  opportune  time  to  take  our  bearings  and  then  follow  a 
new  tack.  The  United  States  has  entered,  with  might  and  main,  upon 
a  career  of  commercial  and  industrial  world  supremacy.  It  has  gone 
into  a  contest  for  control  of  the  markets  of  the  world,  and  this  includes 
the  output,  product  and  manufactures  of  our  industry.  Great  events  wih 
transpire  in  the  theater  of  the  world's  industry  and  commerce.  In  which 
we  will  be  expected  to  play  an  important  part.  Let  us  set  to  work  to 
clear  the  field  of  all  these  things  that  shackle  and  bind  us,  and  which  are 
nothing  but  hindrances  to  success. 

Let  the  Congress  set  the  pace,  and  I  am  confident  the  whole  industry 
will  follow  with  enthusiasm,  to  final  success. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  next  order  on  the  program  is  a  paper 
by  Prof.  C.  C.  O'Harra.  of  South  Dakota,  on  "Black  Hills  Ore  Deposits," 
which  will  be  read  by  Prof.  Todd,  the  State  Geologist. 

Prof.  Todd  read  the  following  paper : 

BLACK   HILLS   ORE    DEPOSITS. 

By  Prof.  C.  C.  O'Harra,  Ph.  D..  of  State  School  of  Mines,  Rapid  City, 
and  Assistant  Geologist  South  Dakota  Geological  Survey. 

The  first  quarter  century  oi:  mining  operations  in  the  Black  Hills 
has  just  closed.  Considerable  prospecting  was  done  within  the  region  in 
1875,  but  operations  of  a  permanent  character  did  not  begin  until  the 
opening  of  the  following  year.  From  an  isolated  and  practically  un- 
known mountainous,  wooded  island  in  a  vast,  treeless  plain  and  with- 
in the  confines  of  an  Indian  reservation,  the  Black  Hills  region  has  dur- 
ing its  brief  history  become  one  of  the  most  important  precious  metal 
producers  of  the  United  States.  Railways  have  brought  the  region  to 
the  threshold  of  older  communities;  beautiful  scenery,  peculiar  to  the 
country,  annually  attracts  its  thousand's,  permanent  homes,  prosperous 
tow»s  and  productive  ranches  prevail  and  mining  facilities  are  ta  many 
ways  unsurpassed. 

Gold  found  throughout  the  region,  but  obtained  mostly  from  the 
northern  hills,  is  pre-eminently  the  chief  mineral  product — a  total  of 
approximately  $100,000,000  having  been  obtained  during  the  last  25  years. 
Silver  has  been  of  importance  in  the  annual  output,  while  many  rare 
ores  already  productive  or  capable  of  production  add  much  to  the  variety 
of  the  mining  interests  and  not  a  little  to  the  mineral  wealth  of  the 
region. 

Gold  was  first  discoveied  in  the  Black  Hills  in  the  present  stream 
gravels,  and  here  as  in  many  other  gold-bearing  localities  such  deposits 


98  Official  Proceedings 

were  the  earliest  producers.  Rich  placers  were  worked  in  various  parts 
of  the  hills,  but  those  of  greatest  importance  were  found  near  Dead- 
wood.  Within  three  years  the  richest  placers,  after  having  yielded  $4,- 
500,000,  were  practically  exhausted.  Meanwhile,  the  so-called  ancient 
placers  or  cement  (conglomerate)  ores  of  Cambrian  age  near  Deadwood 
were  found  to  carry  free  gold  in  quantity.  The  pay  streaks  in  the  con- 
glomerate ores  carried  the  gold  in  such  condition  as  to  admit  of 
easy  amalgamation  and  consequent  cheap  extraction,  hence  these  were 
worked  for  a  time  with  much  success. 

Almost  coincident  with  the  development  of  these  valuable  but  short- 
lived placer  and  conglomerate  ores  came  the  discovery  of  the  gold-bar- 
ing  quartz  veins  of  the  central  and  southern  hills  and  of  the  impregnated 
zone  near  Lead,  now  widely  known  ais  the  Homestake  belt.  These  latter 
deposits  together  with  the  tellurium-bearing  siciliou's  ores  of  the  biluro- 
Cambrian  and  Carboniferous  series  of  the  northern  hills  now  afford  prac- 
ticallv  all  the  gold  produced  in  the  Black  Hills.  _ 

Auriferous  deposits,  differing  in  manner  and  time  of  formation  from 
those,  already  mentioned,  occur  locally,  but  the  chief  sources  of  gold  are 
or  have  been  those  given,  namely : 

First Recent    placers— formerly    productive    in    many    parts    of    the 

^Second — Cambrian  cement,  or  conglomerate  ores — formerly  produc- 
tive in  the  northern  hills. 

Third — Auriferous  quartz  veins  in  the  Algonkian — productive  chiefly 
in  the  central  and  southern  hills. 

Fourth — Impregnated  zones  in  the  Algonkian  slates  and  schists — 
productive  chiefly  in  the  northern  hills. 

Fifth — Silicious  ores  of  the  Siluro-Cambrian  and  Carboniferous 
series — productive  only  in  the  northern  hills. 

The  first  two,  as  stated,  have  been  practically  exhausted.  The  third, 
that  of  the  gold-bearing  quartz  veins  have,  in  the  past,  and  are  now 
receiving  much  attention.  Although  less  certain  in  the  regularity  of 
their  values  than  some  of  the  other  ores  and  holding  a  minor  position 
as  to  the  entire  gold  production,  they  have,  nevertheless,  in  many 
instances  yielded  handsome  returns  and  will,  doubtless,  continue  to 
grow  in  importance. 

The  first  discoveries  of  the  mineralized  zones  were  made  in  Febru- 
ary, 1876,  on  what  is  now  known  as  the  Homestake  belt.  During  the 
following  year  California  capitalists  became  interested  in  the  locality, 
and  on  November  5  the  Homestake  Mining  Company  was  incorporated. 
This  company,  although  hindered  by  lack  of  railroad  facilities,  imme- 
diately arranged  for  the  erection  of  a.  mill,  and  in  July,  1877,  eighty 
stamps  began  crushing  ore.  In  December  the  first  dividend  was  de- 
clared. Since  that  time  the  milling  plant  has  been  greatly  enlarged 
and  dividends  have  been  paid  regularly ;  the  total  amount  paid  up  to 
date  being  more  than  $9,000,000. 

The  Homestake  mine,  in  many  resipects  the  greatest  gold  mine  of 
the  world,  is  the  just  pride  of  the  Black  Hills  people.  Its  heavy  divi- 
dends on  low-grade,  free-milling  ores  during  a  time  when  little  profit 
could  be  obtained  from  higher  grade  refractory  ores,  held  the  interest 
of  mining  men  until  processes  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  refractory  ores 
could  be  developed. 

The  gold  of  the  impregnated  zones  is  associated  with  pyrite,  the 
upper  portions  of  the  deposits  being  free  milling,  but  passing  into 
more  refractory  sulphurets  with  depth.  These  ores,  particularly  on  the 
Homestake  belt,  where  most  extensively  worked,  average  approximately 
$4  per  ton.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  these  ore  bodies,  being  largely 
free  milling  in  those  portions  subject  to  disintegrating  influences,  have 
furnished  much  of  the  material  for  the  later  deposits,  especially  the 
Cambrian  conglomerates  and  many  of  the  recent  placers. 

The  refractory  or  silicious  ores  were  discovered  in  1877.  The  first 
attempt  to  utilize  them  was  made  in  1879.  the  result  being  that  little 
or  no  gold  was  saved.  Later,  various  methods,  more  or  less  extensive 
were  tried  without  success  and  not  until  about  the  year  1890  did  the 
ores  begin  to  profitably  yield  their  values.  During  the  ten  years  wliich 
have  since  elapsed,  these  refractory  ores  have  been  carefully  studied 
and  advantageously  developed  so  that  at  the  present  time  they  produce 
as  much  or  more  as  all  other  ores  combined. 

The  ores  are  found  chiefly   to  the  southwest  of  Deadwood,   around 


International  Mining  Congress.  99 

Bald  Mountain,  within  an  area  much  affected  by  post-cretaceous  erup- 
tives.  A  second  and  smaller  area  lies  to  the  southeast  of  Deadwood, 
known  ais  the  Galena  district.  The  ores  of  this  district  carry  con^ 
siderable  lead  and  silver,  as  do  likewise  the  ores  near  Carbonate. 

The  ore  bodies  occur  as  greatly  elongated  lenticular  masses,  run- 
ning in  a  general  north-south  direction,  having  a  thickness  up  to  12 
or  15  feet,  a  width  sometimes  reaching  150  or  200  feet,  with  occasion- 
ally a  length  of  more  than  a  mile.  Narrow  vertical  fissures',  filled  with 
ore,  continually  follow  the  general  trend  of  the  flat  ore  bod'ieis  and  ex^ 
tend  frequently  into  the  shales  above  and  into  the  quartzite  below. 

The  chief  horizon  of  the  main  bodies  is  immediately  above  the 
quartzite,  near  the  bottom  of  the  Cambrian  series,  and  is  known  lo- 
cally as  the  "lower  contact."  Bodies  of  ore,  sometimes  of  considerable 
value,  lie  at  various  horizons  above  the  lower  contact,  but  these  show 
little  regularity  of  position  and  have  been  less  extensively  worked  than 
the  lower  bodies. 

The  ore  bodies  are  elongated  layers  or  lenses  among  the  calcareous 
sandy  shales  of  the  Cambrian,  and  are  supposed  to  be  most  prominent 
juist  above  the  basal  quartzite,  because  of  the  easily  replacable  shales 
at  this  horizon.  These  peculiar  facts  agree  with  observations  made  by 
Mr.  J.  D.  Irving,  who  states  that  the  ore  is  in  all  cases  a  replacex 
ment  of  the  calcareous  material  of  the  shales  and  sandstoneis  by  sili- 
cious  solutions.  He  says,  "The  deposition  hais,  in  all  cases,  been  a 
metasomatic,"  Irving,  J.  D.,  A  Contribution  to  the  Geology  of  the  North- 
ern Black  Hills,  page  309.  "Interchange  of  silica  and  pyrite  for  car* 
bonate  of  lime,  in  which  the  latter  has,  in  all  probability,  acted  as  the 
precipitating  agent."  Whether  or  not  these  solutions  were  in  a  heated 
condition,  it  is  not  possible  to  say,  but  it  is  very  probable  that  such 
was  the  case.  That  the  chemical  activity  of  the  solutions  was  due  to 
the  eruptive  activity,  seems  probable,  because  at  a  distance  from  the 
eruptive  centers  ore  bodies  are  not  found.  The  gold  remote  from  the 
eruptives  is  either  in  placets  or  in  finely  disseminated  colors  in  the 
Cambrian,  and  has  been  derived  in  all  probability  by  erosion  from  th* 
Algonkian  schists.  The  ore  shoots  can,  invariably,  be  traced  to  a  so- 
called  "vertical"  or  crevice,  now  filled  by  silica  of  the  same  character 
as  the  ore  body  itself.  Prof.  F.  C.  Smith,  who  first  studied  the  ores, 
auguments  thls'by  stating  that,  "Wherever  mineralization  of  the  Potsdam 
bed's  has  occurred,  it  can  almost  always  be  traced  to  a  quartz -porphyry 
or  rhyolite  dyke,  or  "vertical,"  which  itself  is  usually  mineralized, 
stained  with  oxide  of  iron,  and  so  much  broken  and  decomposed  that  its 
rock  character  is  distinguished  with,  difficulty." 

That  the  deposition  has  been  in  all  cases  a  replacement  of  carbonate 
of  lime  a>s  indicated  by  Irving,  seems  doubtful.  Prof.  Smith  considers 
them  as  generally  thoroughly  reorganized  sandstones.  In  view  of  the  fact 
that  the  quartzite  below,  the  ore  bodies  carry  more  or  less  gold,  it  be- 
ing mined  in  some  places  to  good  advantage,  and  that  in  places  other 
country  rock  is  auriferous,  it  would  seem  that  the  one  manner  of  re- 
placement will  not  explain  all  occurrences.  Prof.  Smith  refers  to  the 
ore  bodies  as  eccentric  and  widespread  in  their  occurrence  and  "the 
ores  may  be  -said  to  exist  wherever  mineralizing  solutions  permeated 
susceptible  beds." 

Concerning  the  history  of  the  formation  of  these  ore  bodies,  we* 
quote  again  from  Mr.  Irwing's  paper,  page  31.1 :  "First  occurred  the  in- 
trusion of  the  older  quartz  porphyries,  which  produced  much  shattering. 
Contemporaneous  with  these,  there  may  have  been  a  certain  amount 
of  ore  deposition,  but  not  that  to  which  the  main  siHcious  ore  bodies 
owe  their  origin.  Later  the  eruption  of  the  phonolites  took  place,  cut- 
ting and  'shattering  the  older  eruptions,  and  adding  to  the  number  ol 
fissures  in  the  sedimentary  rocks.  Subsequent  to  all  of  these  intrusions 
and  probably  separated  from  them  by  only  a  brief  interval  of  time> 
came,  a  long  period  during  which  heated  solutions,  containing  fluorine  and 
silica  and  other  powerful  mineralizers,  gradually  replaced  the  carbonate 
of  lime  in  the  more  soluble  strata  of  the  Cambrian.  The  chemical 
activity  of  these  solutions  wais  increased  by  the  heat  and  mineralizera 
derived  from  the  newly  injected  phonolites.  They  passed  up  through, 
the  Algonkian  slates  and  schists;  becoming  much  enriched  by  the  leach- 
ing out  of  the  gold  from  these  rocks.  Finally  they  reached  the  very 
calcareous  and  porous  rocks  of  the  Cambrian,  and  by  a  metasomatic 
interchange,  produced  the  horizontal  ore  bodies  that  are  found  today." 


100  Official  Proceedings 

The  silicious  ores  of  the  Carboniferous  are  in  the  main  much  the 
same  as  those  of  the  Siluro-Cambrian,  except  that  the  former  are  gen- 
erally masses  of  more  or  less  brecciated  limestone,  stained  with  iron 
oxide  and  carrying  high  values,  running  frequently  up  to  $150  or  more. 

The  value  of  the  Sihiro-  Cambrian  ores  ranges  from  practically 
nothing  up  to  $60  or  more  in  gold  and  generally  some  silver.  The 
average  yield  is  from  $15  to  $20,  and  ore  running  lees  than  $10  is 
generally  not  worked. 

The  annual  production  of  gold  in  the  Black  Hills  "has  continually  in- 
creased during  the  past  several  years,  the  output  now  hovering  near  the 
seven  or  eight  million-dollar  mark,  while  isome  estimates  for  the  past  year 
•have  indicated  still  higher  figures.  The  increase  is  due  to  two  causes  : 
First,  the  increased  development  of  the  silicious  ores  both  in  the  Siluro- 
Cambrian,  where  most  extensively  worked,  and  in  the  Carboniferous 
where  mo>sit  recently  discovered,  this  having  been  brought  about  largely 
by  the  development  of  the  cyanide  process  for  treating  the  ores  ;  and 
second,  by  the  considerable  enlargement  of  the  Homestake  plant,  at 
which  place  a  bountiful  water  supply  has  been  secured,  more  stamps 
introduced  and  the  largest  cyanide  plant  in  the  hills  has  been  erected 
and  is  now  operating  oh  the  tailings  formerly  allowed  to  waste. 

The  silver  output  remains  much  the  'same  as  formerly,  the  amount 
for  the  past  year  being  approximately  $100,000.  The  chief  localities  are 
those  of  Carbonate,  Galena  and  Spokane,  the  latter  not  now  produc- 
ing. Carbonates,  chloride  and  sulphides  are  the  chief  ores. 

Considerable  activity  is  shown  in  undeveloped  properties,  and  in 
some  rarer  ores  recently  found  to  be  of  value.  Several  copper  pros- 
pects are  being  extensively  developed,  but  none  are  yet  steadily  pro- 
ducing ore  for  shipment. 

Wolframite,  found  in  various  parts  of  the  hills,  and  especially  in 
connection  with  the  silicious  ores  in  the  vicinity  of  Lead,  has  been 
shipped  in  considerable  quantity  at  a  good  price.  The  increased  price  ot 
mica  has  caused  the  reopening  of  several,  mines,  and  many  carloads  have 
been  shipped.  Spodumene,  of  which  there  are  large  quantities  in  the 
central  hills,  has  beeto  extensively  mined  for  its  lithia  contents  and  several 
hundred  tons  of  the  ore  sold.  Graphite  is  produced  in  small  quantity, 
and  is  said  to  give  promise  of  better  development  in  the  future. 
\  Read  before  the  Mining  Congress  by  J.  E.  Todd,  State  Geologist. 

A  DELEGATE  :  ••  Professor,  what  is  the  color  of  the  ore  of  the 
Homestake? 

PROF.  TODD:  From  my  knowledge  concerning  it,  which  is  not 
very  great,  it  is  hardly  distinguishable  from  common  <ghale. 

DELEGATE:     About  what  is  the  average  width  of  the  vein? 

PROF.  TODD:  About  600  feet,  I  think.  Tt  has  been  some  time 
since  I  have  looked  that  up.  but  I  remember  that  figure  from  a  few 
years  ago. 

DELEGATE:     How  deep  are  they? 

PROF.  TODD  :     I  will  call  upon  Mr.  Baird  to  answer  that. 

MR.    BAIRD  :     I    will    answer    the    question    by    stating    that    the 
deepest  shaft  in  the  Homestake  is  1,200  feet. 
''f       DELEGATE  :     How  wide  a  vein  have  they? 

MR.  BAIRD:.  There  are  no  stopes  opened  at  that  depth.  They 
simply  sink  a  shaft,  and  in  doing  so  they  struck  an  ore  that  carries 
very  little  gold—  practically  valueless.  But,  on  going  through  that,  a 
distance  of  about  150  feet,  they  struck  better  ore  than  they  have  above 
Above  the  iron  rock  their  workings  have  an  average  width  of  a  little 
over  600  feet.  •  .  •  i 

b°tt0m  °f  the  shaft 


rock  *        a  ^^  deal  beUer  than  on  to*>  of  the  iron 

' 


MRBARD:    ™the.Vei,n  "  Manket  f°rm'  -  *  *  a  regular  ore? 
MR.  BAIRD:.    The  vein  is  strongly  defined  by  rock  walls.     The  iron 


International  Mining  Congress.  101 

comes  in  a  flat  formation,  cutting  the  vein;  but  they  have  found  by 
experience  in  sinking  that  the  vein  continues  in^pith,,  ^  o,, 

DELEGATE:  What  is  the  formation?  Granite,  uimestone;  or 
what? 

MR.  BAIRD :  The  ore  i®  classed  as  elate-;  these-,  M  V*ry ;  littte 
quartz  in  it. 

DELEGATE :     What  are  the  country  rock  walls? 

MR.   BAIRD:     The   country   rock   is  porphyry. 

DELEGATE :     Is  the  ore  free-milling? 

MR.  BAIRD:     Practically  free-milling. 

DELEGATE:     Is  the  vein  a  contact  or  fissure  vein? 

MR.  BAIRD:     It  is  a  fissure  vein. 

DELEGATE:  What  is  the  dip  of  the  slate?  How  does  it  lie  In  the 
vein? 

MR.  BAIRD :  It  dips  to  the  southeast.  The  angle  I  can't  give, 
because  I  do  not  remember  it;  but  the  dip  is  not  very  sharp". 

PROF.  TODD :  We  are  especially  fortunate  in  having  Mr.  Baird 
with  us ;  he  has  been  with  the  Homestake  for  many  years,  and  is  per- 
fectly familiar  with  its  workings. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  This  concludes  the  papers  that  were  oil 
the  program  for  this  morning.  Any  miscellaneous  business  is  now  in 
order. 

MR.  ROBERTS,  OF  OHIO:  Mr.  President,  I  wish  to  call  th« 
attention  of  the  Congress  to  a  matter  now  before  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions.  A  resolution  was  read  before  the  Congress,  and  is  now 
before  the  Committee  on  Resolutions,  asking  for  the  establishment  of 
a  department  of  mining.  This  is  a  matter  of  the  greatest  importance. 
The  Committee  on  Resolutions  merely  pased  upon  it  and  'referred  it  back 
to  the  Committee  of  the  Whole,  and  it  was  adopted  with  scarcely  a 
comment.  I  believe  it  is  a  matter  of  sufficient  importance  to  warrant 
th.j  appointment  of  a  committee  of  three  or  five  to  draft  a  resolution  or 
something  of  that  kind  addresed  to  Congress,  asking  Congress  to  act 
upon  the  nueslion  and  establish  a  bureau  of  mining  and  mining  interests 
as  a  part  of  our  governmental  machinery.  .  .  » •  -. 

I  will  make  a  motion  that  you  appoint  a  special  committee  to  draft 
some  paper  relative  to  that  subject,  for  us  to  act  upon,  -and  on  which  we 
can  all  express  ourselves,  and  send  to  Congress  an  expression  that  la 
more  than  merely  an  incident  of  this  Congress,  as  it  now  stands.  < 

I  therefore  move  you  that  you  appoint  a  special  committee  for  that 
purpose.  .  ;vt 

Motion  seconded.  .   •  .   •  \ 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  chair,  at  the,  time  that  this  matte* 
came  be  lore  us,  suggested  that  it  might  be  well  to  discuss  it  further, 
in  order  to  emphasize  the  action.  Of  course,  it  is  competent  for  the. 
Committee  on  Resolutions,  of  which  the  gentleman  is  a  member,  tp 
formulate  anything  they  choose  on  the  subject  and  present  it.  That, 
perhaps,  would  be  the  most  appropriate  course.  At  the  same  time,  the 
motion  is  entirely  in  order.  .  .  ( 

MR.  CARRERA,  OF  NEW  MEXICO :  Mr.  President,  would  i{ 
not  be  more  emphatic  if  the  chair  appointed  a  committee,  and  then 
have  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  pass  upon  it  afterwards? 

MR.  CAMP,  OF  TENNESSEE:  Mr.  President,  the  gentleman  is 
entirely  out  of  order.  Until  the  committee  reports  we  have  a  righ^ 
to  presume  that  they  will  pass  upon  that,  because  everybody  knows 
that  it  is  the  most  important  thing  before  this  Congress.  It  would  b«s 


102  Official  Proceedings 

a    reflection    upon    the  -  committee    to    appoint    a    special    committee    at 
ttiik-time.     '^y  I  5/5*5    t 

*  "PRESIDENT'  PRINCE:  The  motion  to  appoint  a  special  com- 
»  roittejs  «H  <£ntirfe?y  in/erdec,  although  the  more  usual  course  would  be 
'\£a.t  ku^gested'bV'the*  geh'tleinan  from  Tennessee. 

MR.  STEVENS,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  Prsident,  I  would  suggest 
that  the  motion  should  prevail,  and  that  the  committee  so  appointed  be 
instructed  to  confer  wit'h  the  Committee  011  Resolutions,  and  if  that 
committee  has  taken  it  up,  then  there  will  be  nothing  left  for  the 
special  committee  to  do.  That  will  save  any  possible  question  of  con- 
flict, and  leave  the  regular  committee  to  look  after  it. 

MR.  ROBERTS,  OF  OHIO:  Mr.  President,  I  would  say  for  the 
information  of  the  Congress  that  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  have 
given  no  time  to  the  subject.  They  referred  it  back  to  the  Congress 
for  their  adoption,  and  it  was  adopted  without  any  discussion.  I  be- 
lieve it  to  be  in  the  interest  of  the  mutter  that  we  have  some  further 
action  upon  it.  I  suggest  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  that  we  have 
a  special  committee.  We  cannot  act  upon  that  matter  intelligently  in 
the  limited  time  that  we  have  in  which  to  handle  the  subject.  Therefore, 
I  think  a  special  committee  should  be  appointed. 

MR.  CAMP,  OF  TENNESSEE:  Mr.  President,  that  committee 
has  already  appointed  a  sub-committee  of  their  own  to  report  upon  the 
subject.  I  was  not  present,  but  a  gentleman,  who  was  present,  has 
so  stated. 

MR.  MOORE,  OF  COLORADO :  Mr.  President,  it  iseems  to  me  that 
the  matter  can  best  be  left  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions.  They  were 
appointed  for  that  purpose,  to  do  that  kind  of  business,  to  take  it 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  Congress  and  relieve  them  of  the  general  dis- 
cussion. If  the  various  members  of  the  Congress  will  hand  to  any 
member  of  the  Committee  on  Reolutions  their  own  ideas1  upon  this 
subject  we  will  undertake,  I  think  I  may  say  with  the  consent  of  the 
gentlemen,  that  we  will  undertake  to  draft  them  in  business-like  form, 
and  bring  in  such  resolutions  as  we  wish  to  address  to  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  only  motion  before  the  house  is  that 
of  the  gentleman  from  Ohio  that  a  special  committee  be  appointed — of 
how  many? 

MR.   ROBERTS:     Of  three,  Mr.   President. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  Of  three,  to  draft  resolutions,  or  a  me- 
morial, on  the  subject  of  a  department  of  mining,  to  be  submitted  to  the 
house.  Are  you  ready  for  the  question? 

MR.  MARTIN,  OF  SOUTH  DAKOTA:  Mr.  President,  it  seems  to 
me  that  we  are  in  danger  of  getting  into  conflict.  We  have  a  Com- 
mittee on  Resolutions  and  it  is  but  courtesy  to  that  committee  that 
all  resolutions  should  be  referred  to  them.  If  this  house  now  under- 
takes to  appoint  a  special  committee  the  only  way  to  avoid  a  conflict  will 
be  to  confer  with  that  committee;  and  it  seems  to  me  that  it  >»Jll 
facilitate  the  business  of  this  Congress  if  we  leave  that  subject  to 
that  committee. 

As  I  understand  the  proceedings  they  have  already  reported  a 
general  resolution  upon  that  subject,  and  we  passed  it  this  morning. 
Now,  if  anything  further  is  needed  in  the  way  of  memorials  to  Congress 
it  seems  to  me  it  should  emanate  from  that  committee. 

MR.   STEVENS,  OF  MONTANA:     Mr.  President,  it  appears  to  me 


International  Mining  Congress.  103 

that  we  have  got  where  something  should  be  done  to  get  out  of  this 
tangle.  Therefore,  I  offer  as  an  amendment  that  this  subject  matter 
be  referred  absolutely  to  the  committee  tha,t  is  already  in  existence. 

Amendment  seconded. 

MR.   ROBERTS :     Mr.   President,   I  accept  the  amendment. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  There  is  really  nothing  to  refer.  I  prfe- 
sume  the  desire  expressed  would  be  met  by  a  request  to  the  Committee 
on  Resolutions  to  formulate  a  more  lengthy  memorial,  or  resolution, 
on  this  subject,  and  present  it  to  the  house.  There  is  nothing  be- 
fore us  to  refer. 

MR.   STEVENS:     No;  but   there  is  a  motion. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  There  .is  a  motion,  and  the  gentleman 
has  accepted  the  amendment.  The  motion  has  not  been  acted  upon. 

MR.  STEVENS  :  There  was  a  motion  that  a  special  committee  be 
appointed  to  act  upon  this  subject.  That  is  the  condition  of  things 
before  the  house  now.  It  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  the  house  that 
this  thing  will  conflict  with  the  work  of  the  general  committee.  Now, 
the  only  way  out  of  the  difficulty,  with  that  motion  before  the  house, 
is  something  in  the  form  of  an  amendment. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  motion  is  to  refer  the  entire  subject 
to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions.  Are  you  ready  for  the  question? 

The  motion  was  put  by  the  chair,  and  declared  carried. 

MR.  FREEMAN,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  President,  the  Committee 
on  Credentials  is  prepared  to  report  at  this  time. 

I  will  say,  Mr.  President,  and  gentlemen  of  the  Congress,  that  the 
committee  has  been  compelled  to  consume  a  greater  amount  of  time 
than  it  anticipated  in  the  first  instance.  The  list  of  delegates,  owing  to 
the  appointive  power  conferred  by  this  Congress,  is  so  great  that  our 
report  naturally  will  be  voluminous.  There  have  been  a  great  many 
conflicts1,  which  we  have  found  it  necessary  to  adjust,  and  we  believe 
that  we  have  as  comprehensive  a  report  as  it  is  possible  to  make,  under 
the  circumstances. 

The  following  is  the  report: 

Boise    City,    Idaho,    July   24,    1901. 
International   Mining  Congress : 

Gentlemen — We,  your  Committee  on  Credentials,  beg  leave  to  sub- 
mit the  following  as  the  list  of  person®  entitled  to  seats  in  the  Congress 
as  appears  from  credentials  presented  to  your  committee,  viz.  : 

OFFICIAL  ROSTER. 

HON.   L.   BRADFORD  PRINCE,   President, 

Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 
HON.  A.  P.   SWINEFORD,  Vice-President, 

Ketchikan.    Alaska. 
E.    C.    ATWOOD     Treasurer. 

Empire,  Colorado. 
IRWIN  MAHON,  Secretary, 

Carlisle,  Pennsylvania. 
W.  H.  SAVIDGE,  Assistant  Secretary, 
Boise,  Idaho. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Hon.    L.    Bradford   Prince,    Chairman,    Santa   Fe,    New    Mexico. 
Hon.   A.   P.    Swineford,   Vice-Chairman,   Ketchikan. 


104  Official  Proceedings 

Irwin  Mahon,  Secretary,  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania. 
E.   C.   Atwood,   Treasurer,   Empire,   Colorado. 
Hon.  Fbilo  A.  Orton,  Darlington,  Wisconsin. 
J.  W.  Adams,  Dah'lonega,  Georgia. 
Mrs.  Ella  Knowles  Haskell,   Helena,  Montana. 

STATE  BOARD. 

Governor  F.  W.  Hunt.  Chairman. 
Hon.  Jules  Bassett,  Secretary  of  State. 
Hon.  John  J.  Plumer,   State  Treasurer. 

CHAIRMAN   CITY    COMMITTEE. 
Judge  B.  F.  Olden,  Boise,  Idaho. 

CHAIRMAN   CITY   RECEPTION   COMMITTEE. 

Hon.  J.  H.  Richards,  Boise,  Idaho. 

Hon.   J.   A.   Lippincott,    State  Commissioner,  Boise. 

Hon.  Fred  H.  Davis,  Assistant  Slate  Commissioner,  Boise. 

Hon.  Martin  Jacobs,   State  Mine  Inspector,  Boise. 

STATE    VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

Alaska— A.    Hollis    White Ketchikan 

Arizona — George    P.    Blair Mammoth 

Arkansas — J.    S.    Hanf ord Batesville 

California — Col.   Thomas   Ewing Los   Angeles 

Colorado — W.    S.    Montgomery Colorado    Springs 

Georgia — Walter    P.    Andrews Atlanta 

Idaho — Frank    Steuenberg Boise 

Illinois— B.    W.    Goodsell 33    S.    Canal,    Chicago 

Indiana— U.    Gulbert Michigan    City 

Iowa — Dr.    H.    G.    Knapp Dubuque 

Kansas — H.    F.    Brinkham Dillon 

Michigan — A.   L.    Flewelling Crystal    Falls 

Minnesota-— N.    C.    Westerfield St.    Paul 

Missouri — George    P.    Paxton Joplin 

Montana — L.    S.    Woodbury Great   Falls 

Maryland — Henry    Shriver Mt.    Savage 

Nebraska — H.    M.    Rice Lincoln 

New  Mexico — It.  C.  Hatton Las  Cruces 

North.  Carolina — J.  Frank  Wilkes Charlotte 

New  York— William  E.   Gray 1343  Broadway,   N.   Y.   City 

Oregon — I.    B.    Hammond : Portland 

Ohio — E.    L.    Shafner Cleveland 

Oklahoma — Ex-Gov.    W.    C.    Renfrew Oklahoma   City 

South    Dakota— Angus    MacKay Deadwood 

Tennessee — E.    C.    Camp Knoxville 

Texas— Roger    Q.    Mills Corsicana 

Utah — R.    C.    Chambers    ( Deceased ) Park    Cit> 

Washington — James    M.    A  set  on . .  .Tacoma 

West    Virginia — Capt.    Thomas    Page Ansted 

Wisconsin — M.    H.    Kichiirds Platteville 

Wyoming— Will   Jleed Ravvlina 

Washington,  D.  C.— I  >r.  W.  Lee  White Washington 

Brius'1    Columbia— George    Alexander Kaslo 


International  Mining  Congress.  105 

Virginia— -Gov.    J.    Hoge   Trier Richmond 

Province  of  Ontario — Hon.  E.  J.  Davis Toronto 

STATE   ASSISTANT    SECRETARIES. 

Alaska— J.    A.    Bradley Revilla 

Arizona—  C.    E.    Buyers    Kingman 

Arkansas — Percy   Fitch Smithton 

California— J.    Irwin    Crowell Los    Angeles 

Colorado— W.   MaK.   Barbour Colorado   Springs 

Idaho— J.    M.    Haines Boise 

Georgia— George    Seiple Atlanta 

Illinois— D.  J.  Delong 90  Washington  St.,   Chicago 

Indiana— K    P.    Newsby Knightstown 

Iowa — J.  W.   Miller Des  Moinea 

Texas — Charles  B.   Edy El  Paso 

Utah — Hon.    D.    O.    Rideout Draper 

Washington — J.    T.    Thompson Seattle 

West  Virginia — T.   E.  Huston Elkhorn 

Wisconsin — M.    D.    Kelly Milwaukee 

Wyoming — J.   M.  Thomas,  Jr Battle  Lake 

Washington,  D.  C.— Dr.  A.  McKnight 610  F  St.,  N.  W. 

British    Columbia — F.    W.    Kirby Rossland 

Virginia— George    W.    Miles Radford 

Province  of  Ontario — Hon.  Thomas  W.  Gibson Toronto 

Kansas — James   Bastgen , Atchison 

Michigan — Edw.    N.    Breiting Marquette 

Minnesota — E.    C.    Gridley fc Duluth 

Mi!s>sipuri — J.    W.    Marsteller Jefferson   City 

Montana — John    P.    Schmidt Helena 

Maryland — Charles    Matt Baltimore 

Nebraska — J.   T.   Dorgan Lincoln 

New  Mexico — C.   J.    Gavin Raton 

North  Carolina — A.   H.    Isbell Murphy 

New  York — W.  L.  McCable P.  T.   &  C.,  N.  T. 

Oregon — Paul    Baumel * Portland 

Ohio — W.  L.  Kendall Cleveland 

Oklahoma — Henry  E.   Glasier Guthrie 

South  Dakota — James  Czizek Lead  City 

Tennessee — H.    V.    Maxwell Knoxville 

ALABAMA. 

William   J.    Sanford,   Governor. 

Dr.   P.   H.   Mell Auburn 

Dr.   Eugene  A,    Smith Tuscaloosa 

J.    de   B.    Hooper Birmingham 

John    McDonald Birmingham 

Some  M.  Meigs Birmingham 

John    Harkins ; Birmingham 

L.  W.   John Birmingham 

James    Hillhouse Birmingham 

James   Schools • • Birmingham 

Robert   Stevens Birmingham 

Thomas  Kelso Birmingham 

Sampson   Alsop '• Birmingham 


106  Official  Proceedings 

William    Grady .  .  Birmingham 

J.    P.    Christian Shelby 

J.   L,    McCanoughby Montevallo 

John.  E.   Morris Ganadarque 

J.    E.    Rufflin Helena 

George    F.    Peter Maylene 

W.    E.    Knox Anniston 

John  B.    Lagarde ^. Anniston 

R.    H.    Cobb Anniston 

A.    H.    Quinn Anniston 

D.  B.,  Lacy Anniston 

J.   J.    Gray Sheffield 

F.    R.    King LeightOP 

W.    B.    Allsbrook Allboro 

John   A.    Edwards Childersburg 

J.    E.    Stone Talldega 

George    W.    Chambers . Talldega 

Hon.   W.   W.   Lavendar Centreville 

A.    P.    Howison Randolph 

J.    B.    Wadsworth Woodstock 

J.  N.    Campbell Bocton 

H.    C.    Reynolds Bocton 

Dr.    George    Wilkins Tuscaloosa 

F.    G.    Blair Tutecaloosa 

Frank   Lester Brookwood 

T.    H.    Moore Tuscaloosa 

J.   B.    Carrington America 

Henry   McArdle Horse   Creek 

H.   L.    Smith Gamble    Mines 

James  Nichols Galloway 

A.  W.  Reed Corona 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYOR  OF  BIRMINGHAM. 

W.  M.   Drennen,   Mayor. 

A.  W.   Haskell  L.    W.    John, 

P.    Toulmin.  J.    F.    Oarrington. 

E.  R  anise  v 

ILLINOIS. 

Richard    Yates.    Governor. 

F.  O.    Wyatt Chicago 

H.    N.    Taylor * Chicago 

A.    L.    Sweet Chicago 

S.    M.    Dal/e:i Chicago 

C.    L.    Scroggs Chicago 

Herman   Ju&ti Chicago 

P.    H.    Donnelly Chicago 

J.    H.    Geraghty Chicago 

Richard    Newsam Peoria 

Isaac    Wantling Peoria 

James    Taylor Edwards 

W.    G.    Halbert Danville 

W.    R.    Rusisel Danville 

W.    R.    Jewell , Danville 

John    Rollo : Herrin 


International  Mining  Congress.  107 

J.    D.    Peters Herrm 

George  C.   Simpson Mt.   Olive 

A.  J.    Moorehead % Glen    Carbon 

William    Scaife Springfield 

Frank    Godley Springfield 

David    Ross Springfield 

W.    D.    Ryan Springfield 

J.    W.    Moore Springfield 

Thomas    Burke Springfield 

J.    M.    Hunter Streator 

Charles    Rathbun Streator 

F.  B.    Harcourt Rochester 

Hugh   Murray Nashville 

Walton   Rutledge Alton 

Thomas    Hudson Galva 

J.    H.    Allen Southboro 

Joseph    Pope Belleville 

Thomas  Reynolds Collinsville 

C.   C.  ..Davis Centralia 

T.    A.    Wilson Lebanon 

G.  W.    Traer Chicago 

F.    C.    Peabody Chicago 

Marion    C.    Wright Cairo 

E.    C.    Donk Belleville 

L.  M.   Bradley Mound  City 

Frank  T.  Day 95  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago 

William  R.   Everett 95  Dearborn   St.,   Chicago 

Stuart   Goodrell 1103   Ashland   Block.    Chicago 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYOR  OF  CHICAGO. 

Carter  H.  Harrison,   Mayor. 

C.  L.   Luigs.  Miss    P.    L.    Holland. 

J.  C.  O'Neill.  J.  A.  Ede 

B.  W.  Goodsell. 

INDIANA. 
W.    T.    Burbin.    Governor. 

Hon.   Crawford  Fairbanks Terre  Haute 

Hon.    Thomas   Taggart Indianapolis 

Hon.    S.   E.   Morss Indianapolis 

Hon.   A.    M.   Ogle Indianapolis 

Hon.   Charles  McCuHoch Fort   Wayne 

Hon.    R.    S.    Hennant Terre    Haute 

Hon.   J.   J.   Higgins Clinton 

Prof.   T.    H.   Hicks Fort   Wayne 

Hon.  W.  S.  Bog-le .Chicago,  111.,  Plymouth  Bldg. 

Hon.   Richard  Townsend Fort   Waynt 

Hon.  .John  H.  Bass Fort  Wayne 

Hon.   Hugh    Shirkie Clinton 

Hon.    Jamesi    McClellan Brazil 

Hon.   C.  A.   Eastman Brazil 

Hon.   W.   H.   Hubbard Indianapolis 

Hon.  David  Ingall Oakland   City 

Hon.  W.  D.  Van  Horn .  .  Terre  Haute 


108  Official  Proceedings 

Hon.   James   Epperson Lindon 

Hon.  W.  G.  Knight Terre  Haute 

Hon.    Job    Freeman Lindon 

Hon.    James    Fielder Ayrshire 

Hon.    George   Purcell Terre    Haute 

Hon.   William   Malton Lindon 

Hon.    W.    S.    Little Evansville 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYORS. 
TERRE  HAUTE,  INDIANA. 

Henry  C.   Steeg,  Mayor. 

Dan  Bogle,  Crawford  Fairbanks. 

J.  C.  Kolsem.  J.  Smith  Talley. 

W.  W.  Ray, 

LA   FAYETTE,   INDIANA. 

Noah  Justice,  Mayor. 

Libma.n  Sparks,  G.  H.  Hull. 

H.    H.    Lancharter,  Fred  Myer. 

George  Timberlake, 

IOWA. 
L.   M    Sliaw,   Governor. 

James   W.    Miller Des    Moines 

William   E.   Ballard Des    Moines 

Floyd  Davis Des  Moines 

Joseph  M.   Chriisty Des   Moines 

James  E.   Stout Des   Moines 

Thomas   A.   Harding Des    Moines 

H.  Foster  Bain . Des  Moines 

James^  G.    Berryhill Des    Moines 

Thomas   Burke De®  Moines 

William  J.    Miller West   Liberty 

James   A.    Campbell Ottumwa 

H.   L.    Waterman Ottumwa 

John    Verner Oskaloosa 

Alexander    Dargavel Centerville 

William    W.    Oliver Centerville 

James    Wilson Centerville 

S.  T.  Meservey Fort   Dodge 

William  T.   Chantland Fort   Dodge 

John    Owens Beacon 

Joseph    W.    Lewis Hiteman 

H.    L.    Byers Lucas 

Prof.   Samuel  W.   Beyer Ames 

Prof.   Samuel  Calvin Iowa  City 

Prof.  William  H.  Norton Mt.   Vernon 

Calvin    W.    Doop Casey 

Prof.    John   Littlefield   Tilton Indianola 

J.    A,    Green Stone   City 

Frederick    C.    Seramek Davenport 

Henry.    H.    Canfield Boone 

H.    G.    Edmundson Bedford 

John    P.    Reese Albia 

Henry    Augustus    Collin Northwood 


International  Mining  Congress.  109 

APPOINTED  BY  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE. 

Sioux  City  Commercial  Club  appointed  F.  L.  Eaton,  Secretary  of 
the  Sioux  City  Stock  Yards  Company,  chairman  of  the  delegation,  with 
power  to  select  four  others  to  attend  this  Congress. 

Sioux  City,   Iowa.     Clarinda,   Iowa,  Improvement  Association. 

V.    Graff Clarinda 

J.    R.    Burrows Clarinda 

F.  W.    Parish Clarinda 

I.    Weil Ularinda 

G.  William    Richardson Clarinda 

KANSAS. 
W.    E.    Stanley,    Governor. 

C.    J.    Delvin Topeka 

J.   H.   Durkee Weir   City 

A.  E.   Winter Blue  Rapids 

W.    H.    Mahon Coffeeville 

L.   Ainsworth Lyons 

Louis    Matignon Scranton 

H.    F.    Pinkman ' Dilloti 

John   R.    Morrison Midway 

John   R.    Braidwood Weir   City 

George   Richardson Weir   City 

Robert    Gilmour .' Pittsburg 

Edward   Keegan Pittsburg 

John  T.  Stewart Weir  City 

Thomas   McManus Weir   City 

Erasmus   Ha  worth Lawrence 

A.    M.    Shermerhorn Galena 

Hon.   E.   C.   Weilep Galena 

Hon.   S.  J.  Crawford Topeka 

Charles   K.    Holliday Topeka 

Hon.    J.   W.   Orr Atchison 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYOR  OF  TOPEKA. 

J.  W.  E.  Hughes,  Mayor. 

Frank  E.  Wear.  R.  H.  Dihle, 

S.  S.  Ott,  Charles  L.    Sampsou. 

E.  W.  Poindexter.  W.  W.  Watson. 

J.  E.  Frost.  Oscar  Seitz, 

C.  K.  Holliday.  K.  W.  Tuttle. 
Frank  Little. 

MAINE. 
John    F.    Hills,    Governor. 

George  H.   Morse,  Esq Pittsfield 

Elmer   D.    Smith Pittsfield 

MARYLAND. 
John  W.   Smith.  Governor. 

Frank    Ehleii Baltimore 

John  B.  Sisson Baltimore 

William    Bullock    Clark.  .  Baltimore 


110  Official  Proceedings 

Jesse    Ty eson Baltimore 

C.    K.    Lord Baltimore 

Alexander    Shaw v Baltimore 

W.   G.    Cassell Baltimore 

W.    G.    Cassell Baltimore 

J.    L.    Murrill Baltimore 

August    Hoen Baltimore 

B.  F.    Star Baltimore 

John    Waters Baltimore 

T.    J.    Mehan Baltimore 

J.    P.    Carroll Midland 

Jolm    Milholland Cumberland 

C.  C.    Coffin Muirkirk 

John   Sheridan Mt    Savage 

J.   McClenahan Port   Deposit 

R.   K.    Wood Sparrow's    Point 

Lloyd    Lowndes ' Cumberland 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

C.    F.    Drake,  A.  P.  Chitterton. 

Willard  White, 

MICHIGAN. 
Hon.  N.   T.   Bites,    Governor. 

C.    M.    Boss Bessemer 

W.   A.    Cole Ironwood 

S.    G.    Cole Ironwood 

William    Bond Vulcan 

William    Kelley Vulcan 

J.    E.    Jopling Ispheming 

E.    F.    Bradt Iron    Mountain 

C.    E.    Breitung Ispheming 

Walter    Firch Beacon 

W.    Goldworthy iron    Mountain 

William   Werder Bessemer 

Will    A.    Chil'ds Calumet 

J.    D.    Cuddihy Calumet 

James    McNaughton Calumet 

Capt.  W.   E.  Parnell Calumet 

Capt.    Josiah    Hall Calumet 

Capt.    James1    Chenoweth Calumet 

Capt.    William   Daniels Calumet 

John   Duncan Calumet 

Capt.    Johnson    Vivian Houghton 

Phillip    Carroll Houghton 

Z.    W.    Wright Houghton 

R.    R.    Goodell Houghton 

Will   CaJverly Houghton 

James   Pryoe Houghton 

A.    F.    Rees Houghton 

A.   R.    Gray Houghton 

W  illiam    J.    Wren Houghton 

William  J.   Van  Orden Houghton 

Dr.  L.  L.  Hubbard Houghton 

Capt.    S.   B.    Harris Hancock 


International  Mining  Congress.  Ill 

E.  L.    Wright Hancock 

R.    H.    Shealds Hancock 

C.    A.    Wright Hancock 

James   H.    Seager Hancock 

A.    ,T.    Scott Hancock 

F.  McM.    Stanton Atlantic 

F.   J.   Coggins,   Jr Red   Ridge 

Fred    Smith Wolverine 

George    Froney .' Jacobsville 

J.  B.  Cooper South  Lake  Linden 

Tom  A.   Hanna Iron  Mountain 

James    Hoar Lake    Linden 

George  W.  Orr Lake  Linden 

Samuel    G.    Higgins Sagniaw 

C.    B.    Shaefer Sagniaw 

R.    M.    Randall . Sagniaw 

F.    G.    Benham Sagniaw 

W.    T.    Chappell Sagniaw 

Thomas    B.    Jones Sagniaw 

Arthur    Barnard Sagniaw 

Arthur    D.    Eddy Sagniaw 

C.    R.    Campbell Sagniaw 

Peter    Herrig Sagniaw 

M.   L.    Davies Bay    City 

W.    A.    Knapp Bay    City 

E.  B.    Foss Bay  City 

Charles   Coryell Bay    City 

Charles  W.  Handy West  Bay  City 

Robert   Gage Jackson 

Charles    Chynoweth Calumet 

Ernest    Bollman Calumet 

Robert   L.    Edwards Houston 

MINNESOTA. 

S.   R.   Van   Sant,    Governor. 

Capt.    J.    H.    Hearding Eveleth 

Capt.   S.   E.   Helps Eveleth 

Capt.    Glen   R.    Brown Eveleth 

C.    E.    Bailey Eveleth 

Capt.   C.   W.   Kimberley Eveleth 

Capt.   P.    Mitchell Hibbing 

Capt.   Redfern Hibbing 

A.  P.    Stillman Hibbing 

Capt.   E.    C.  Mills Virginia 

J.    D.    Lament Virginia 

Capt.    J.    W.    Wallace Duluth 

Capt.  J.  D.   Shilling Bi-wabik 

Capt.   C.   H.   Munger Sparta 

Capt.  M.  S.  Hawkins Mountain  Iron 

Capt.    John    Pengilly Ely 

C.  H.   Pratt Boise,   Idaho 

Fred    J.    Bowman Minneapolis 

C    W    Hall Minneapolis,    care   U.    of  M. 

B.  H.    Evans • »*•    Paul 


112  Official  Proceedings 

N.   C.    Westerfield St-   Paul 

J.    C.    Riebe Minneapolis 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYOR. 

ST.   PAUL,    MINNESOTA. 
Robert   A.    Smith.    Mayor. 

Dennis  Ryan,  W.   W.   Price. 

J.  C.   Stout.  H.  B.  Willis. 

Dr.  Rudolph  Schiffmann, 

DULUTH,    MINNESOTA. 
T.  M.  Hugo,  Mayor. 

0.  L.  Young,  Clinton  Markell. 
W.  P.  Hurlbut,  Edward  Silberstein, 
C.  D.  McEachron,  R.  C.  Mitchell. 

MISSOURI. 

Alex.  M.  Dockery,  Governor. 
V.   L.   Beshears Vandalia 

1.  N.   Page * Bonne  Terre 

J.  J.  Funk Webb  City 

J.  J.   Nelson Webb  City 

J.   C    Stewart Webb   City 

T.    J.    Shelton Centerville 

Dan   Collins Joplin 

H.    H.    Gregg Joplin 

Andrew  Donan Joplin 

T.   W.    Cunningham Joplin 

Fred   Norton Carthage 

J.   W.    Halliburton Carthage 

W.    B.    Williams Rich    Hill 

S.    H.    Minor Aurora 

A.  H.    Scholes Granby 

C.  E.  •  Davidson Neoshp 

J.   H.    Waltman Lamar 

James  Hughes. . . , v . . Richmond 

P.    S.    Adams Fulton 

Price   Gunn Higginsville 

W.    R.    Carter Wellington 

J.  W.    Marsteller Jefferson    City 

W.    S.    Allee Olean 

W.    E.    Murlin t.  .Bevier 

August   Setz Bonne   Terre 

George    B.    Paxton .Joplin 

D.  W.    Shackleford Jefferson   City 

S.    D.    Gordon Columbia 

B.  F.    Auger Moundville 

Williaw    Ballew Corder 

W.    J.    Teeman Montrose 

Harry   Ward Moberly 

Dr.   F.  R.  Newberry Fredericktown 

W.    P.    Ruffel Glasgow 

Joseph    Daylor ShelbyvUle 


International  Mining  Congress.  113 

APPOINTED    BY    MAYORS. 
MARSHALL.   MISSOURI. 

John  Blair,    Mayor. 

R.  B.   Ruff.  R.  M.  Reynolds, 

E.  D.   Martin.  J.  Herdnal  Harvey, 

R.  P.   Spencer,  John  O    Nling. 

Charles    Potter.  J.  R.   Phillips. 

J.  W.  Carter.  G.  S.  Hardin. 

JEFFERSON   CITY,   MISSOURI. 

Alfred  C.   Shoup,  Mayor. 

Louis   C.    Lohman.  Dr.   George   W.   Tainter, 

Henry   Bockrath.  S.  D.  Donnell. 

G.  Masonhall. 

JOPLIN,    MISSOURI. 

John   C.    Trigs,   Mayor. 

W.  W.  Petraeus,  John  W.  McAntire. 

Burt  W.  Lyon,  D.  K.  Wenrick. 

E.  N.  Per  IT-  George  G.  Bayne, 
Jason  S.   Frye,                                           J.  E.  Aldrich. 

APPOINTED  BY   COUNTY   COMMISSIONERS. 
COLE    COUNTY.    MISSOURI. 

Albert    Pfunder Hickory    Hall 

Frank  Distler Elston 

Dodge   Durham Elston 

J.   R.    Edwards Jefferson   City 

George  C.   Ramsey Jefferson   City 

APPOINTED  BY  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE. 
Commercial  Club.   Carthage,  Missouri. 

T.    T.    Luscombe Carthage 

Oscar   DeGraff Carthage 

J.   W.    Grounds Carthage 

H.   H.    Beckwith Carthage 

T.    K.    Iiv:in .Carthage 

Commercial   Club  of  Jefferson   City,    Missouri. 

F.  W.  Roer.  Dr.  J.  P.  Perth, 
L.  D.  Gordon.  W.  W.  Wanner. 
F.  M.  Brown, 

Aurora  Business  Men's  Club,  Aurora,  Missouri. 

Louis    J.    Minor Aurora 

M.    L.    Coleman Aurora 

C.    C.    Playter Aurora 

Bert    Gardner Aurora 

J.    B.    Miller Aurora 

Jared  R.  Woodfill,   Jr Aurora 

S.    E.    Loy Aurora 

C.   E.    Matthews Aurora 

J.    A.    Borsman Aurora 

J.    M.    Burgner Aurora 


1 1 4  Official  Proceedings 

O.    J.    Raymond Aurora 

C.   R.    Jones Aurora 

G.    H.    Elmore Aurora 

J.    H.    Berkshire Aurora 

MONTANA. 

Joseph  Toole,   Governor. 

Thomas   Cruse Helena 

R.    A.    Bell Helena 

William   Mayger Helena 

Alex.    Burrell Helena 

William    Morris Pony 

Paul   A.    Fusz • Philipsbuirg 

J.    C.    McLeod Philipsburg 

L.   C.    Parker : ..Garnet 

F.    G.    Higgins Missoula 

W.    J.    Stephens Missoula 

L.    S.    McLure Neihart 

J.   T.    Armington Armington 

J.   E.    Barker Great    Falls 

F.    C.    Berendeis Boulder 

Ed.    Ryan Boulder 

J.   A.    Savage ( Livingston 

John    P.    Barnes Lewistown 

J.  C.  Tipton White   Sulphur  Springs 

Edwin   Norris Dillon 

A.    W.    Spriggs Townsend 

W.    E.    Eversole Townsend 

H.    L.    Frank Butte 

Michael    Deevey Butte 

T.    W.    Buzzo Walkerville 

W.    W.    McDbnell. Butte 

Joe    Bryant Butte 

Carl    Galligher Butte 

George    Robinson Butte 

J.    H.    Vivian Butte 

Henry    Addoms Butte 

Mrs.    Ella    Knowles   Haskell Helena 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYOR  OF  HELENA. 

Frank   J.    Edwards,   Mayor. 

T.  E.  Collins,  R.  A.   Bell, 

A.  A.  Lathrop,  E.  A.   Whetmore, 

Carl   KleinsichmMt,    Jr.,  George   O.   Freeman. 

BROADWAY  COUNTY,  MONTANA. 

John    A.    Keating Radefsburg 

Ham    Richardson Townsend 

W.    S.    Dosge Winston 

A.  W.   Schreiber Diamond   City 

Julius    Berg Townsend 

MEAGHER  COUNTY,   MONTANA. 

J.    B.    Galliger .: Copper 

F.    A.    Sisely .Minden 


International  Mining  Congress.  115 

Ira   Allen ; Fort    Legal* 

Joseph   Graham White   Sulphur   Springs 

William    Short :. Castle 

L.   C.   Parker Granite   County 

J.  H.  Trerise,  A.  N.  Winchell. 

K.  W.  Barry,  Tom  Bryant, 

C.  W.  Goodale,  Albert   Kleinschmidt, 

G.   W.  Winter,  F.  J.   Rowlands, 

George  D.   Cochrane,  J.  H.  Heilbronner, 

N.  R.  Leonard,  L.  O.  Leonard. 

T.  P.  Newton, 

NEBRASKA. 

Charles   H.   Dietrich.   Governor. 

Thomas    H.    Benton , Lincoln 

John    F.    Coad Omaha 

Henry    W.    Yates Omaha 

G.    J.    States Lincoln 

James  H.  Van  Dusen South  Omaba 

S.    H.    Rice Milford 

O.  A.    Abbott : Orand   Island 

Robert    Ro®s Omaha- 

J.    W.    Dolan Arapahoe 

Edward   Bignell Lincoln- 
John   A.    Creighton ' Omaha 

Frank    Castetter Bfa.tr 

W.  B.   Creek South  Omaha 

Frank    Hammond Fremont 

J.    Sterling   Morton Nebraska   City 

Adam   Breede Hastings 

Isaac    D.    Clarke.  .-..-.• Papillion 

John    C.    Sprecher Schuyler 

Patrick    Miles Sidney 

Jefferson    Stone Minden 

C.  M.   Hunt South   Omaha 

Charles  Wooster Silver  Creefc 

J.  A.    Harris Broken   Bo-* 

Taylor    Flick Broken    Bo* 

Guy    C.    Barton Omaha 

R.    C.    Patterson Omaha 

E.   H.    Barbour • Lincoln 

George   Brooks Norfolk 

G.    N.    Hicks Omalia 

G.    M.    Hitchcock Omaha 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYOR  OF  HOLDRIDGE. 
F.    A.    Dean,    Mayor. 

E.  W.  Beghtol,  C.  A.   McCounaughy, 

E.   D.    Eainsel,  GUIS  Abrahamson. 

W.   P.  Hall, 

APPOINTED    BY    COUNTY    COMMISSIONERS. 

A.    B.    Allen Tecumseh- 

H.    T.    Ward Tecumseh 


116  Official  Proceedings    . 

William    H.    Campbell Tecumseh 

C.    M.    Linn Tecumseh 

George   Warren ',  '. ".  . : . .' Tecumseh 

NEW  JERSEY. 
Hon.  F.   W.   Voorkees,   Governor. 

Mon.   Frederick  A.   Canfield Dovei 

M.    D.    Valentine - Woodbridge 

James    Tonking Franklin    Furnace 

S.    B.    Patterson Philipsburg 

George   W.    Maynard Morristown 

John   C.    Randolph Morristown 

NEW   YORK. 
B.   B.   Odell.   Jr..    Governor. 

Charles  Kirchoff New  York  City 

Hon.-  E.  G.  Gary New  York  City 

Cleveland  H.  Dodge New  York  City 

Augustus  Heckscher New   York  City 

Benjamin  Nicall. ''.' New  York  City 

Hon.   J.    Sloat   Fassett Elmira 

Hon.   Smith  M.  Weed Pittsburgh 

A.    E.    Tower. Ploughkeepsie 

James    A.    Burden Troy 

C.    H.    Cady... Mineville 

Capt.   George  F.    Roth Rochester 

Coker  F.  Clarkson New  York   City 

W.  J.   Johnston. New  York  City 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

E.  J.   Babcock Grand  Forks 

OREGON. 
Hon.  T.   T.   Geer.   Governor. 

F.  V.    Drake Portland 

Arthur    Conklin Grants   Pass 

J.   O.   Booth.... Grants   Pass 

R.  G.    Smith .  . .' Grants   Pass 

J.    W.    Virtue. Leland 

W.   B.    Dennis. . Cottage   Grove 

George  A.   Dysfon Blue   River 

W.    B.    Hawley Eugene 

George    W.    Uoyd Eugent 

W.    J.    D'Arcy. Salem 

W.    T.    Wright. Union 

Dunham   Wright ..,......, Union 

J.    H.    Potaeroy Weatherby 

W.    A.    Thatcher Geiser 

F.    S.    Bailee Bourne 

Aliene   Case — ...* Cornucopia 

George    Barin Gra-nite 

Albert    Geiser Baker    City 

William    Smith Baker    City 

H.    C.   McCallum k. Sumpter 


International  Mining  Congress.  117 

H.   A.   Himes p Canyon    City 

Ira    Sprawl .-.••••  Canyon    City 

J.    W.    Larkin ••.-.•• Granite 

William    Miller Ontario 

J.    D.    Voss .( Express 

William    Harris . . pottage    Grove 

LeRoy   D.    Walter [. Carson 

John   T.    Grayson '.'.  .Baker    City 

J.  K.   Romig , .  .La  Grande 

William  Huntley   Hampton . .  Grants  Pass 

E.  J.    Godfrey Portland 

T.    H.    Crawford Union 

F.  L.   Evans .Medical   Springs 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYORS. 

PORTLAND,    OREGON. 

H.   S.  Rowe,   Mayor. 

G.  W.  Johnson,  Isaac  H.   Bingham, 
A.  Hoofer,                                                Angus  D.  McQueen, 
H.   S.   Harcourt,                                     Walter  McKay, 

I.   B.   Hammond,  Dr.  Andrew  C.   Smithi: 

J.  R.  Clark,  H.  H.  McCarty. 

F.  J.  Hard, 

BAKER  CITY.  OREGON. 

W.  H.  Bentley,  Mayor. 

H.    S.  Bowen,  John  T.  Grayson, 

James   Barton,  J.  A.  Panting. 

P.  Bache, 

SUMPTER,   OREGON. 

J.   H.    Bobbins.    Mayor. 

Emil    Melzer Bourne 

J.    A.    Flood .' Sumpter 

A.    J.    Trimbee Sumpter 

J.    W.    Carr Alamo 

Francis    Clarino Alamo 

APPOINTED   BY   COUNTY   COMMISSIONERS. 
Business  Men's  League,   Sumpter,  Oregon. 

Daniel   Jarger Sumpter 

J.    J.    Hennesey Sumpter 

Seymour    H.    Bell Sumpter 

Joseph   A.    Mikel Sumpter 

Roy    H.    Miller Sumpter 

P.    C.    Phelps Sumpter 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

William  A.   Stone.   Governor. 

Peter    Quinn Wilkesbarre    Township 

Llewellyn    Price ...  .Wilkesbarre    Township 

Thomas    Harris Lattimer    Mines 

David    Davis Avoca 

S.    R.    Morgans Wilkesbarre 


1 18  Official  Proceedings 

Morgan    R.    Morgans Wilkesbarre 

T.    D.    Nichols Nanticoke 

Edmund    Evans. ..'...- Pittzton 

Stephen    Charles.  : Hazelton 

Thomas    B.    McKaig. . Pittsburg 

Mordacai    Dando.  ; ; Edwardsville 

Hon.    D.    J.    Reese Plymouth 

Edmund  N.  Carpenter. Idanha  Hotel,  Boise,   Idaho 

Hon.    William   Jeffreys Hazelton 

Hon.   B.    F.   Myers Harrisburg 

Lemuel    Smith Export 

Charles    E.    Porter Baggaley 

H.    D.    Penman Adamsburg 

John    Clark Irwin 

James   Hall Dubois 

Richard    George Winburne 

Alexander    Stewart .'. Anita 

James   Hamilton Eleanora 

John   Bell , Big   Soldier 

Andrew    Beveridge De    Lancey 

Edward    Mannix ....  Bernice 

James   H.    Spence Bernice 

John    White,    Sr Bernict 

William    Brown Bernice 

James    C.    Johnson Phillipsburg 

Thomas    James.  . .  .  / Phillipsburg 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYORS. 

EASTON,    PENNSYLVANIA. 

B.    Rush   Field,    Mayor. 

H.   A.   Sage,   Jr.,  W.   B.   Newberry, 

E.  J.  Richards,     '  Charles  Rodeiibough, 

Chester   Snyder,  James  McK.   Young, 

Horace  Lehr,  Capt.    Fred   R.    Drake. 

MALDEN,  MASSACHUSETTS. 

C.    L.    Dean,    Mayor. 

Enoch  Perkins,  Harold  C.  Buckminister. 

Henry  A.  Bascom,  C.  Henry  Knapp, 

George  S.   Mansfield.  Charles   B.   Waterman. 

C.  F.  Hickler, 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 
Charles  M.  Herried,  Governor. 

Congressman   E.   W.   Martin Deadwood 

Prof.    James   E.    Todd Vermi'llioii 

Thomas    Gregory ,     Lead 

Walter   E.    Smead Lead 

Ernest    May ; : Lead 

J.    C.    McLemore Lean 

Hon.    K.    G.    Phillips Deadwood 

N.    E.    Franklin Deadwo<xl 

W.    H.    Bonham Deadwood 

Otto   P.   T.   Grantz .  .  Deadwood 


International  Mining  Congress.  1 19 

R.    L.    Billings Deadwood 

G.    G.    Dennis Deadwood 

George    Hendy Terry 

Thomas    J.    Kean Terry 

James    Sorvinder Spearfish 

R.    B.    Hughes Spearfish 

John    Gray Terraville 

Titus    Corkhill Central    City 

Nick    Treweek Terry 

C.  B.    Harris Galena 

George    L.    Griggs Galena 

H.    E.    Perkins Sturgte 

A.    T.    Feay Ouster   City 

Charles    Catoii Hill    City 

Hon.    (Charles    Baldwin Keystone 

Prof.   R.   E.    Slagel 

J.    B.    Gossage Rapid    Oity 

George   Atwater Yankton 

D.  O.   Baer Lead   City 

Joseph    Hinton Central    City 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Delegates  Appointed  by  the  Governor  of  South  Carolina.  ' 

Dr.    James    Mclntosli Newberry 

Alonzo    Her Union 

James    G.    Galbreath Newberry 

O.    M.    Jamison Newberry 

W.    B.    Smith    Whaley Columbia 

Augustine    T.    Smythe Charleston 

A.    B.    Cailvert t Spartanburg 

Col.    J.    B.    Cleveland ,  ... .  .  4  .  . .  Spartanburg 

Col.    Wilie    Jones Columbia 

Col.    LeRoy    Springs • Lancaster 

M<aj.   J.   F.   Hart Yorkville 

Col.    A.    C.    Latiraer Belton 

Col.   J.   L.   Black Blacksburg 

F.    C.    West Spartanburg 

Earle    Sloam Charleston 

L.    M.    Jordan Union 

TENNESSEE. 
Benton  McMillin,    Governor. 

Lucius    P.    Brown Nashville 

John    F.    McNutt Crossville 

R.    A.    Shiflett Knoxville 

S.    A.    Wood Dyersburg 

T.    C.    Looney Memphis 

J.    L.    Dibrell Randolph    Adams 

A.    H.    Wood •  •  •  •  •    Petros 

F.    P.    Clute Glenmary 

E.  C.    Camp Knoxville 

W.    S.    Duckworth Nashville 

Col.   A.   M.    Shook Nashville 

P.    E.    Blow .  .  Knoxville 


120  Official  Proceedings 

Henry    C.    Jackson Jonesville 

Ben    L.    DuLaney / Bristol 

H.    C.    Kerber Mooresburg 

D.    B.    Anderson Gallatin 

John    Carpenter Columbia 

H.   D.   Ruhm Mt.    Pleasant 

Hon.    J.    M.    Graham Pinewood 

J.   H.   Lory Cumberland   City 

P.    J.    Tinsley Nashville 

W.    G.    Sadler Nashville 

Robin    Jones Nashville 

Charles    A.    Weller Knoxville 

C.  G.    Popp Deposit 

Randolph    Adams Ducktown 

Hon.    E.    L.    Bullock Jacbson 

J.   M.    Head • Dayton 

James    Woolridge Woolridge 

H.    H.    Buquo Grayville 

W.    W.    Wallace .McMinnville 

G.    H.    Crozier Whitwel) 

R.    J.    Moscrip Monterey 

D.  P.    Montague Chattanooga 

John    A.    Rule Chattanooga 

H.    S.    Chamberlain Chattanooga 

C.    B.    Sevier Harriman 

Roy    V.    Myers Dayton 

J.    D.    Raht Tullohoma 

A.  J.    Kenny Hartranf  t 

J.    I.    D.    Hinds Nashville 

APPOINTED  BY  COUNTY  COMMISSIONERS. 
COFFER   COUNTY,   TENNESSEE. 

Col.   J.    G.    Aydelott Tullohoma 

James    Neal Tullohoma 

Charles    Heidenburg Tullohoma 

Dr.   C.    M.   Farror Hillsboro 

B.  P.    Bashaw Manchester 

Dr.   N.   McNabb .Beech   Grove 

J.    F.    Thomas Tullohoma 

R.    C.    Messick Gooosberg 

J.    B.    Shrader Manchester 

F.    M.    Wammok Hillsboro 

W.    P.    Hickerson Manchester 

E.  W.    Smartt Viola 

APPOINTED  BY  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE. 
CHATTANOOGA,   TENNESSEE. 

Newell   Sander®,   President  •  Chattanooga  Chamber  of   Commerce. 

J.    W.    Adams' Dahlonega 

William   Cummings Chattanooga 

Weber   Club,    or   Chamber   of    Commerce,    Ogden,    Utah. 
J.    D.   Carnahan,  Fred  J.  Kiessel, 

C.  A.  Henry,  Ad.   Kuhn. 
A.  A.  Steed, 


International  Mining  Congress.  121 

Nashville  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Nashville,  Tennessee. 

Frank    S.    Washburn Nashville 

G.    N.    Tillman Nashville 

E.    C.    Andrews Nashville 

Henry    Sperry Nashville 

J.    W.    Braid.  .'. Nashville 

TEXAS. 
Joseph  1).   Sayers,   Governor. 

I.   H.   Burney Fort   Worth 

S.   H.   Cowan Fort   Worth 

J.   A.   Peacock Fort   Worth 

A.    M.    Carter. Fort    Worth 

Hon.    J.    M.    Presser Comanche 

Phillip    Hockensmith Butterfield 

Dr.   W.   H.   Westfall Burnett 

W.    Evans . .  .  . Austin 

Maj.   T.    H.    Lee Grandview 

James    Mills Indian    Gap 

Dr.   W.  R.   Sedburry Clifton 

Hon.   W.   W.   Turney El    Paso 

Hon.    William   Van    Sickle Alpine 

Hon.    J.    B.    Dibrell Seguin 

S.    E.    Watson .....'.  .Clarksville 

W.    R.    King Rosebud 

J.   A.    Caton,    Sr Detroit 

Robert  W.   Barker San  Antonio 

W.   C.    Schriver San   Antonio 

J.    A.    Lamb Jonesboro 

Capt.   W.    D.   Donaldson Headsville 

A.    B.    Blevins Ru&V 

R.    L.   Coleman .New   Birmingham 

Prof.    N.    J.    Baden Llano 

Del    Dewes Del    Rio 

John    W.    Maxey , Houston 

T.    U.    Taylor Austin 

Prof.  J.  C.  Nagle Cottage  Station 

Josh    Halbert Corsicana 

Hon.    A.    E.    Atlee Laredo 

UTAH. 

Heber  M.   Wells.    Governor. 

John    Dern Salt  Lake 

Thomas    Kearns Salt  Lake 

Clarence  E.  Allen Salt  Lake 

Victor   M.    Clement Salt  Lake 

J.   E.   Bamberger Salt  Lake 

W.   C.    Higgins Salt  Lake 

J.  W.   Neill Salt  Lake 

W.  J.  Bogue Salt  Lake 

J.    E.    Talmage Salt  Lake 

L.   E.   Camomile Salt  Lake 

Joseph   T.    Jenkins Salt  Lake 

Angus  M.  Cannon,   Sr.  . Salt  Lake 


122  Official  Proceedings 

C.   C.   Goodwin Salt   Lake 

W.    W.    Armstrong Salt    Lake 

W.    G.    Filer Salt    Lake 

E.   A.    Wall Salt   Lake 

A.    H.   Tarbet ...!Salt    Lake 

C.  E.    Loose Provo   City 

Lafayette    Holbrook Provo    City 

Jesse    Knight Provo    City 

Andrew    P.    Mayberry Bingham 

W.    I.    Snydjer Park   City 

D.  C.   McLaughlin Park   City 

Fred    J.    Kiesel Ogden 

Don    McGuire Ogden 

E.  M.    Allison Ogden 

N.    B.    Dresser Mercur 

S.    Hazel  ton ". Murray 

L.   E.   Riter Silver   City 

Robert   C.    Lund St.    George 

APPOINTED  BY  COUNTY  COMMISSIONERS. 
SALT  LAKE  COUNTY,   UTAH. 

Ezra  Thompson '. Salt  Lake  City 

W.  F.  James Salt  Lake  City 

Charles  H.   Schew Salt  Lake  City 

J.  D.  Wood Salt  Lake  City 

A.    H.    Tarbet Salt    Lake    City 

MORGAN  COUNTY,   UTAH. 

Samuel    Campbell Morgan 

William    Croft Peterson 

Martin    Guarder . Milton 

A.    Van    Patten Peterson 

M.    Gardner Peterson 

PIUTE   COUNTY,   JUNCTION,    UTAH. 

W.    G.    Filer Kimberley 

Floyd    Weed Kimberley 

A.    D.    MacLean Kimberley 

Lee    Bertholamen Marysoals 

F.  J.    Lyon Marysoals 

JUAB  COUNTY,  UTAH. 

C.  V.  WTheeler,  Richard  Guntler, 

John    T.    Hayes,  Watson   M.    Nesbit,    Sr., 

J.  M.  Wheeler,  George   C.   Whitmor. 
Hans  J.  Hassell, 

WEBER  COUNTY,    UTAH. 

Don    Maguire ; Ogden 

A.    B.    Patten Ogden 

C.    M.    Brough Ogden 

Ernest    E.    Stevens Ogden 

J.    J.    Brummitt Ogden 


International  Mining  Congress.  123 

• 

SALT  LAKE  CITY,   UTAH. 

Ezra  Thompson,    Mayor. 

William  Hatfield.  Clarence  K.  McCornick, 

James    Ivers,  J.    E.    Bamberger, 

Henry  Newell,  Frank  Morehouse, 

J.  C.  Lynch,  H.   G.    Heffron, 

J.  D.  Woods,  John  Dern. 

Joseph   Jenkins, 

OGDEN,   UTAH. 
M.   S.   Browning,   Mayor. 

Fred  Shields,  William  H.  Tibbals, 

Thomas  D.  Lee.  V.  C.  Heikes, 

Don  Maguire,  P.    C.   Kittle, 

John    H.    McCrystal,  W.  O.  Bridgman, 

D.  J.  Carnahan,  H.  L.  Thomas, 

C.  L.  Peebles,  Frank   C.    Chapin, 

F.   C.  Richmond,  Mark  Lessinger. 

Joseph  T.  Jenkins, 

VERMONT. 

William  W.    Stickney,   Governor. 

N.    S.    DeMary Boise 

A.    C.    DeMary Boise 

W.    C.    Cleveland Boise 

Mrs.    W.    C.    Cleveland Boise 

Rev.   R.   B.    Wright Boise 

Hon.    Willis    Sweet Boise 

Inez  V.  Spofford Boise 

Stephen    G.    Langmaid Boise 

Judson    Spofford Bo'se 

Prof.    George   H.    Perkins Burlington 

Hon.   Thomas  M.  Deal , .  .  St.   Albany 

Hon.    Frank   D.   White Rutland 

James  W.   Tyson S.    Strafford 

R.    B.    Godfrey Bennington 

Prof.   N.   F.    Merrill Burlington 

C.   W.    Scarff Montperiei 

George    E.    Moody Waterbury 

George    Westinghouse Copperfield 

Hon.    J.    C.    Enrigfht Windsor 

Hon.  C.  F.  Smith Wast  Topsham 

F.    C.    Kennedy BuHington 

C.    L.    Stewart Rutland 

J.    K.    Fullerton Waterbury 

E.  C.    Jacobs Burlington 

Dr.   W.   F.   Minard . Waterbury 

F.  A.    Goss Vergennes 

R.   B.   Perkins Ridgewater   Corners 

G.  W.   Bradley S.    Wallingford 

T.    C.    O'Neill Waterbury 

VIRGINIA. 

J.  Hoge  Tyler,  Governor. 
T.   C.  Jones .  .  .  .  Iron   Gate 


124  Official  Proceedings 

+ 

Tom    L.    West Richmond 

C.    R.    Boyd Wytheville 

Henry    Froehling Richmond 

Horace    M.    Engle Roanoke 

Robert    F.    Morris Richmond 

John    S.    Fleming Richmond 

L.    M.    Johnson Longdale 

Charles    A.    Gatlett Staunton 

P.    H.    Lewis Craigsville 

William    M.    Fontain Charlottesville 

C.   F.   Z   Caracristi Granite 

R.    M.    Bibb Roanoke 

George    L.    Carter Bristol 

John    W.    Echman Pulaski 

George    M.    HoMein Pulaski 

Robert    L.    Parrish Covington 

J.    W.    Wallace Covington 

P.    D.    Camp Franklin 

J.    D.    Pretlow Franklin 

Joseph    J.    Johnson Windsor 

H.   C.    Cline Front   Royal 

WASHINGTON. 

John    R.    Rogers,    Governor. 

Col.    Carl    Kleinschmidt Seattle 

E.    A.    Sessions Toledo 

W.  A.   Gray,   Esq '.  . .  .  Cowlitz 

Joseph    Merchant Walla   Walla 

Francis    H.    Cook Mead 

APPOINTED   BY   COUNTY   COMMISSIONERS. 
ASOTIN  COUNTY,   WASHINGTON. 

Simon    Adams Clarkston 

George   S.   Bailey Clarkston 

James   Justus Clarkston 

S.   D.    Hollister,   Jr Clarkston 

L.    A.    Woodward '. Clarkston 

WHATCOM  COUNTY,   WASHINGTON. 

H.    A.    Compton Fairhaven 

E.    A.    Boblett Elaine 

R.    S.    Lambert Sumas 

Ed.    H.    Thomas Whatcom 

John    Siegfried Whatcom 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYORS. 
PULLMAN..    AVASHINGTON. 

Theo.   T.   Davis,   Mayor. 
Frank    L.    Burgan Pullman 

E\  BRETT,  WASHINGTON. 

Charles   K.  Greene,   Mayor. 

S.    S.    Gardner,  N.  Rudebeck, 

W.    C.    Butler,  E.   M.  Egbert. 
J.   C.   Denny, 


International  Mining  Congress.  125 

APPOINTED    BY    CHAMBERS    OP    COMMERCE. 

Everett   Chamber   of   Commerce,    Everett,    Washington. 

W.    C.    Butler Everett 

D.    C.    Johnson Everett 

Nick   Rudebeck Everett 

Spokane  Chamber  of  Commerce,   Spokane,  Washington. 

John    A.    Finch .• Spokane 

C.    H.    Weeks Spokane 

C.    M.    Fassett Spokaue 

P.    A.    Daggett Spokane 

George    A.    Black Spokane 

C.    M.    Thompson Spokane 

F.    H.    Howe Spokane 

WEST   VIRGINIA. 
A.   B.   White.   Governor. 

Dr.    I.    C.    White Morgantown 

Maj.    W.    N.    Page Anstead 

T.    E.    Houston Elkhorn 

Dr.   G.   A.   Newlon Buckhannon 

L.    E.    Tierney Elkhorn 

T.    L.    Henritze Welch 

John    Cooper Coopers 

Enoch    Carver Charleston 

R.    B.    Cassiday Charleston 

J.    E.    Dana Charleston 

A.  J.    Ruckman Monogah 

F.    S.    Landstreet Davis 

James    W.    Paul Charleston 

Samuel    Dixon MacDonald 

J.    B.    Jenkins Parsons 

W.  H.  H.  Toler East  Bank 

B.  D.    Spilman Parkersburg 

Clyde    D.    Hutchinson Fairmont 

A.   D.    Hemmings Raymond   City 

W.    W.    Snoch Rowlesburg 

J.    W.    Dawison Mammoth 

C.  Tibbetts Piedmont 

Col.    T.    B.    Davis Keyset* 

A.    J.    Bonadfield Tunnelton 

C.    M.    Watson Fairmont 

R.    L.    Sommerville .' Farmington 

Phillip    Goodwill Goodwill 

Fred    Paul    Gros'scup Charleston 

J.    A.    Fickinger Monogah 

A.    J.    Stone Fairmont 

WISCONSIN. 
R.  M.  La  Follette,  Governor. 

Thomas    Bardon Ashland 

Richard    Kennedy Highland 

Jefferson    Crawford Hazel    Green 

Henry   Ragge Benton 

J.    W.    McLaughlin Benton 


126  Official  Proceedings 

Thomas    Williams Hazel    Green 

R.  B.   Luckey Cuba  City 

James  McCormack Cuba   City 

James    W.    Murphy Platteville 

J.    J.    Williams Platteville 

Calvert    Spansley Mineral    Point 

James   Hoskins Darlington 

T.    B.    Ennor . .' Poto&l 

0.  C.    Davidson Commonwealth 

Prof.    Clements . .  ; Madison 

Thomas    J.    Law. . Shullsburg 

George  W.  Watson : New  Diggings 

M.    J.    Regan Madison 

Frank   J.    Kipp Milwaukee 

Win    J.    Morgan Milwaukee 

M.    D.    Kelly Milwaukee 

Martin    Patterson W.    Superior 

Kirby    Thomas W.    Superior 

J.    B.    Arnold W.    Superior 

Mathew    Richards • Platteville 

J.    E.    Malone Juneau 

John    Thauer Florence 

H.    D.    Fisher Florence 

John    W.    Groves Madison 

WYOMING. 
PeF.    Richards.    Governor. 

1.  C.    Miller Rawlins 

J.    B.    Hassett Saratoga 

J.  M.   Thomas,  Jr : Battle 

L.    A.    Godshall Encampment 

Malachi    Dillon Rawlins 

Charles   Kuster,   Jr , Laramie 

W.    B.    Roberts Laramie 

I.    R.    Swigert Laramie 

Fred    A.    Miller Laramie 

George    W.    Munkinsi Buffalo 

T.    G.    Smith Hazelton 

R.   M.    Kenedy Buffalo 

G.    Frank    McLaughlin Sheridan 

Felix    Kennedy Dietz 

William   Corrard .Wolf 

J.    Boardman    Cann Lewteton 

Charles    L.    Tewksbury Kirwin 

George    T.    Beck Cody 

W.    H.    Kilpatrick Newcastle 

Augustine    Kendall Rock    Springs 

Matt   Muir ..Rock    Springs 

C.    H.    King Casper 

E.    J.    Wells Glenrock 

John   Foxton Spring   Hill 

Frank    A.    Hoyt Cheyenne 

William    Sturgis,   Jr Cheyenne 

John    Charles    Thompson Cheyennt 


International  Mining  Congress.  127 

Theophilus    Grout ; Hecla 

Thomas    Sneddon Diamondville 

F.  M.    Foote Evanston 

ALASKA  TERRITORY. 
Hon.    John   G.   Drady,    Governor. 

H.    A.    Bauer Sitka 

E.    O.    Smith Sitka 

William    Meydenbauer Douglas 

Frank    Bach Douglas 

Joseph   MacDonald •. Douglas 

George   E.    Bent Rodman    Bay 

B.    M.    Behrends Juneau 

John    G.    Heid Juneau 

John    F.    Malony Juneau 

H.  E.   Hoggatt Juneau 

John    N.    Ti.sdale Juneau 

W.    M.    Ebner '. Juneau 

George    Garside Juneau 

L.    L.    Williams Juneau 

Dr.   C.   D.    Rogers Juneau 

Carl    C.    Mouler Sitka 

ARIZONA  TERRITORY. 

•      •  * 

N.    O.    Murphy,    Governor. 

W.    F.    Staunton Congress 

J.    L.    Giroux Jerome 

James    Douglas Bisbee 

S.    A.    Parnall Globe 

James    Colquhoun Clifton 

D.  M.    Riordan Phoenix 

Samuel    Huntington Phoenix 

Dr.    J.    M.    Ford Phoenix 

Hon.    P.    P.   Parker Phoenix 

Hon.   James   A.    Fleming Xilobe 

Hon.    George   P.   Blair .Mammoth 

John   Brockman Pearce 

Hon.  C.   M.   Shannon Clifton 

Paul   Jones Prescott 

E.  A.    Haggott Prescott 

G.  W.    Middleton Prescoti 

Thomas    Farish Phoenix 

Hon.   C.   L.   Houston Globe 

G.  W.  Harrington Crowned  King 

A.   L.    Grow Tbmbstone 

Jesse   Grant Nogale® 

W.    A.    Hendrix Pretseott 

Prof.   William   P.  Blake Tuscon 

Charles   R.    Drake Tuscon 

Thomas    Ewing Klngman 

A.    (i.    Hubbard Harrisburg 

H.    W.    Blaisdell Yuma 

E.    L.    Ix>y Chloride 

Joseph   G.    Saeger Helvetia 


128  Official  Proceedings 

P.    C.    Bicknell Williams 

NEW   MEXICO   TERRITORY. 
Miguel  A.   Otero,   Governor. 

A.  R.  Graham Silver  City 

M.   W.  Porterfield Silver   City 

J.   B.   Gilchrist Fierro 

A.    G.    Hood Fierro 

W.   S.    Hopewell Hillsboro 

W.    W.    Williams Hillsboro 

A.    W.    Harris Kingston 

W.  H.  H.  Llewellyn Las  Cruces 

R.    C.   Hatton Las    Cruces 

A.  B.   Fall Las   Cruces 

F.  B.    Schermerhorn Jarilla 

W.    A.    Hawkins Alamodorde 

A.    B.    Fitch Magdalena 

G.  T.    Brown Socorro 

J.  C.  Carrera Las  Cruces 

John  R.  DeMeir Las  Cruces 

George  W.  Prichard White  Oaks 

J.  T.  McLaughlin San  Pedro 

Saly    Kaunheim San    Pedro 

Jay    Turley Santa    Fft 

Gus  Mulholland Gallup 

T.    J.    Curran Albuerquerque 

H.    B.    Fergusson Albuerquerque 

Christ    Weigand Las    Vegas 

T.    B.    Mills Bland 

W.    H.    Greer Deming 

C.    J.    Gavin Raton 

T.    A.    Schromberg Raton 

Brigham  J.   Young Red   River 

J.    K.    Turner 

A.    R.    Gibson 

F.   A.   Reynolds 

Jay  Turley 

OKLAHOMA  TERRITORY. 

Oassiusi   M.    Barnes,    Governor. 

F.    E.    McKinley Guthrie 

Col.  H.  E.  Glazier , Guthrie 

W.  H.  Cleveland Mountain  View 

K.    C.    Cox Granite 

C.   B.   Adams , Guthrie 

Guilford    Chappil Newkirk 

Henry    McGraw Ponca    City 

Frank   McMaisters Oklahoma   City 

Prof.   C.   N.   Gould Narman 

C.   M.    Cade Shawnee 

William    Frazier Guthrie 

N.    D.    McGinley Guthrie 

Prof.  John   Field .  .Stillwater 


International  Mining  Congress.  129 

William   Cooley r  ....>.......,... .-..  -;> Mountain   View 

John    P.    Renshaw Enid 

James    Robb Kingfisher 

E.  J.  Simpson.  .-.'..•'..  J .  •/. .'..-.  •.-.'. '•'.'-. v^iV.'.'viiEL  Heho 

Ex-Gov.  W.  C.  Renfrow.  .".  i -. ;: \  .  ; .' .  .Oklahoma  Gity 

James    D.    Maguire.  . . . »:; ; : .  tU  .'»-&. j*i',X  ;V/.  ..^JNarman 

S.    W.    Murphy . .. , , , . . . . . . .  .,t  ,,.  .  f,^ ....  ,v  ^ . ,, ..... .,..,.... .... ....  Waterloo 

H.    S.    Emerson. .71 .  .\k .  '.  .'. .". . . .  1 ....... ... . .  . : Stroud 

E.    T.    Donohue. .. .. ...... ...'.^.'..7.^.;.  ..i.  .-»'.-'»•.»  i.-«-.,, .-4.  .Perry 

''P.    S.    Nagle. . . . . ........;.;....,.. ."v,  .Kingfisher 

Robert   Ray.  .. ..  .: .. . :.  ...'..  ..  .. . .  .*./... ..  ..'•>. ,.:... ... .  ..>.  .Alva 

"j.   W.   Lawton. ........................  .^. -...-. ...Arapahoe 

'  !J.  H:  Dillon.  :..;;: :.-.  ... .-: : -;  .  -,  ..WeatherfcJrd 

ft.1  A,    Wikbff. .......-..,.•.,..-.,.. ^.....Kenton 

^Charles    H.    ThaCker: . .... .... . ; . .  -.  i  -.  *  * .Mangum 

*%.    B.    Harrison. . . . :;. . , . .  . .... ...............  ».> ..... .Cheyenne 

R.    C.    Brownlee.  '., .}  . . . .,;. .'. .;.  J. .... . . . ..':  .r. .  'i . ..  •'.'*.  ~  -.i  -. . .';  . . .  .Taloga 

.       DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 
APPOINTED  BY  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE. 
•  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

William  Timdall,   Secretary,   Commissioners  of  the  District  of.  Columbia. 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  M.  Candee District  of' Columbia 

p   Respectfully  submitted, 

G.  O.  FREEMAN.  Chairman. 

—  •   :-•  ARKANSAS. 

, i.  • 

Jefferson   Davis.   Governor. 
Randale    Silvernum'. „ Hamberg 

APPOINTED  BY  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE. 

•  Little  Rock  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 
H.  H.   Myers,  ,      Frank  J.  Taylor, 

C.  H.  Dadue.  Horace  G.  Dale. 

-Albert  D.  Cohn, 

Arkansas  State  Board  of  Trade,  Little  Rock. 
Randale   Silverman ......"..:.;;.  /. Hamberg 

^.CALIFORNIA. 
Henry  T.  Gage,   Governor. 

Milo  M.   Potter .. ..'Los   Angeles 

Thomas    Ewing , . . . . Los    Angeles 

J.    Baruch Los  Angeles 

E.  T.    Stimson Los   Angeles 

F.  L.  Craig . Los  Angeles 

M.   W.    Stewart , ..... ./. .*. Sacramento 

Georg-e    Kistlingbury Sacramento 

APPOINTED  BY  THE  MAYORS. 
LOS  ANGELEvS. 

Charles    J.    George ...v. ...... . .  .Sacramento 

M.  P.  Snyder,  Mayor. 

J.   Irving  Crowell,  John    Llewellyn, 

E.  T.  Newton,  J.  R.  Smith. 


130  Official  Proceedings 

OAKLAND.   California. 

C.  Barstow,  Mayor. 

J.    B.    Treadwell,  Prof.  Samuel  R.  Christy, 

Robert  M.  Mein,  Thomas  C.  Mayon, 

Ross   E.    Browne,  E.  H.  Benjamin. 

APPOINTED  BY  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE. 

Sacramento  Chamber  of  Commerce,   Sacramento,  California. 

J.    H.    Neagle Sacramento 

Los  Angeles  Chamber  of  Commerce,   Los   Angeles,    California. 

Dr.  Wilbur  A.  Hendryx Los  Angeles 

A.  H.   Naftzger Los  Angeles 

T.  B.   Ellis Los  Angeles 

F.   M.  Townsend Los  Angeles 

J.  J.  Fay,  Jr Los  Angeles 

Santa  Ana  Chamber  of  Commerce,   Santa   Ana,   California. 
John  Mitchell,  William  W.  Halesworth, 

C.  H.  Morse.  John  W.   Shirley. 

Guiles  Otis  Pearce, 

Los  Angeles  Board  of  Trade,   Los  Angeles,  California. 
R.  H.  Herron,  H.  T.  Duff, 

James  A.   Haskett,  Henry  D.  Thompson. 

James  G.  Warren, 

Santa    Barbara    Chamber  of   Commerce,    Santa   Barbara,    California. 

Dr.  Wilbur  A.  Hendrix Santa  Barbara 

A.   H.   Naftzger Santa   Barbara 

Monroe    Markham Santa    Barbara 

F.   M.   Townsend Santa  Barbara 

J.  J.  Fay,  Jr Santa  Barbara 

South  West   Miners'    Association,    Los   Angeles    California, 

P.   R.   Stuart Los   Angeles 

H.  B.   Kjiox Los   Angeles 

Frank   S.   Gordon Los  Angeles 

E.  G.   Ivainis Los    Angeles 

J.  B.  McNab Los  Angeles 

Appointed  by  the  California  Miners'  Association,  Los  Angeles,   Cal. 
Dan  Murphey,  H.   Z.   Osborne, 

F.  M.  Townsend,  G.  O.  Pearce, 
P.   B.   McCabe,                                         C.  A.  Burcham. 

APPOINTED    BY    COUNTY    COMMISSIONERS. 
SAN   BERNARDINO   COUNTY. 

Frank    Monaghan Needles 

R.    S.    Brandon Normandy 

MADERA  COUNTY,   CALIFORNIA. 

John   F.   McLennan Madera 

Return    Roberts Madera 

J.    F.   Joyce Medea 

John  Hoxie Medea 

C.   M.   Ward Medea 

PLACER   COUNTY,   CALIFORNIA. 
H.   T.   Power Michigan    Bluffs 


International  Mining  Congress.  131 

W.    §.    Graham Auburn 

John   Haenny Lincoln 

Ivan    H.    Parker Colfax 

E.    J.    Kendall Auburn 

COLORADO. 
James   B.   Orman,   Governor. 

Senator  Thomas  M.  Patterson Denver 

Ex-Gov.   Alva  Adam® Pueblo 

Ex-Gov.  James  B.   Grant Denver 

Hon.    John   F.    Campion Denver 

Hon.    Simon    Guggenheim Pueblo 

Senator   S.   I.   Hallet Aspen 

Senator  W.   S.  Buckley Telluride 

Senator   Hume    Lewis Pueblo 

Hon.  James  F.  Burns Colorado   Springs 

Hon.   B.  F.  Montgomery Cripple   Creek 

Hon.  Joseph  H.  Maupin Canyon  City 

L.    J.    Marks Denver 

Miss  Delia  A.   McCarty Denver 

Hon.   David   F.   Day Durango 

Hon.    Charles    Henkel Pueblo 

Senator    Caeimiro   Barela Trinidad 

Hon.    George   W.   Trimble Leadville 

Hon.   Harry   A.   Lee Denver 

Hon.  George  C.  Martindate Creede 

Hon.  A.  E.   Reynolds Denver 

Hon.  A.   M.  Welles Denver 

Hon.   W.   W.   Rowan Ouray 

Hon.  B.  J.  O'Conncll Georgetown 

Hon.  John  C.  McShane Central   City 

Hon.    D.    A.    Farrell Hinsdale 

Hon.   S.  R.   Fitzgerald Telluride 

Hon.    C.    E.    Robin Silverton 

Hon.   W.   F.    Fornian Breckenridge 

Senator  Charles   B.   Ward Boulder 

Senator  T.   J.   Ehrhart. Centerville 

Hon.   J.    Wellington   Finch Victor 

Hon.  W.  S.  Stratton Colorado  Springs 

John    Maderia Denver 

Jerome    B.    Frank Denver 

Peter   J.    Quinn Cres  tone 

George   Riley Idaho    Springe 

Charles   Moore Cripple    Creek 

N.    T.    Mansfield Telluride 

Hon.  Joel  W.   Smith Leadville 

Hon.   W.  W.   Booth Cripple   Creek 

P.    A.    Leonard Denver 

APPOINTED    BY    MINING    EXCHANGES. 

Cripple  Creek  Mining  Stock  Exchange  Association. 

S.   T.   Miller Cri<pple    Creek 

C.   A.    Gill Cripple   Creek 

T.   P.  Airhart Cripple   Creek 


132  Official  Proceedings 

W.   M.  Broyles Cripple   Creek 

A.  L.  Arnold Cripple   Creek 

Business  Men's  Association,  Pueblo,  Colorado. 
William  Hogg,  Judge  M.  J.  Galligan, 

E.  L.  Moses,  Ex-Gov.  Alva  Adams. 

John  Morton, 

Cripple  Creek  Mining  Exchange.  Colorado. 

T.    P.    Airhart Cripple    Creek 

S.  T.  Miller Cripple   Creek 

0.  A.   Gill • Cripple   Creek 

A.  L.  Arnold Cripple   Creek 

W.  M.  Broyles Cripple  Creek 

William    Hills Cripple    Creek 

R.  A.   Sidlbotham Cripple   Creek 

A.  M.   Donaldson Cripple  Creek 

G.  E.  Alexander Cripple  Creek 

W.  F.  R.  Mills Cripple  Creek 

B.  J.   Cory. Cripple  Creek 

J.   George  Leyner Cripple  Creek 

V.   M.   Calne Cripple  Creek 

Charles  J.   Moore Cripple  Creek 

GEORGIA. 

Allen  D.  Chandler,  Governor. 
S.    W.    McCallie Atlanta 

1.  H.    Hawkins Rome 

H.    R.    Jaquisn . . . . ; Gainesville 

Alexander   Hamilton Etna 

D.    G.    Purse Savannah 

J.    D.    Taylor Summerville 

T.    M.    Swift -. .  .Klbertoh 

George   T.    Barnes Auginsta 

T.   E.   Artope Macon 

J.   W.    Singleton Columbus 

J.    J.    Calhoun . Cartersville 

J.  R.  Van  Buren Griswoldville 

L.    S.    Mumford , Cartersville 

Joel   Hurt Atlanta 

H.    M.    Smith Rome 

J.    O.    Robertson Canton 

H.    W.    Hill Greensville 

C.  E.    Bass Clarkesville 

John    Martin Nacoothee 

R.   T.    Asbury Cleveland 

F.    H.    Richardson Atlanta 

Ed.    Schaefer Toccoa. 

Frank  Weldon Atlanta 

R.  K.    Reeves Athens 

W.    C.    Cooper » Atlanta 

H.    D.    Ingersoll Dahlonega 

H.  M.  Van  Devender Cedartow* 

R.  P.   Beedher Marble  mi, 

Thomas  Oummings New  England   City 

W.  H.   Venable .stone   Mountain 


International  Mining  Congress.  133 

MACON,  GEORGIA. 

Bridges   Smith,    Mayor. 

James  L.  Baker,  Hepward  M.   Smith, 

W.  W.  Williams,  R.  C.  Hazlehurst. 

IDAHO. 
F.   W.   Hunt,   Governor. 

Col.   William  H.   Dewey Nampa 

William    H.    Felkener ChallAe 

Warren   Helm Warrens 

Paul    Clagstone Granite 

J     H.    Hutchinson Dewey 

Phil    Shennon Salmon    City 

C.    O.    Broxon . Pocatello 

L/awrence    Green. Clayton 

C.  S.    Mark Albion 

A.    F.    Arker ' Grangeville 

Robert   Bell Challis 

Charles    B.    Harris Montpelier 

Capt.  Rupert  Winters Idaho  Cit> 

D.  W.    Ross Boise 

Fred  H.  Wood. Pierce  City- 

Gen.   George  H.   Roberts Boise 

Louis   Hall Weiser 

Hon.  W.  B.   Heyburn '.Wallace 

Hon.  A.   H.   Alford .••••• • Lewistoh 

Dr.   William   F.    Smith .- Mountainhome 

J.    J.    Bennett Grangeville 

Joseph  A.  Clark Idaho   Falls 

Prof.   A.   S.    Miller Moscow 

Hon.  Charles  E.  Mullen Horse  Shoe  Bend 

Hon.  James  H.  Fcrney Moscow- 

R.  W.   McBride. ;. Salmon  Cit> 

Hon.   W.   H.   Watt .Hailey 

D.  B.    Huntley .DeL»ama> 

E.  K.    Hays , .Atlanta 

Marcus    F.    Whitman . Montpelle* 

George    Wise Glenn's    Ferry 

Newton   Hibbs Lewiston 

D.  H.    Andrews Boise 

Mr®.   M.  A.   Hutton Wallace 

J.    A*.    Jones Bolso 

J.    Spofford .Boise 

Thomas    F.    Terrill Pocatello 

J.   R.    Sovereign Wallace 

Daniel   Swinehart Pocatello 

F.  M.  Stamper (Blaine  Co. )   Boise  Citj 

George  T.   Burrows,   Jr Mintdoka 

J.   H.    Brady Pocatello 

E.  McBroom Grangeville 

Frank   Robert®. Grangevillft 

Martin   Jacobs i . .  .  .Boise 

Thomas   L.    Greenough Mullan 

E.   H.    Moffett.. ; Wallace 


1 34  Official  Proceedings 

Frederick    Burbridge Wardnei- 

A.    G.    Kearaa Wallace 

Bernard    McGill Idaho    Falls 

Walter    Hovey    Hill Grangeville 

David    Falk , Boise 

Baron  M.  Rooencrands Salmon  City 

APPOINTED   BY   COUNTY   COMMISSIONERS. 
ADA  COUNTY.  IDAHO. 

J.    D.    Flenner Boise 

Joseph   W.    Murphy Boise 

APPOINTED  BY  MAYORS. 
.  BOISE.  IDAHO. 

J.   H.   Richards,    Mayor. 

3.  A.   Czizek,  W.  E.  Borah. 

F.  R.  Reed,  N.  M.  Ruick. 

Henry  M.  Ryan, 

MONTPELIER,    IDAHO. 

J.  S.  Banete.  Mayor. 
Charles   Nager Montpeliei- 

.    APPOINTED  BY  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE. 
Boise  Chamber  of  Commerce,   Boise,  Idaho. 

W.   E.    Pierce Boise 

Nathan    Falk Boise 

Calvin   Cobb Boise 

J.   H.    Ridhards Bols* 

J.    H.    Hawley Boise 

Weflser   Board   of  Trade,    Weiser,   Idaho. 
T.   E.   Kelly,  R.  E.  Lockwood, 

W.  D.  Lovejoy,  C.  S.  Fosselinan. 

L.  L.  Feltham, 

Commercial    Club,    Orofino.    Idaho. 
t    D.    Cleek Orofino 

MOUNTAINHOME,  IDAHO. 
F.  W.  Boyd,  Chairman  Board  of  Trustees. 

W.   Arthur   Davis Atlanta 

Daniel  B.   Horton Rocky  Bar 

Augustine  M.   Sinnott Glenn®  Ferry 

James   Purtill Mountainhome 

Samuel    G.    Rhoades Mountainhome 

APPPOINTED  BY   MINING   EXCHANGES. 

Elmore    County    Mining   Association,    Mountainhome,    Idaiio, 

Ralph  A.  Goodliffe Glenn's  Ferry 

George  McCormick Pine  Gr6ve   (P.  O.  address),  Mountainhome 

Charles    M.    Brown Atlanta 

Will    H.    Petit Atlanta 

Idaho  Mining  Exchange,  Boise,  Idaho. 
David   Heron < Boise 


International  Mining  Congress.  135 

M.    Alexander Boise 

B.    P.    Olden Boise 

Thomas    Manning Boise 

B.  S.    Howe Boise 

Boise  Stock  and  Mining  Exchange. 

C.  H.    Tretheway BoISfe 

Charles   Fifer Bolsie 

H.   N.    Elkington Boise 

John    W.    Cage Boise 

Dr.    S.   W.   Burson Boise 

John  T.  Morgan,  J.  F.   Smith, 

John   Kinkaid,   Boise  Co.,  Edw.  A.  Ford, 

C.  C.   Glenn,  W.  Welsh, 
August  M.   Sinnott,  R.   Banderson, 
George  M.   Snow,  J.    Warren, 
William  Alley,              '.  A.    A.    Fraser, 
G.   B.    Baldwin,  R.   V.   Cozier, 
Helen  M.  Daugherty,  J.  W.  Wheniallen, 
J.    J.    Denning,  Max  Arouson. 

W.  C.  Whitwell,  W.  M.  Morgan, 

W.  P.  Carter,   Pearl,  Idaho,  D.  S.  Elder, 

A.  S.  Miller,  John   Ridenbaugh, 

William  F.   Smith,  William  Alley, 

E.  F.    Phelan,  H.  J.  Rossi, 
Martin  King,       .  Charles  Balback, 
W.  H.  Petit,  J.  J.  Story, 

D.  Falk,  Gus  Ehrenberg, 
J.  A.  Nicholson,  J.  A.   Lippincott, 
H.   C.   Auchor,  Charles  E.  Jonaa, 
George   S.    Wheeler,  H.  W.   Dorman, 

F.  R.   Brace,  L.  R.  Walters, 
Roy   Herndon,  Sam  T.  Davis, 
C.  F.  Drake,                                              W.  F.  Hiatt, 

T.   E.   Kelly,  James  McDevitt, 

F.  J.  French,  James  McKay, 

Alex  Honlahan,  C.  C.  Fairchild, 

John  A.   Jucos,  John  Merrill, 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Mayor  Theo.  Turner,  of  Pocatello. 
Col.  George  A.  Hannaford,  W.  W.  Paling, 

Rev.  George  H.  Perry,  A.   Pierce, 

Samuel  C.  Winters,  James   M.    Ingersoll. 

Headquarters,  City  Hall,  Boise,  Idaho,  July  23,  1901. 
The   following   is   the   list  of  delegates   and  alternates   from   Blmore 
County,  Idaho,  entitled  to  seats  in  this  Congress,  to  wit: 
Appointed  by  Gov.  Hunt. 

Dr.  W.   F.    Smith Mountalnnome 

Hon.   Martin  King Glenn's  Ferry 

E.  F.    Phelan Atlanta 

Gen.   W.    H.    Petit Atlanta 

Appointed  by  the  Mayor  and  Council  and  the  Village  of  Mauntainihome. 

Atlanta,  by  Albert  Rosenheim,  alternate. 
Rocky  Bar,  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Nieukirk,  alternate. 
Dixie,  by  R.  P.  Chattin,  alternate. 

Appointed  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Elmore  County. 
Rocky  Bar,  by  Constantine  C.  Glenn,  alternate. 


136  Official  Proceedings 

Appointed  by  the  Elmore  County  Mining  Exchange. 

Mountainhome,  by  Nels  P.   Nelson,   alternate. 

William  J.   Turner,  Mountainhome. 

SAMUEL  G.  RHOADES, 

AUG.  M.  SINNOTT,  Chairman  Elmore  County  Delegation. 

Secretary. 

MR.   FREEMAN    (CHAIRMAN)  :     I   would   say,    Mr.   President,   in 
this  connection,  that  an  investigation  of  this  list  will   demonstrate  the-, 
fact  that  it  will  take  a  wOiole  day  to  go  through  the  entire  list,  and  it 
the  method  suggested  by  the  committee  is  adopted  it  will  expedite  the 
matter,    inasmuch   as   a-    comparison     of     the    names   presented    can    be  . 
made  with  the  list  made  by  the  committee,  to  determine  whether  or  .not 
the  names   thus   presented   by   the   chairmen   of   the   various   committees, 
are  correct.     Otherwise,  the  roll  call  would  have  to  be  made  every  time, 
and   that  would  consume  too   much   time. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  question  is  on  the  acceptance  of  the 
report. 

On  vote  the  report  was  accepted. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  question  now  is  on  the  adoption  of 
the  resolution  accompanying  the  report.  What  is  your  pleasure? 

On  motion  of  Mir.  Roberts,  duly  seconded,  the  resolution  wat? 
adopted. 

On  motion,  duly  -seconded  and  carried,  the  Congress  took  a  recess 
until  2  P.  M.  today. 

The  Congress  re-assembled  at  2  o'clock  P.  M. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  next  order  of  business  ,on  the  pro- 
gram is  the  reading  of  a  paper  by  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell,  of  Minneapolis 7 , 
subject,  "Geology  of  Minnesota."  ""k, 

In  the  absence  of  Prof.*  Winchell  his  paper  was  ~read  by.  his  .son, 
as  follows:  -  yt-^ 

SKETCH  OF  THE  IRON  ORES  OF  MINNESOTA. 

By  N.  H.   Winchell,   of  Minneapolis. 

The  first  published  references  to  iron  ore  of  commercial  value  in 
Minnesota  were  by  geologists  in  the  employ  of  the  State,  or  of  the 
United  States.  Charles  Whittlesey,  of  Ohio,  was  connected  with  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  of  D.  P.  Owen  in.  1848  to  1850,  ana, 
examined  the  region  now  containing  these  ores.  Hyppthetically,  ho 
stated  that  the  geological  structure  warranted  the  expectation  of  iron  ore 
north  of  Lake  Superior,  but  he  did  not  see  it.  and  his  opinion  was  not 
published  till  1866,*  after  the  State  of  Minnesota  had  instituted  Its 
own  survey  under  Hanchett  and  Evans. 

Dr.  Hanchett  in  his  report  for  1864  states  that  he  had  seen  samples 
of  rich  hematite  from  the  vicinity  of  Vermilion  Lake,  and  had  made,  an 
ineffectual  effort  to  see  the  ore  in  place.*  Mr.  H.  H.  Eames,  however, 
in  J865  succeeded  in  reaching  the  spot,  and  his  report  for  that  year  con» 
tains  the  first  description  Of  the  Vermilion  iron  range  at  any  point.** 
Nothing  further  was  known  of  thiis  locality  till  it  was  reported  on  agaliv 
by  the  State  Geological  Survey  in  1878.***  From  that  date  to  the  ex- 

*Report  of  explorations  in  the  mineral  regions  of  Minnesota,  1866. 

*Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  August  H.  Manchett.  M.  D.,  St. 
Paul,  1865. 

**Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  Henry  H.  Eames,  on  the  metalli- 
ferous region  bordering  on  Lake  Superior,  St.  Paul,  1866,  page  11. 

***Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota,  ninth  an- 
nual report,  1880,  pages  103  and  104. 


Internationa  I  Mining  Obngrm.  1 37 

amination  of  Prof .  A.  H.  Chester  (published  in  1884)  no  further  public 
knowledge  was  possessed  bf  the  Vermilion  range,  although  Prof.  Chester's 
examinations  were  made  in  1875  and  1880.  Being  for  private  parties  the 
information  was  not  published  until  1884>*  Thereafter  the  Minnesota 
reports  contained  almdst  annually  some  report  on  the  Vermilion  iron 
range. 

The  Mesabic  iron  range  was  first  noted  by  .T.  G.  Norwood,  of  the 
survey  of  D.  D.  Owen,  near  Gunflint  Lake,  in  1850.  It  was  noted  arici 
reported  by  H.  H.  Eames  at  Prairie  River,  near  the  western  extremity 
of  the  range,  in  1865  **  Midway  between  these  extremes  this  range 
was  discovered  by  the  tlnited  States  land  surveyors,  by  reason  of  the, 
magnetic  character  of  the  ore  there  contained  in  it!  Explorations,  how^ 
ever,,'  did  not  turn"  out  well  at  this  point.  The  examinations  of  Prof. 
Chester,  in  1875,  under  the  instigation  of  Mr.  George  H.  Stone,  were 
directed  to  'this  part  of  the  range,  and  his  examination  of  the  Ver- 
milion range  at  this  time  was  incidental,  and  was  done  by  George  R. 
Stuntz  and  John  Wallmann,  who  had  been -sent  out  by  him..  Prof. 
Chester's  report  on  that  part  of  the  Mesabi  range  was  unfavorable, 
and  nothing  has  transpired  since  to  invalidate  hils  conclusions.  Other 
explorations  followed,  viz.,  in  1886  at  Gunflint  Lake,  and  in  1888  at 
Mesabi  Station.  Capitalists  also  entered  upon  the  range  eastward  from 
Prairie  River,  where  experimental  test-pits  and  shafts  were  sunk  unrtei» 
direction  of  Mr.  Eli  Griffin.  In  the  fall  of  1890  the  first  important  dis- 
covery of  iron  wais  made,  viz.,  the  Mountain  Iron  mine.  As  with  the 
Vermilion  range,  the  Minnesota  survey  followed  all  the  developments  ana 
sometimes  guided  them,  and  prior  to  this  date  had  mapped  the  range 
from  Gunflint  Lake  to  the  Mississippi  River.  This  map  was  published  In 
the  spring,  1891.*  and  was  widely  distributed.  After  the  publication  of 
this  map.  and  the  report  which  accompanied  it,  explorations  were  more 
sysften.atk'  and  1-e'ss  expensive. 

Attention  should  be  called  at  this  point  to  an  important  fact  bear- 
ing on  the  utility  of  geological  surveys.  It  will  be.  noted  that  both  iron 
ranges  were  discovered  by-  geologists  connected  with  official  surveys,, 
and  that  iu  their  reports  they  called  attention  to  the  probable  future 
value 'of  -these  deposit".  When  the  lately-closed  survey  of  Minnesota 
was  engaged  in  that  part  of  the  State  the  annual  reparts  repeated  and 
emphasized  the  importance  of  these  ores,  describing"  them  as  fully  as 
the  circumstances  would  permit,  and  urging  the  citizens  of  the  State  to 
take  necessary  steps  to  retain  their  wealth  within  the  State,  rather 
than  have  it  diverted' to -Eastern  capitalists.  Elsewhere  the  writer  has 
made  use  of  the  following  language:*  "Geological  surveys  are  some- 
times .accused  of  not  discovering  anything.  Their  function  is  described 
t6  be  to  estimate  and  map  out  and  describe  discoveries  made  by  others. 
They  cannot  go  into  the  field  equipped  with  the  necessary  tool's  for 
digging  and  bitting.  ^The  practical  explorer  and  the  actual  mirier  must 
do  that.  The  explorer  is  a  scout  who  usually  precedes  all  strictly  geolo- 
gical surveying,  and  the  miner  is  the. rank  and  file  of  the  regular  army 
which  opens  up  the  mining  industry  and  leadsr  to  the  advance  of  other 
modern  industries.  The  geological  survey  of  a  State  may  be  considered, 
in  general  terms."  a  corps  of 'sappers  and  miners,'  or  skilled  engineers, 
ready  to  move  in  any  emergency,  to  guide  in  explorations,  to  construct 
or  repair  bridges,  or  to  conduct  the  whole  campaign,  as  occasion  arises. 
At  least  that  has  been  the  function  of  the  Minnesota  survey  in  respect 
to  the  development  of  the  iron  :ores.  They  were  discovered  on  botn 
ranges  by  the  State  Geological  Survey  under  Mr.  Eames,  who  made 
the  first  .  known  description  of  them.  They  have  been  repeatedly  pub- 
lished by  the  present  survey,  and  the  trend  :of  the  Mesabi  range  was 

,       *The  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota,     Eleventh 
annual  report,   1884,  page  160. 

**Geological  Reconnoissance  of  the  northern,  middle  and  other  coun- 
ties of  Minnesota,  by  Henrv  H.  Eames,  State  Geologist,  St.  Paul,  1866; 
pages  3.".,  56. 

*The  Iron  Ores  of  Minnesota.  Bulletin  VI.,  Geological  and  Natural 
History  Survey  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  1891 ;  page  112  and  map. 

*Discovery,  and  Development  of  the  Iron  Ores  of  Minnesota.  Collec- 
tions of  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society,  Vol.  VIII..  page  33,  1895 
(1898.) 


138  Official  Proceedings 

actually  mapped  prior  to  the  discovery  of  any  of  the  great  ore  bodies 
that  are  now  known  at  Biwabik  and  ^Virginia.*  The  geological  survey 
has  been  in  the  heat  of  the  campaign  from  the  beginning  to  the  present. 
It  has  seen  every  test-pit,  and  hais  noticed  the  result.  It  has  advised 
every  mining  company,  at  least  its  advice  was  asked.  It  has  urged  ex- 
plorations in  certain  places,  and  it  ihas  had  the  unpleasant  duty  to  dis- 
courage it  in  others,  sometimes  after  many  thousands  of  dollars  had  been 
invested.  It  has  been  a  constant  attendant,  and  sometimes  a  leader, 
in  every  important  phase  of  this  march." 

Since  the  commencement  of  shipments  of  iron  ore  from  Minnesota 
the  State  has  steadily  advanced  in  rank  amongst  the  iron-producing1 
States.  The  first  shipment  was  made  in  1884.  Last  year  the  amount 
shipped  was  9,834,399  long  tons,  and  that  of  Michigan,  the  leader  in 
this  industry,  was  but  92,328  long  tons  greater.  These  two  States  fur- 
nished more  than  one  third  the  total  output  of  the  United  States. 

GEOLOGICAL  RELATIONS.— While  the  ores  now  exploited  are 
derived  from  two  formations,  there  are  four  formations  in  Minnesota 
that  cpntain  notable  amounts  of  iron  ore,  and  these  all  may  in  the  future 
become  productive  in  commercial  amounts.  These  formations1  are  as 
follows,  the  oldest  at  the  bottom : 

1.  The  Cabotian  gabfceo. 

2.  The  Animikie  taconyte. 
Ta  conic. 

3.  The   Upper   Keewatin   jaspilyte. 
4?     The  Lower  Keewatin  jaspilyte. 

Archean. 

Of  these,  Nos.  2  and  4  are  at  present  the  only  productive  forma- 
tions. The  former  (No.  2)  is  found  in  the  Mesabi  range,  and  the 
latter  (No.  4)  on  the  Vermilion  range.  They  both  furnish  hematite, 
that  from  the  Mesabi  range  being  ">soft,"  and  that  from  the  Vermilion 
range  being  usually  ,hard.  The  Chandler  mine  at  Ely,  however,  on  the 
Vermilion  range,  supplies  an  ore  that  is  easdly  mined,  and  is  sometimes 
dJenominated  "soft."  Some  of  the  largest  mines  on  the  Mesabi  range 
are  simply  great  open  pits  from  50  to  150  feet  deep,  into  which  steam 
cars  and  steam  shovels  are  run  on  a  gentle  grade,  the  ore  being  scooped 
up  by  the  steam  shovel  and  dumped,  without  -assortment  or  washing,  upon 
the  ore  cars  standing  adjacent,  and  thence  carried  direct  to  the  shipping 
point  on  Lake  Superior.  But  the  mines  on  the  Vermilion  range  are  deep, 
underground,  many-chambered  excavations.  She  enclosing  rock  of  the  Ver- 
milion range  is  a  greenstone,  usually  alternating  somewhat  with  the  iron 
ore  .sheets  or  strata,  and  varying  to  a  stratified,  water-laid  rock  showing 
plainly  its  oceanic  origin.  Alternations  of  strata  of  jasperoid  silica  with 
but  little  iron,  with  a  green  schist,  the  whole  varying  to  a  silicious  schist, 
or  slate,  are  not  an  uncommon  feature  of  the  Lower  Keewatin.  The 
ore  itself  is  a  form  jaspilyte.  a  banded  silicious  rock  that  occurs  as  lenses 
of  greater  or  less  size  in  the  greenstone  of  the  region.  These  bands 
are  usually  much  contorted,  varying  from  pure,  White  silica  in  very  fine 
grain,  to  brown,  purple  and  black  in  proportion  as  the  ores  of  iron  share 
in  their  composition.  Hence  they  present  a  handsome  outward  aspect. 
Being  firmer  than  the  surrounding  rock  such  jaspilyte  lenses  frequently 
stand  isolated  high  above  the  surrounding  surface.  These  contorted 
lenses,  which  are  the  most  valuable  as  ore  bodies,  seem  to  have  the 
structure  of  rhyolitic  lavas,  the  banding  being  due  to  an  original  fluidal 
structure,  and  it  is  in  the  perip/hery  of  these  primary  lenses  that  occur 
interlaminations  of  the  fine  silica  with  the  green  schists,  denoting  the 
action  of  sedimentation.  Still,  very  large  amounts  of  banded  jasperoid 
silica  are  apparently  wholly  of  sedimentary  origin,  so  far  as  the  same 
is  indicated  by  the  straight  banding  and  by  admixture  with  the  green 
sdhists.  On  the  Mesabi  range  the  ore  is  in  lenses,  as  on  the  Vermiliion 
range,  but  these  lenses  are  of  soft  ore,  and  have  a  tendency  to  retire  from 
observation.  The  lenses,  moreover,  are  not  composed  of  contorted  lam- 
inations, but  of  straight  or  but  slightly  wavy  strata,  Which  can  be 'seen 
to  extend  from  one  end  to  the  other.  In  these  lenses  the  ore  ceases  to 
the  right  or  left,  or  up  or  down  in  the  stratification,  by  gradual  change 
in  the  nature  of  the  rock.  This  is  not  always  by  an  increase  in  silica, 

*This  map,  however,  was  not  published  till  June,  1891,  shortly  after 
the  first  important  discovery,  the  Mountain  Iron  mine,  was  publicly 
known. 


International  Mining  Congress.  139 

winch  is  the  gangue  impurity  on  the  Vermilion  range,  but  by  the  en- 
croachment of  an  impure  ore  known  as  taconyte.  This  taconyte  is  of  two 
sorts,  viz.,  (1)  a  silicious  granular  rock,  essentially  like  the  ore  itself, 
but  worthless  as  ore  because  of  the  high  per  cent  of  silica;  and  (2)  a 
gray  or  brownish  amorphous  rock,  which  is  neither  ore  nor  silica,  but 
which  still  contains  both  substances.  The  transition  to  thi®  rock  is  not 
always  abrupt,  but  sometimes  it  is  quite  gradual,  there  being  a  grada- 
tion or  alteration  from  the  rock  to  the  ore.  Underlying  the  ore  horizon 
is  almost  always  a  sandstone  or  quartzite.  although  this  is  wanting  at 
the  eastern  end  of  the  range  and  the  ore  comes  directly  on  the  granite 
of  the  Archean.  Overlying  'the  ore .  is  a  black  >silate,  and  this  black 
slate  is  also  somewhat  interstratified  in  the  ore  at  a  few  points.  This 
black  slate  becomes  more  silicious  and  coarse,  making  quartzite,  and 
develops  into  a  great  thickness.  Unconformably  over  the  whole  country 
the  cretaceous  ocean  deposited  its  own  sediments,  but  these  have  as  yet 
been  found  only  in  isolated  places,  and  they  present  no  obstruction  to 
the  prospector  or  the  miner.  The  drift  deposits  are  heavy  and  reach 
in  some  places  a  thickness  of  a  hundred  feet.  In  the  productive  part 
of  the  range  the  iron -bearing  rock  and  the  ore  are  wholly  hid  by  the 
drift  sheet. 

The  most  interesting  points  in  the  history  of  the  iron  ores  of  Min- 
nesota are  connected  with  their  origin.  Iron  ore,  like  all  ores,  has  had 
a  cause  for  its  existence;  isome  cause, -however,  inherent  in"  the  operations 
of  nature,  which  has  promoted  its  accumulation  at  certain  places  in 
greater  amount,  for  all  the  ores,  and  especially  iron  ore,  are  widely  dis- 
seminated. There  i«  probably  not  an  ounce  of  natural  water  on  the 
face  of  the  earth,  unless  it  be  freshly  fallen  from  the  clouds,  that  does 
not  contain  a  sir  all  amount  of  iron  in  some  form.  The  problem  has 
been  to  iearn  the  factors  that  have  collected  this  iron  in  large  amounts 
at  certain  i>laces. 

The  late  R.  D.  Irving  supposed  it  to  have  resulted  from  the  oxida- 
tion of  a  carbonate  operien.  He  postulated  therefore  a  great  primordial 
vegetable  age  whose  characteristics  could  be  compared  to  those  of  the 
carboniferous,  and  whose  function  was  to  store  up  carbon,  and  second- 
arily also  iron  ore.  Carbon  and  iron  ore  are  frequently  associated,  as 
in  the  coal  measures,  the  former  taking  the  chemical  combinations  of 
limestone  and  of  kidney  iron  ore.  In  the  application  of  this  theory  the 
kidney  iron  ore  and  the  silicious  carbonate, of  lime  are  supposed  to  have 
combined  to  produce  a  "cherty  carbonate,"  and  from  this  last  the  present 
ores  resulted  by  simple  oxidation  and  concentration.  The  fortuitous  posi- 
tions of  the  strata,  their  inclination,  their  alternation  in  composition  and 
their  having  been  broken  and  penetrated  by  igneous  dikes,  have  had  much 
to  do,  according  to  this  hypothesis,  with  the  localization  of  the  chief  iron 
deposits. 

Dr.  M.  E.  Wadsworth  advanced  the  idea  that  the  jaspilyte  seen  at 
Marquette,  Michigan,  which  there  constitutes  the  ore-bearing  rock,  is 
of  igneous  origin,  the  direct  result  of  igneous  intrusion  amongst  the 
other  rocks  of  the  region.  He  appealed  to  certain  structural  features 
which  to  him  indicated  such  forcible  fracture  and  intrusion. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Spurr,  working  for  the  Minnesota  Geological  Survey,  with 
minute  microscopical  inspection  and  by  means  of  a  combination  of  field 
observation  with  chemical  and  petrographical  research,  traced  the  iron 
oxide  back  to  greensand,  which  he  took  to  have  been  glanconite.  This 
supposed  glanconite  was  compared  to  that  formed  of  foraminiferal  re- 
mains in  the  cretaceous  formation,  and  it  led  naturally  to  the  supposi- 
tion that  the  <sea  in  which  the  ore  was  formed  was  one  that  swarmed 
with  microscopic  organisms. 

The  latest  hypothesis  of  the  origin  of  the  iron  ores  of  Minnesota  is 
that  of  the  writer,  published  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Minnesota  re- 
port. Accepting  the  gieensand  of  Mr.  Sparr  as  the  immediate  source  of 
the  Mesabi  ore,  this  hypothesis  assumes  that  such  greensand  is  not  of 
the  nature  of  glancocite,  but  of  volcanic  glass  or  basic  obsidian.  It 
presumes  that  an  epoch  of  igneous  activity  began  at  or  near  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Taconic,  not  only  in  Minnesota,  but  throughout  the 
Lake  Superior  basin.  This  was  accompanied  by  igneous  eruption  and 
lava  flows.  Such  lavas  were  frequent  near  the  ancient  ocean  shore* 
and  gave  rise  to  much  obsidian.  They  were  also  submarine,  and  heated 
the  ocean  adjacent,  giving  it  more  powerful  attack  on  the  pre-existing 
shores  as  well  as  on  the  lavas  themselves.  The  result  wa®  the  distribu- 


140  Official  Proceedings  ,  ,,,,^ 

tion  of  glass  sands  along  the  ancient  shores  in  the  same  manner  as 
silica  and  other  sands  accumulated  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
at  the  present  time.  Such  sands,  more  or  less  mingled  with  the  traps 
from  which  they  were  derived,  constitute  at  the  present  the  soft  ores 
and  the  two  softs  of  ta-conyte  mentioned  above.  The  same  explanation 
is  applied  to  the  ores  of  the  Vermilion  range,  but  it  is  necessary  to 
understand  that  in  the  Vermilion  range  the  chief  ore  bodies  are  cpm» 
posed  of  the  altered  obsidian  lava  masses  instead  of  sands  of  detritus 
derived  from  them.  In  both  ranges  the  chemical  attack  of  the  oceanic 
waters  on  the  lavas  resulted  in  the  silicification  of  the  obsidian,  and  the 
concentration  of  the  contained  iron  locally  in  the  lenses  mentioned.  • 
Along  with  this  chemical  change  in  'the  obsidian  the  ocean  itself  deposited 
in  the  near  vicinity  a  large  amount  of  chemical  silica  and  probably  of 
iron ;  these  substances,  especially  the  former,  forming  the  stratified  .ias;- 
pilyte  associated  with  the  ore  bodies,  and  furnishing  also  the  fine  silica 
which  permeates  the  fine  schists  of  the  region.  The  details  of  the  evi- 
dence of  this  hypothesis  cannot  be  given.  Suffice  it  to  say.  that  it  satis- 
fies all  the  conditions  and  depends  on  long  examination  in  the  field  and 
on  microscopical  examination  of  the  ores.  It  also  throws  light  on  some 
unsolved  (structural  problems  connected  with  the  eastern  end  of  the 
Mesabi  range.  It  appeals  to  the  well-known  tendency  of  silica  to  replace 
all  non-crystalline  substances  when  it  is  in  solution  in  alkaline  water, 
preserving  their  forms.  Whenever  .these  lavas  became  crystalline  prior 
to  cooling,  they  seem  to  have  maintained  their  composition,  in  the  main, 
onlv  havirur  been  penetrated  bv  interstitial  silica  and  reddened  by  the 
entrance  of  a  small  amount  of  iron.  When  they  were  inciniently  crystal- 
line they  have  been  changed  to  the  masses  df  hard  grayish -brown  taconyte 
which  replaces  the  ore  on  the  Mesabi  range. 

If,  with  tills,  hypothesis  in  mind,  we  attempt  to  forecast  the  future 
of  the  Mesabi  iron  range,  we  can  restore  in  our  mind's  eye  the  ancient 
shore-line  of  .the  Archean  across  Northeastern  Minnesota.  We  can  see 
the  sands  resulting  from  the  combination  of  the  lavas,  drifting  west- 
ward alone:  that  shore,  ever  increasing1  -toward  the  west,  as  the  shore 
sands  of  Lake  Superior  at  the  present  drift  westward  and  accumulate 
in  greatest  amount  in  the  ^ol  at  ,thp  western  end  of  the  lake.  The 
Archean  lands  of  .Northern  Minnesota  and,  of  Northern  Wisconsin  may 
have  forced  a  'shallow  strait,  or,  even  a  Taconic  col  somewhere  to  the 
westward  from  Duluth,  and  into  that  col  the  Taconic  waves  muist  have 
driven  the  sands  in  question.,  If  we  could  remove  the  drift  from  North- 
ern Minnesota  and  oould  see  thf  lines  of  the  old  Taconic.  shore,  we 
could  doubtless  see  the, location  of  the  greatest  amount  of  these  sands. 
In  case  the  same  chemical  process  attacked  these  sands  throughout  their 
extension,  we  would  doubtless  find  the  greatest  deposits  of  the  Me'sabi 
ore  IT»  the  western  extension  of  this  Taconic  col. 

There  is,  therefore,  no  theoretic  reason  to  expect   that  the  Mesabi 
ore  is  near  its  exhaustion.     On  the  contrary,  the  present  productive  area 
can  hardly  be  expected  to  be  its  greatest,  but  new  discoveries  are  likely 
to  greatly  enhance   its  volume   and   its  geographic  range. 
Minneapolis.  July  20,  1901. 

Prof,  Hall,  of  Minnesota,  offered  the  following  resolution,  which  w.as 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions : 

Resolved,  That  this  Congress  request  its  Committee  on  Resolutions 
to  prepare  a  resolution  regarding  Federal  appropriations  for  the  estab- 
lishment and  maintenance  of  mining  and  metallurgical  education  in  the 
United  States. 

Secretary  Mahon  read  the  following  resolution >  which  was  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions: 

"We,  the  members  of  the  fourth  annual  session,  in  convention  as- 
sembled, do  very  earnestly  and  respectfully  memorialize  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States  to  establish  a  home  or  homes,  as  may  be  necessary, 
at  one  or  naore  points  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  for  the  aged  and  infirm 
mining  prospector,  who  has  worn  out  his  body  and  mind  in  prospecting 
mountains  for  mines  and  finds  himself  at  an  advanced  age  afflicted  with 
rheumatism  and  other  ailments,  and  totally  unable  to  provide  for  him- 


International  Mining  Congress.  141 

self  even  the  necessaries  of  life,  or  the  comforts  of  a  home  after  devoting 
a  lifetime  to  opening  and  developing  mines,  which,  in  many  cases,  have 
proven  a  source  of  great  wealth  to  the  general  Government  and  the  peo- 
ple. Oftentimes  this  benefit  accruing  immediately  after  this  prospector's 
death,' or  he  is  unable  to  realize  its  benefits."  • 

(  Mil.  TRUE,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  I  offer  the  following  resii- 
lusidns: 

1.  Establish  a  bureau  of  mining  with  a/secretary  haying  ; a  seat  ki 
the  cabinet,  and  provide  for  the  appointment  of  a  commissioner  of  min- 
ing for  6abh  State  and  Territory  in  which  there  are 'any  Government 
lands. 

2i  Complete  the  system 'of  public  surveys  at  once  over  all  uusur- 
veyed  lands,  however  mountainous. 

31  Limit  the  size  of  all  new  locations  of  quartz,  placer  or  other  min- 
eral claim,  including  coal,  and  iron  to  1,320  feet  square,  conforming  to  a 
40- acre  tract  of  the  .system  of  public  surveys.  Require  locators  to  con- 
form to  the  legal  sutidh  ision  line®  upon  surveyed  lands,  and  require  lo- 
cations upon  unsurveyed  land®  to  be  staked  off  with  north  and  .south 
and  east  and  west  lines  irrespective  of  lodes  or  deposit  lines, 

4.  Require  no  discovery,  but,  require  an  excavation  five  feet,  deep, 
measuring  100  cubic  feet  as  a  pre-requisite  to  recording  from  which,  as 
an  initial  point,  all  measurement's;  must  be  mad^e  for.  describing  locations 
upon  unsurveyed  ground. 

5.  -  Allow  but  one  location  a  year  for  each,  citizen  in  each  township 
upon  surveyed   ground,   and   allow   no   citizen   to  locate  more   than   one 
claim  within  a  radius  of  five  miles  of  his  initial  point  upon  unsurveyed 
lands,  and  allow  no  locations  by  attorney.    , 

6.  Grant   locators   full   possession    and   enjoyment   of   all   rights   of 
occupancy  such  as  pertain  to  title  in  fee,  so  long  as  they  expend  $100  in 
actual  work  upon  and  within   the  lines  of  each  claim,   each  and   every 
year  from  the  date  of  record,  or  as  an  equivalent  pay  the  sum  of  $150 
into  the  United  States  treasury  to  constitute  a  fund  for  the  promotion 
of  the  mining  Industry,  to  be  expended  as  nearly  as  practicable  within 
the  districts  to  which  it  is  credited. 

7.  Withdraw  from  the  market  all  land®  not  occupied  and  claimed 
except  such  as  may  be  proven  more  valuable  for  agriculture,  by  the  proper 
non-mineral  affidavits.     Sell  timber  under  proper  restrictions  but  not  the 
land,  unless  it  be  such  that  the  farmer  will  want  it'  and  can  make  non- 
mineral  affidavits  before  filing  upon  it. 

8.  Repeal  the  law  of  the  dip  and  apex  and  bound  all  claims  by 
vertical  planes  drawn  through  the  exterior  lines. 

9.  Let  Congress1  call  for  the  repeal  of  all  State  and  local  laws,  in 
the  interest  of  simplicity,  and  treat  all  questions  between  mining  claim- 
ants the  isame  as  disputes  between  other  public  land  claimants  should  be 
treated,  in  the  proper  courts. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  It  will  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions. 

MR.  TRUE:  Mr.  President,  I  have  prepared  a  paper  in  the  form 
of  a  discussion  of  these  resolutions,  which  I  would  like  to  have  printed 
in  the  proceedings. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  That  would  probably  be  more  appropriate 
at  the  time  of  the  report  of  the  committee,  would  it  not? 

MR.   TRUE:     I  simply   ask,   Mr.   President,   that  it  go  in  the  pro- 


142  Official  Proceedings 

ceedings.  I  would  not  ask  to  occupy  the  time  of  the  Congress  by  read- 
ing it 

MR.  MOORE,  OF  COLORADO:  Mr.  President,  with  reference  to 
the  subject  upon  which  the  gentleman  has  just  spoken,  and  his  resolu- 
tions, I  understand  that  Judge  Hey  burn  is  to  read  a  paper  this  after- 
noon upon  this  very  subject,  the  question  af  the  revision  of  the  mining 
laws.  I  understand  also  that  Judge  Heyburn's  position  ifc  likely  to  be 
antagonistic  to  'the  sentiments  of  the  resolutions.  Therefore.  I  think 
it  well  that  the  Congress  be  prepared,  as  soon  as  Judge  Heyburn's  ad- 
dress is  over,  to  undertake  an  active  discussion  upon  the  leading  ques- 
tions which  he  will  present ;  and  in  that  view  I  would  very  gladly  hear 
this  gentleman  piesent  the  other  side,  or,  at  least,  a  portion  of  what  I 
deem  to  be  the  other  'side,  in  opposition  to  Judge  Heyburn's  position. 

I  wish  to  remind  the  Congress  at  this  time  that  we  took  up  the 
question  of  the  revision  of  the  mining  laws  at  the  very  first  session 
of  the  Congress  at  Denver  four  years  ago,  and  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee then  appointed  to  consider  the  question,  I  did  a  great  deal  of 
work  for  a  year  in  connection  with  a  number  of  active  and  influential 
members  from  eight  or  nine  States  west  of  the  Missouri,  and  we  gave 
that  question  the  greatest  consideraion  possible. 

At  the  second  session  in  Salt  Lake  City  Judge  Heyburn  led  the  op- 
position to  our  report,  and  at  that  time  did  not  approve  of  the  sub- 
ject of  square  locations.  I  presume  that,  as  the  leopard  cannot  change  his 
spots,  Judge  Heyburn  comes  here  with  his  original  viewis,  and  there- 
fore I  think  the  Congress  should  be  advised  of  all  these  points,  in  order 
that  when  the  discussion  does  come  up  we  can  conduct  it  as  intelligently 
and  rapidly  as  possible ;  and  the  discussion  should  follow,  in  my  judgment, 
the  reading  of  Judge  Heyburn's  paper. 

Therefore,  also,  in  order  that  the  Congress  may  express  clear  and 
distinct  views  upon  the  question  of  square  locations  versus  the  apex 
question,  I  think  the  gentleman  who  'has  ji*st  taken  his  seat  should  be 
allowed  to  read  his  paper,  if  it  is  sufficiently  condensed  for  the  whole 
Congress  to  understand  it,  immediately  after  Judge  Heyburn's  paper, 
and  the  two  be  taken  up  together  in  the  general  discussion. 

I  therefore,  if  it  is  in  order,  Mr.  President,  make  a  motion  to  that 
effect;  that  this  gentleman's  paper  follow  Judge  Heyburn's  paper,  im- 
mediately after  which  we  have  the  general  discussion  on  the  whole 
question. 

Motion  seconded. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  next  matter  upon  the  program  is 
Judge  Heyburn's  paper.  The  gentleman  from  Colorado  move's  that  the 
gentleman  from  Utah,  who  has  just  presented  the  resolutions,  be  given 
time  at  the  conclusion  of  Judge  Heyburn's  paper,  to  present  another  paper 
upon  the  same  subject.  That  is  the  motion,  as  I  understand  it. 

MR.  MOORE  :     Yes :  that  is  my  motion. 

MR.  WHITE :  Mr.  President,  before  that  motion  is  put  I  de- 
sire to  offer  a  substitute  motion,  if  I  am  in  order. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  There  are  no  substitute  motions  in  this 
body,  sir.  It  is  in  order  as  an  amendment.  We  are  acting  under  Cush- 
ing's  rules,  under  which  there  are  no  substitutes. 

MR.  WHITE  :     I  can  hardly  offer  it  as  an  amendment. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  I  think  almost  anything  that  would  be  a 
substitute  would  be  proper  as  an  amendment.  If  the  gentleman  will 
state  what  it  is  that  he  desires  to  do,  I  think  we  can  find  a  way  to  do  it. 


International  Mining  Congress.  143 

MR.  WHITE:  I  move  you,  Mr.  President,  that  the  resolutions 
offered  by  Mr.  True,  of  Idaho,  be  laid  upon  the  table. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  They  are  not  in  the  possession  of  the 
house.  They  have  been  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions,  and 
are  now  in  their  hands.  They  can  be  withdrawn  from  the  further  con- 
sideration of  the  committee,  which  will  bring-  them  before  the  house,  if 
that  is  the  desire  of  the  gentleman. 

Are  you  ready  for  the  question,  on  the  motion  of  the  gentleman 
from  Colorado? 

The  motion  was  put  by  the  president,  and  declared  carried. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  I  think  it  would  be  well,  before  the  dis- 
cussion arise  upon  any  of  these  papers,  that  some  rule  should  be  made  to 
govern  these  discussions,  as  to  the  length  of  speeches,  and  matters  of 
that  kind,  in  order  that  we  may  understand  exactly  how  they  are  to  be 
conducted — something  that  would  limit  the  debate,  to  some  extent. 

MR.  EVANS,  OF  OREGON:  Mr.  President,  I  move  that  the 
speeches  during  the  discussion  be  limited  to  ten  minutes. 

Motion  iseconded. 

MR.  BURKE,  OF  IOWA :  I  move,  Mr.  President,  that  the  words 
"ten  minutes"  be  stricken  out,  and  "five  minutes"  be  inserted  in  lieu 
thereof. 

MR.  MOORE,  OF  COLORADO:  Mr.  President,  I  know  that  the 
gentleman's  amendment  is  not  seconded,  that  it  is  not  now  ready  for 
discussion,  and  I  am  going  to  ask  him  to  withdraw  it;  because,  as  1 
understand  it,  there  are  nine  complicated  subdivisions  of  the  paper  just 
offered,  and  the  amendment  would  hold  the  speaker  down  to  a  fraction 
less  than  a  minute  on  each  one  of  those  subdivisions.  They  are  each 
questions  that  are  worthy  of  the  attention  of  t'his  Congress,  and  I  will 
aisk  him  to  withdraw  that,  and  let  it  stand  at  ten  minutes. 

MR.  BURKE  :  Mr.  President.  I  would  state  to  the  gentleman  on  the 
other  side  of  the  house  that  a  man  has  no  right  to  put  eight  or  ten  sub- 
jects into  one  paper.  Let  the  committee  to  whom  that  conglomeration  of 
subjects  has  been  referred  divide  it,  and  send  about  nine  of  them  to  the 
graveyard. 

MR.  MULLEN,  OF  IDAHO!  Mr.  President,  there  will  be  three 
propositions ;  one  by  Mr.  Heyburn,  one  by  Mr.  True,  and  a  proposition  in 
opposition  to  them  both.  This  thing  occurred  two  years  ago  at  Salt  Lake 
City,  and  it  will  be  repeated  here ;  so  don't  tie  the  gentlemen  down  to  five 
or  ten  minutes  discussion.  At  Salt  Lake  City,  you  recollect,  the  principals 
had  plenty  of  time.  The  principals  here  should  be  allowed  sufficient  time 
to  place  the  subject  properly  before  the  house,  and  then  in  the  dis- 
cussion that  follows  the  speakers  should  be  restricted  to  a  reasonable 
time,  but  not  to'  five  minutes. 

MR.  FRAZER,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  has  the  amendment  of 
the  gentleman  from  Iowa  received  a  second? 

MR.  STEPHENS,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  President,  I  hope  this 
amendment  will  not  prevail.  It  appears  to  me  that  if  there  is  anything 
important  to  come  before  this  Congress,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
have  an  intelligent  discussion  on  that  matter  in  five  minutes.  On  an 
important  matter  of  this  kind  it  appears  to  me  that  five  minutes  is  too 
short  a  time  for  some  of  us  to  fully  express  our  ideas,  and  we  should  not 
be  cut  off  without  an  opportunity  to  be  heard  fully.  What  did  we  come  to 
this  Congress  for?  We  came  here  to  give  and  receive  information.  Any 
of  the  gentlemen  present  may  be  able  to  give  some  valuable  information 


144  Official  Proceedings  ^\ 

upon  some  portion  of  this  subject  which  will  be  of  benefit  to  the/,  whole 
Congress,  not  only  now,  but  hereafter.  Some  may  be  able  toido  so  in 
five  minutes,  and  some  may  not.  Another  minute  might  put  YOU  in 
possession  of .  valuable  information,  and  I  don't  believe  we  ought  to  , be 
cut  off  in  that. way. 

(Cries  of  "Question/') 

MR.  EVANS,  OF  OREGON:  j|fo  President  m^  object  ,'in  making 
this  motion  was  not  to, insert  the  gag  rule  into  our  organization, \ out  it 
was  for  the  purpose  of  giving  every  man  and  woman  interestedv  in  our 
business  a  chance  to  express  .his  or  her  sentiments.  Ten  minutes  time 
is  short;  it  is  too  little.  One  man  can  gather  ihis  ideas, and  say  some- 
thing along  that  line  in  that  length  of  time ;  another  will  think  of  some- 
thing after  he'  has  taken  .his  seat  that  he  has  omitted.  To  cut  us  'down 
to  five  minutes  is  not  fair.  The  question  at  hand  is  one  of  vital  import- 
ance. "  We  need  a  revision  of  the  mining  laws  6»f  this  country.  Let  us 
discuss  it  fairly,  and  without  prejudice. 

MR.  DENNIS,  OF  OREGON:  Mr.  President/ 1  move  to  amend  the 
amendment  by  saying  that  the  principals  in  the  discussion  shall  not  be 
limited  by  this  rule — that  applying  to  Judge  Heyburn  and  the  gentle- 
man who  will  respond  to  his  arguments. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:     As  the  chair  understands  it,  each  of  these 
gentlemen  will   read   a  paper,   and   they   are   not  limited   as   to   time   at 
present.     Do  you  desire  to  press  your  amendment  under  those   circum- 
'  stances? 

MR.  DENNIS:  Mr.  President,  my  amendment  would  apply  to  their 
'subsequent  discussion  on  this  question. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  i  Very  well.  It  is  moved  as  an  amendment 
to  the  amendment  that  Judge  Heyburn  and  Mr.  True  be  not  limited  in 
the  remarks  with  which  they  wil  1  follow  their  papers. 

JUDGE  HEYBURN,  OF  IDAHO ::  Mr.  President,  I  would  say  to 
the  gentleman  making  the  motion  that  I  shall  not  require  any  more  time 
than  any  other  member  of  the  house,  and  it  is  not  necessary1  to  give  me 
any  more  time. 

MR.  DENNIS :       Mr.  President,  I  will  withdraw  the  amendment. 
MR.   MULLEN,  OF  IDAHO:     Mr.  President,   should  the  principals 
both  be  limited  to  ten  minutes? 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  amendment  to  the  amendment  hav- 
ing been  withdrawn,  that  question  is  not  before  us,  unless  some  other 
motion  is  made. 

MR.  MULLEN :  I  move  you,  Mr.  President,  that  the  principals '  in 
opposition  to  the  original  speakers  be  allowed  the  same  time  as  the 
gentlemen  presenting  the  papers. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  That  the  principal  speakers  in  opposition  to 
both  Judge  Heyburn  and  to  Mr.  True  be  allowed  the  same  time  as  they 
are  allowed  for  presenting  their  papers. 

MR.  FRAZER,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  ais  a  question  of  in- 
formation, I  will  ask  the  gentleman  who  made  the  motion  to  state  who 
the  principals  will  be. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  question  is  on  the  amendment  to  the 
amendment,  that  the  principal  speaker  in  opposition  to  both  the  views 
of  Judge  Heyburn  and  of  Mr.  True  shall  be  allowed  a  time  equal  to 
that  occupied  in  the  reading  of  either  oif  their  papers. 

MR.  MOORE  :     Mr.  President,  is  another  amendment  in  order? 
MR.  FELTHAM,  OF  IDAHO:     Mr.  President,   there  is  no  way  of 
determining  at  this  time  how  many  persons  in  this   Congress  may  ad- 


International  Mining  Congress.  145 

vance  original  ideas  or  opinions  upon  this  question  of  the  revision  of  the 
mining  laws.  There  may  be  as  many  new  opinions  and  different  ideas 
as  there  are  individuals  in  the  Congress ;  consequently  such  an  amend-* 
ment  can  have  no  fcrce,  for  no  one  can  ,say  that  he  is  the  self-con- 
stituted leader  of  the  opposition  to  the  ideas  presented,  or  that  will  be 
presented  by  the  readers  of  the  two  papers. 

But,  as  to  t'he  amendment  to  the  motion,  I  want  to  say  a  word. 
There  is  no  question  that  interests  the  prospector  and  the  mining  in-^ 
vestor  more  deeply  than  the  question  of  the  laws  with  reference  to 
the  location  and  operation  of  mining  claims.  It  would  not  be  justice  to 
this  assembly,  it  would  not  be  justice  to  those  who  have  come  long  dis- 
tances, to  use  the  gag  rule,  and  prevent  the  discussion  of  a  question  of 
so  great  importance.  As  intimated  by  one  speaker,  this  question  has  been 
before  this  Congress  before,  and  it  is  meet  and  proper  that  it  should 
be  here  again.  It  is  a  question  of  so  great  importance  that  we  want 
to  discuss  it;  we  want  to  learn  every  phase  of  it;  and  if  these  two 
gentlemen  who  will  present  papers  here  today  are  thoroughly  prepared 
on  it,  and  I  doubt  not  they  are,  they  will  present,  possibly,  very  antago- 
nistic ideas,  and  ideas  that  we  will  need  to  discuss.  It  may  be  that  we 
will  adopt  the  ideas  of  neither,  but  in  part.  So  it  requires  a  cool  and 
full  difscussion,  and  while  there  may  be  many  here  that  do  not  care  to, 
discuss  the  matter  elaborately,  still  if  one  does  desire  to  discuss  it,  I 
think  he  should  be  allowed  at  least  ten  minutes. 

MR.   FKAZER :     Mr.   President,   I   move  you   the  previous  question. 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 

The  question  of  the  amendment  to  the  amendment  was  then  put  to 
the  house  by  the  president,  and  declared  lost. 

The  question  of  the  amendment  was  then  put  to  the  house,  and  was 
declared  lost. 

The  president  then  declared  the  question  to  be  upon  the  original 
motion,  limiting  speeches  to  ten  minutes.  Upon  the  vote,  being  taken, 
the  president  declared  the  motion  carried. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  next  in  order  on  the  program  is  an  ad- 
dress by  Judge  Heyburn,  of  Wallace,  Idaho ;  subject,  "Revision  of  Our, 
Mining  Laws." 

Judge  Heyburn  addressed  the  Congress  as  follows: 

REVISION  OF  OUR  MINING  LAWS. 
By  Hon.  W.  B.  Heyburn,  df  Wallace,  Idaho. 

Mr.  -President,  and  Members  of  the  International  Mining  Congress : 
It  has  been  stated  under  a  misapprehension  that  I  would  read  a  paper 
upon  needed  revision  of  the  mining  law.  I  have  not  prepared  a  paper  on 
the  subject  because  I  did  not  think  that  the  best  method  of  presenting 
what  I  have  to  say  in  regard  to  the  question.  I  shall  present  it  to  you 
more  in  the  nature  of  a  discussion,  or;  of  the  opening  of  the  discussion 
of  the  question.  Knowing  that  there  are  many  differing  views  entertained 
by  members  of  this  Congresis,  and  by  men  interested  in  mining  throughout 
tne  country,  and  that  those  views  should  be  presented  to  this  conven- 
tion, I  will  so  shape  my  remarks  as  to  give  an  opportunity  to  those  who 
wish  to  do  so  to  come  back  with  such  arguments  as  they  may  desire  to 
present;  and  I  will  endeavor  to  make  my  opening  remarks  ais  short  as 
is  consistent  with  a  fair  presentation  of  this  question. 

Mr.  President,  it  is  not  possible  by  the  enactment  of  any  code  of 
laws  to  entirely  obviate  or  avoid  the  contentions  that  arise  over  the  lo- 
cation and  ownership  of  mines.  All  that  we  can  hope  to  do  is  to  reduce 
these  possible  controversies  to  the  minimum.  :  , 

Whatever  value  the  mines  of  the  country  have,  so  far  as  the  title, 
is  concerned,  and  I  refer  more  particularly  to  those  mines  which  are 


146  Official  Proceedings 

located  under  the  general  mining  laws  of  the  United  States,  depends 
upon  the  location  of  the  mining  claim.  The  title  is  initiated  by  the  lo- 
cator. These  men,  often  unlearned  and  sometimes  unable  to  speak  or 
understand  the  language  of  this  country,  go  out  into  the  mountains  for 
the  purpose  of  initiating  titles,  upon  which  shall  rest  our  mineral  wealth. 
Now  the  first  requisite  is  that  the  law  under  which  the  locator  acts 
shall  be  so  simple,  so  free  from  intricacy  and  complication  that  he  will 
be  able  to  make  such  a  location  as  ishall  stand  the  legal  test  when  the 
property  becomes  a  valuable  mine.  It  will  be  conceded  that  this  is  the 
first  consideration.  Much  has  been  said,  and  perhaps  will  be  said  dur- 
ing the  consideration  of  this  question,  about  expensive  litigation  ;  about 
great  contentions  that  have  arisen,  which  'have  finally  terminated  only 
by  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  always  un- 
satisfactory to  one  side  or  the  other.  It  is  that  we  may  avoid  these  con- 
troversies that  we  should  investigate  this  question  carefully,  and  that 
our  action  should  be  as  conservative  and  as  wise  as  possible.  It  is  not 
possible  during  the  sessions  of  this  Mining  Congress  to  consider  and  dis- 
cuss these  questions  with  that  fullness  and  care  that  should  precede  the 
enactment  of  any  law.  Congress  would  be  derelict  in  its  duty  if  it 
wre  to  attempt  to  enact  a  law  upon  the  meagre  discussion  and  considera- 
tion which  it  would  be  possible  to  give  it  in  this  body.  These  are  great 
questions,  they  are  far-reaching,  and  are  more  or  less  complicated.  Our 
mission  is  to  rid  the  subject  of  these  possible  complications. 

The 'law  in  regard  to  the  location  of  claims,  the  manner  in  which 
a  prospector  shall  acquire  title  to  them,  is  the  subject  of  our  primary 
consideration.  How  shall  "he  do  it  so  that  his  title  may  ever  afterward 
be  free  from  the  possibilities  of  entanglement  and  controversy? 

Fortunately  for  the  consideration  of  this  question,  a  few  minutes 
since  a  resolution  was  introduced  by  Mr.  True,  of  Idaho,  a  man  of  wide 
experience  in  mining,  a  man  who  stands  high  in  this  and  other  States 
as  a  civil  and  mining  engineer,  and  whose  judgment  is  always  worthy  of 
respectful  consideration  ;  in  that  resolution  it  is  declared  that  the  ques- 
tion of  extra-lateral  rights  should  be  eliminated  from  the  mining  law, 
and  that  the  claims  should  be  laid  off  so  that  a  man  may  follow  his  ledge 
only  to  the  exterior  boundaries  of  his  claim.  With  your  permission  I  will 
briefly  present  the  proposition  suggested  by  that  resolution.  It  is  com- 
monly known  as  the  square  claim  theory. 

Ledges  do  not  stand  perpendicularly  up  and  down  in  the  earth.  They 
were  not  built  with  the  regularity  of  work  of  the  skilled  mechanic  or 
mason.  They  are  often  crevices  that  were  formed  by  the  convulsions 
and  contortions  of  the  earth's  surface.  These  crevices  are  filled  by  vary- 
ing processes  with  mineral  and  vein  material,  and  it  is  within  them  that 
the  value  exists.  The  prospector  goes  into  the  mountain  in  search  of  mines, 
and  he  finds  cropping  out  upon  the  surface  of  the  ground  evidences  of  a 
ledge  or  vein.  It  may  be  iron  slag,  or  it  may  be  only  discolored  rock, 
discolored  with  iron,  lead  or  any  other  mineral  substance ;  but  to  him 
it  is  the  evidence  that  somewhere  beneath  it  there  exists  a  ledge  of 
value,  carrying  valuable  minerals.  Based  upon  this  evidence  "he  makes  a 
location.  Under  the  existing  law  he  is  entitled  to  locate  1,500  feet 
along  the  ledge  after  such  discovery.  He  may  make  no  location  until  after 
he  has  discovered  isuch  a  ledge  of  mineral-bearing  rock  in  place  That 
is  the  existing  law.  The  first  thing  for  the  locator  to  determine  after 
making  isuch  a  discovery  is  the  direction  of  the  ledge,  because  it  is  a'ong 
the  course  of  the  ledge  that  he  is  entitled  to  locate  his  claim  of  1.500 
feet,  and  it  is  obvious  that  he  must  determine  the  direction,  or  course, 
of  the  ledge,  as  nearly  as  may  be  done.  It  is  not  requisite  that  he 
should  determine  it  with  absolute  accuracy,  but  as  nearly  as  it  may  be 
determined.  He  then  measures  off  1,500  feet,  either  all  in  one  direction 
from  his  discovery,  or  partly  one  way,  and  partly  the  other.  Then  he 
establishes  his  boundaries  by  marking  his  claim  upon  the  ground  so  that 
its  boundaries  can  be  readily  traced ;  that  is  the  requirement  of  the  law 
That  is  so  that  the  other  men  may  know  what  he  claims  and  be  gov- 
erned accordingly  in  selecting  what  they  will  take  if  they  desire  to 
locate  a  claim. 

All  of  the  difficulty  in  regard  to  extra-lateral  rights^  or  nine- tenths 
of  it,  arises  out  of  the  manner  of  the  location  of  the  end  lines  of  the 
claim®.  We  all  know  as  a  familiar  principle  that  two  parallel  lines  never 
come  together,  however  far  you  may  produce  them  in  their  own  direc- 
tion. If  the  end  lines  of  all  claims  upon  a  ledge  were  parallel,  there 


International  Mining  Congress.  147 

would  be  none  of  these  extra-lateral  contests,  or  overlapping  of  planes. 
The  question  then  is,  how  are  we  going  to  bring  that  about  in  the 
location  of  claims?  The  difficulty  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  out- 
crop of  ledges  does  not  lie  in  straight  lines.  Ledges,  as  a  rule,  are 
reasonably  direct  and  straight  in  their  course  on  a  horizontal  plane ;  but 
you  will  readily  see  that  a  ledge  dipping  in  a  mountain  with  a  dip,  of, 
say  for  convenience,  45  degrees,  does  not  present  its  true  course  on  the 
surface.  Erosion  'has  cut  away  part  of  the  ledge,  and  as  it  rises  in 
the  mountains  the  apparent  apex  comes  back,  as  shown  on  the  picture 
of  the  Bunker  Hill  ledge,  at  Wardner,  which  is  marked  "Exhibit  A." 
This  is  a  casual  photograph  taken  looking  up  the  gulch  to  the  south, 
And  the  ledge  is  dipping  to  the  southwest. 

The  exposure  of  the  ledge  which,  to  the  prospector,  iis  the  outcrop, 
is  as  shown  by  the  red  line  upon  diagram  A,  and  represents  in  some  parts 
rather  the  exposure  of  what  might  be  termed  the  end  of  the  ledge  than 
the  apex.  Were  it  not  for  the  gulch  which  has  torn  its  way  through 
the  ledge,  the  apex  of  the  ledge  would  be  represented  by  a  straight  line 
between  the  points  where  it  is  shown  to  intersect  each  side  of  the 
picture.  The  ledge,  dipping  away  from  the  point  of  view,  recedes  up  the 
gulch  because  of  the  fact  that  it  stands  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  pitch- 
ing away  from  the  point  of  view  to  the  southwest.  The  condition  in  which 
the  ledge  is  left  by  the  erosion,  or  tearing  out  of  the  gulch",  may  t>e  very 
well  illustrated  by  taking  a  sheet  of  paper  and  placing  it  on  its  edge 
at  an  angle  for  45  degrees,  dipping  from  you.  Tear  out  of  the  paper  a 
V-shaped  piece  representing  the  gulch.  You  have  then  the  ledge  as  it 
would  appear  if  it  could  be  drawn  out  of  the  mountain,  the  notch  repre- 
senting the  erosion  which  left  the  gulch,  and  the  mountain  on  either 
side.  Placing  this  paper  on  the  table  as  directed,  you  will  find  that 
that  portion  of  the  ledge  represented  by  the  sides  of  the  notch  torn  out 
would  have  a  course  differing  very  much  from  the  true  strike  of  the 
ledge  which  would  be  represented  by  the  base  line  of  the  paper  or  the 
original  top  of  the  paper  before  the  notch  was  torn  in  it.  If  the  lo-. 
cator  takes  the  outcrop  along  the  side  of  the  notch  to  represent  the 
course  of  the  ledge  and  locates  his  end  lines  practically  at  right  angles  to> 
this  apparent  course,  in  following  his  ledge  downward  on  the  plane  be- 
tween these  end  lines,  he  would  not  be  following  on  the  dip  of  the  ledge, 
but  diagonally  along  the  dip ;  and  if  another  locator  had  made  a  location 
along  a  part  of  the  apex  where  the  outcrop  was  in  conformity  with  tfie 
true  strike  of  the  ledge  on  the  top  or  turn  of  the  mountain,  there  would 
necessarily  arise  a  conflict  between  the  two  locators. 

I  have  drawn  a  diagram  showing  the  surface  line  outcrop  of  a  ledge 
located  in  a  mountain  intersected  by  gulches  where  the  ledge  comes  to 
the  surface  as  indicated  upon  diagram  A.  I  have  indicated  the  end  lines 
intertsecting  this  outcrop  and  apparent  course  of  the  ledge,  each  claim 
located  with  end  lines  practically  at  right  angles  to  the  course  of  the 
vein  as  shown  by  the  outcrop,  but  not  the  true  course  of  the  vein  upon 
a  horizontal  plane.  The  conflicts  that  would  ensue  are  apparent  upon  this 
diagram  B.  It  is  a®  to  the  best  method  of  avoiding  these  conflicts  that 
I  am  directing  your  attention.  It  is  apparent  that  the  first  locator, 
while  locating  his  end  lines  at  right  angles  to  the  outcrop,  did  not  locate 
them  at  right  angles  to  the  true  course  of  the  ledge.  Had  he  done  tea 
the  first  location  would  have  been  made  as  indicated  by  the  broken  lines 
intersecting  the  lines  of  his  location.  He  would  still  have  had  a  seg- 
ment of  the  vein  1,500  feet  in  length,  and  the  direction  of  the  plane 
drawn  on  his  end  lines  would  have  carried  him  down  on  the  dip  of  the 
vein  instead  of  diagonally  along  it,  and  if  every  other  location  subse- 
quently made  upon  the  same  vein  had  been  located  with  end  lines  parallel- 
to  those  of  the  first  locator,  as  indicated  by  the  dotted  lines,  there  would 
have  been  no  conflict  between  thesse  several  locators  upon  the  vein  in 
following  down  upon  the  plane  of  their  end  lines.  Diagram  B  shows 
the  several  locations  made  upon  this  vein  which  resulted  in  numerous  con- 
flicts upon  the  dip.  Diagram  C  represents  the  locations  made  upon  the 
same  vein,  all  having  parallel  end  lines  as  they  should  be  made.  The 
problem  I  desire  to  present  is  as  to  the  best  method  of  securing  parallel- 
ism of  the  end  lines  of  the  several  claims  located  upon  the  same  ledge, 
and  at  the  same  time  having  the  locations  so  made  that  in  following- 
down  upon  the  ledge  the  miners  will  be  following  down  upon  the  dip- 
rather  than  upon  the  strike  of  the  ledge. 

The  ledges  being  more  or  less  irregular  in  their  course,  it  will  not, 


148  Official  Proceedings 

be  possible  that  all  of  them,  even  if  their  lines  are  parallel,  will  be 
following  exactly  on  the  dip,  neither  iis  it  essential  that  they  should  be, 
provided  that  each  have  a  segment  of  the  vein  of  a  certain  number  ot 
feet  along  the  vein,  and  the  directions  of  the  end  lines  of  the  loca- 
tions is  established  so  as  to  intersect  the  ledge  practically  at  right 
angles  with  its  general  course,  and  the  most  desirable  results  will  be 
obtained  as  near  as  may  be  and  conflicts  in  pursuing  extra-lateral  rights 
will  be  entirely  obviated,  so  far  as  claims  on  that  vein  are  concerned. 

It  is  suggested  •  that  by  reason  of  spurs,  cross-veins  and  other  ir- 
regularities the  rule  may  not  work.  Under  the  law  the  locator  is  entitled 
to  all  veins  throughout  their  depth  the  top  or  apex  of  which  lies  within 
the  lines  of  this  location.  This  does  not  apply  to  cross-veins.  The  rights 
of  cross-vein®  are  as  well  established  by  existing  laws  as  those  of  the 
original  vein  discovered,  and,  while  in  some  cases  complications  might 
arise  because  of  extraordinary  geological  conditions,  no  law  could  be 
framed  which  could  anticipate  every  possible  geological  phenomena,  and 
we  are  not  attempting  , to,  .lay  ddwn  a  rule  that  would  meet  with  such  a 
requirement.  Nine-tenths  of  the  controversies  that  have  arisen  and 
passed  through  the  adjudication  of  the  courts  which  involved  or  turned 
upon  extra-lateral  rights,  have  been  controversies  outside  of  these  geo- 
logical exceptions  and  have  resulted  from  locations  being  made  along  the 
course  of  the  vein  as  it  outcropped  rather  than  along  the  true  course  of 
the  vein. 

I  propose  as  a  remedy  for  the  extra-lateral  conflicts  in  a  great  major- 
ity of  the  caises  that  when  a  Ipcator  has  discovered  a  vein  he  shall  post, 
his  notice  at  the  fro'int  of  discovery,  state  the  number  of  feet  he  claims 
along  the  vein,  and  go  to  the,  recorder's  office  of  the  county  or  district, 
slnd  notify  the  recorder  .in  writing  that  he  has  discovered  a  new  ledge 
and  desires  to  have  the  directioq  of .  his  location  established  by  a  deputy 
mineral  surveyor.  The  recorder  will  then  notify  a  properly  designated 
officer,  who  fehall  at  the  expense  of  the  county  go  on  the  ground  with 
the  discoverer,  examine  the  discovery,  determine  the  true  course  of  the 
vein  as  nearly  aig  may  ,t>e,  establish  by  actual  survey  a  line  at  right  angles 
to  the  true  course 'of  the  vein  from  the  discovery,  erecting  three  monu- 
ments, one  at  each  end  of  the  Ipe  and  one  at  the  discovery.  He  shall 
record  this  line,  its  Direction  and,  length,  in  the  recorder's  office  im- 
mediately after  recording  the  'discovery  claimed.  This  line  might  be  one 
thousand  or  nfteen/hundred.jceet  long,  as  they  deemed  best.  That  after 
the  establishing  of  the :  Jbase.',  line,  by  the  deputy  mineral  surveyors,  all 
other,  claims  on  .that  ledge  should  .'be  located  with  their  end  lines  parallel 
to  this  base  line.  Their  lings  would  then  necessarily  be  parallel  one  with 
the  other.  They  would  each,  hay'e  •  the  segment  of  the  vein  located  by 
them  to  the  extent of  tft£!  number1  of  'feet  claimed.  As  before  suggested, 
these  lines  being  parallel  could  riot ' approach  or  diverge  from  each  other; 
there  could  be  no  cpniflict  for  that  reason. 

Neither  the  qccasioii  hpr  ttiie  time  which  I  have  allotted  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  this  subject  .will  'permit  entering  into  the  minute  details  fo? 
the  carrying  out.  0>f. this  idea,  but;  such  details  would  be  readily  furnished; 
tyy  an  intelligent  legislia tor.  !  ^oi*  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  method 
of  the  working. 'of ' this :  system, /we  will  suppose  that  Mr.  Kellogg,  when' 
he  discovered  the  BiU|ik.er  Hill  (claim,  had  reported  a  first  discovery  upon 
a  new  ledge  to  tftfi  Recorder,  and  the  recorder  had  proceeded  as  above 
suggested  to  estahttsh  .a  base  line  that  should  govern  all  locations  there- 
after made  as  .'to  the1  direction  of  their  end :  lines.  The  result  would  have 
been  as  shown' ,iipon ..  diagraan'  0,  and  the  great  conflicts  and  the  litigation 
for  the  settlement 'tliereof  \vhach  have  extended  through  a  long  period  of 
years1  could  hot  ha^e  ^existed,  ^ 

It  has  beep ..  .suggested  (that  the  proposed  parallel  end  line  theoryi 
would  not  be  applicable,, to  all . possible  and  imaginary  conditions.  This; 
wp'ild  doubtless, bet i^e-ot  any  systepa  of  laws  that  co'uld  be  enacted  gov-t 
e,rning  the  Icq^tioijL  o|,ej.aimi9,;  but  the  objection  is  not  a  serious  one.  The 
following  diagram <wjtt.  illustrate  the  objection  and  the  application  of  the, 
proposed  law  tp.siic^^Qon'dition^;  It  will  be  observed  that  the  location, 
"4"  in  this  instance.;, was i ^s\de.rupon  what  proved  to  be  .a  spur,  and,  the, 
Hocation  "B"  was ',  made,  upon;  .what .proved  to  be  the  main  ledge.;'  Other. 
locations  are. shown' , upon ;  iirreguia!ri<bies  of  the  ledge.  It •  will  be  observed 
{hat  the  location,  whether  made  upon  the  sj>ur  or  the  main  ledge,  would 
secure  the:  locator.,  the ,; segment : -of '  the  vein  located  and  .the  extent  of 
the  number  of  feet  claimed  in  all  ledges  having  the  top  or  apex;  within  the 


International  Mining  Congress.  149 

location  without  .serious  conflict.  By  an  examination  of  the  geological 
maps  of  the  Leadville  camps,  of  the  Comstock  mines,  of  the  Black  Hills 
mines,  of  the  Cripple  Creek,  Georgetown,  Coeur  d'Alene,  Grass  Valley, 
Silver  City  and  other  great  mines  you  will  see  that  with  a  few  excep^ 
tions,  such  as  Fryer  Hill  and  some  unimportant  geological  eccentricities, 
the  remedy  suggested  would  have  secured  to  the  locator  the  best  possible 
results. 

SQUARE  CLAIMS. 

It  sounds  plausible  to  say  that  you  will  give  a.  man  just  what  is  with-i- 
in  his  lines.  Those  of  you  who  are  familiar  with  mining  know  that  ali 
ledges  have  more  or  less  dip,  and  you  also  know  that  few  mines  eve£ 
paid  until  after  they  had  passed  out  of  their  own  boundaries.  The  prois,^ 
pector  would  get  practically  nothing  if  you  confined  him  to  the  values  that 
lay  within  his  own  lines.  In  the  great  Coeur  d'Alene  country,  in  Idaho, 
which  has  produced  more  than  two  hundred  millions  of  dollars  since  I 
went  there,  there  are  but  two  or  three  claims  that  became  paying  mines 
within  their  own  lines.  Many  of  the  great  mines  in  that  country  hav£ 
not  been  within  their  own  lines  for  years,  and  the  great  mines  in 
other  camps  did  not  pay  for  the  development  work  until  after  they  had 
passed  out  of  their  own  lines.  The  value  of  these  ledges  lies  in  th6 
depth.  It  takes  all  that  they  will  produce  within  their  own  lines  to 
pay  for  the  development  work. 

Then,  again,  on  the  practical  question,  Mr.  True  suggests  that  we 
abolish  the  law  making  it  requisite  that  a  discovery  be  made  before  lo^ 
cation.  I  think  that  would  be  unsafe,  because  if  men  should  make  lo- 
cations without  the  trouble  of  making  a  discovery,  and. take  up  a  piece 
of  land,  that  would  amount  to  nothing  more  than  mortgaging  the  public 
domain.  They  would  not  develop  it ;  many  of  them  perhaps  non-residents 
would  pay  the  $150  per  year,  as  proposed,  year  after  year,  in  the  hope 
that  J;heir  neighbors  would  by  actual  exploration  and  development  make 
their  location  valuable  for  them.  I  do  not  think  it  is  good  political 
morals  (applause)  to  allow  a  man  to  locate  a  piece  of  land  without  firsli 
making  a  discovery.  He  should  be  required,  as  at  present,  to  discover 
a  ledge  of  mineral -bearing  rock  in  place  before  he  places  a  claim  upon 
one  foot  of  the  public  domain  of  the  United  States,  before  he  says  to 
the  great  army  of  seekers  after  this  hidden  wealth  "You  shall  keep  off 
of  that  forty  acres  of  ground."  (Applause.) 

The  question  to  be  answered  by  those  who  are  an  favor  of  what 
we  call  the  square  claim  theory,  that  is  confining  a  man  to  what  lies  within 
his  own  lines,  the  question  to  be  answered  by  them  is  what  would  become 
of  the  vein  after  it  has  passed  outside  of  those  lines  on  its  dip  down^ 
ward? 

I  have  drawn  a  diagram  showing  a  cross-section1  ih;  a  mine  in  the 
Coeur  d'Alene  country,  in  which  one  or  more  of  the  cross  lines  shown 
upon  diagram  "B"  are  located.  The  ledge  pitches  at  an  angle  of  38  de^ 
grees  from  the  horizontal,  the  mining  being  far  below  the  point  of  dis- 
covery. That  section  is  taken  through  the  Bunker  Hill  discovery,  and, 
accurately,  or  as  nearly  so  as  may  be1,  represents  the  section  drawn/ 
through  the  discovery  in  the  northeast  and  southwest  direction,  which' 
is  at  right  angles  with  the  general  course  of  the  ledge.  You  will  readily 
see  that  the  Bunker  Hill  mine  would  not  have  had  much  value  if  it  hatf 
been  confined  to  the  portion  of  the  ledge  lying  within  its  own  lines. 

These  lines  shown  on  the  diagram  represent  the  exterior  lines  of 
square  claims,  such  as  are  proposed  by  the  gentlenlan  who  will  agitate 
the  square  claim  theory.  These  other  lines  represent  other  claims  that 
would  have  to  be  located  in  order  to  get  the  vein  after  it  passed  the 
boundaries  of  the  original  location.  I  repeat,  the1  enquiry  to  lie  an-/ 
swered,  the  question  to  be  solved  here,  is  :  What  will  you  do  with  that' 
vein?  How  will  you  get  that  vein  and  who  will  own  it  after  it  has 
passed  out  of  the  lines  of  the  original  location?  That  question  must  be 
answered  before  you  can  dispose  of  this  question,  because  it  would  not; 
be  in  keeping  with  good  policy,  neither  would  it  be  common  sense  to* 
allow  that  portion  of  the  vein  lying  beyond  the  exterior  lines  of  the  first 
claim  to  go  without  a  responsible  owner,  or  a  responsible  means  of  acquir-1 
ing  title  to  it. 

We  will  suppose  that  such  is  the  law  and  that  the  rights  of  the- 
discovery  claim  stop  at  the  line  on  the  dip,  because  the  vein  passed,' 


150  Official  Proceedings 

out  of  the  claim  there;  this  claim  into  which  the  vein  dipped  would  be 
valuable  only  to  the  man  who  could  sink  a  shaft  from  the  surface  1,000 
feet.  It  is  1,000  feet  from  the  surface  down  to  where  he  would  intersect 
that  vein  after  it  passed  out  of  the  lines  of  the  first  claim.  That  bars  out 
the  ma.n  with  capital.  Great  mining  companies,  men  with  plenty  of  money, 
might  avail  themselves  of  that  ledge  after  it  had  passed  out  of  the  first 
Claim,  but  none  of  the  great  army  of  miners  could  do  it;  no  prospector 
could  acquire  title  to  that  vein  after  it  had  passed  beyond  the  first  claim. 
You  say  he  could  go  down  below  and  run  a  tunnel.  He  would  have  to  go 
the  same  distance.  The  locator  of  the  isecond  claim  on  the  dip  would 
have  to  sink  4,000  feet  on  the  Bunker  Hill  vein  before  he  could  make 
a  discovery  on  that  ledge,  and  then  he  would  have  to  raise  the  ore  4,000 
feet  to  the  surface  or  he  would  have  to  construct  a  tunnel  to  the  sur- 
face in  the  valley  below.  On  the  next  claim  he  would  have  to  sink  6,000 
feet  from  the  top  of  that  mountain  to  where  the  ledge  would  be  inter- 
sected. He  would  have  no  choice  between  a  shaft  and  a  tunnel,  be- 
cause he  would  intersect  that  vein  at  a  point  below  the  valley,  or  the 
possibility  of  running  a  tunnel. 

Now,  there  is  the  problem  that  you  have  got  to  solve  before  you  can 
adopt  the  resolution  offered  by  Mr.  True,  or  before  you  can  adopt  the 
proposition  suggested  by  Mr.  Moore,  of  Colorado.  And  I  shall  await  with 
a  great  deal  of  interest  the  explanation  that  the  gentlemen  will  make  as 
to  how  that  vein  is  to  be  available  after  it  leaves  the  first  claim  on  the 
dip. 

I  repeat  that  the  great  values  or  profits  above  expenditure  in  all  of 
these  mines  lie®  outside  of  the  surface  lines  of  the  claims.  If  you  make 
it  forty  acres  you  only  reduce  the  measure  of  damages ;  that  is  all. 
You  only  make  it  more  difficult  for  the  second  man  to  get  the  vein,  be- 
cause he  has  to  go  that  much  further  into  the  earth  to  avail  himself 
of  it. 

Now  I  am  going  to  content  myself  with  merely  outlining  these  pro- 
positions, because  it  is  very  evident,  from  the  remarks  that  were  made 
before  I  came  upon  the  platform,  that  there  is  going  to  be  a  general 
discussion  of  this  question,  and  I  am  very  glad  of  it.  Of  course  we  can 
do  nothing  more  than  express  our  views  here,  but  those  views  will  be 
regarded  with  some  interest  by  those  who  make  the  laws  for  us  govern- 
ing these  matters. 

Some  gentlemen  seem  to  take  it  for  granted  that  I  would  oppose  their 
views  before  we  began  the  discussion.  I  suppose  it  was  because  they 
knew  my  views  on  the  subject.  But  I  repeat,  when  the  questions  which 
I  have  'submitted  are  satisfactorily  answered  they  may  take  up  the 
single  claim  theory  for  further  consideration.  Until  that  time  we  can 
best  devote  our  attention  to  obviating  such  evils  as  exist  under  the 
present  laws.  If  the  base  end  line  upon  each  ledge,  which  I  have  sug- 
gested, is  not  the  best  solution  I  hope  some  one  will  suggest  a  better 
one. 

Now,  I  have  here  an  accurate  survey  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  mining 
country.  These  are  official  surveys  and  they  are  absolutely  accurate.  You 
will  observe  that  the  ledges  are  all  practically  parallel.  This  (Group  "A") 
is  known  as  the  Sunset  ledge,  on  which  W.  A.  Clark  and  others  are  min- 
ing extensively.  The  next  one  is  a  parallel  ledge  generally  called  the 
Manhattan-Amazon  ledge.  You  see  they  are  exactly  parallel.  Then  we 
come  to  the  Tiger  and  Poorman  ledge,  which  is  one  of  the  big  mines 
of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  country.  You  will  see  that  it  varies  out  little  in  Its 
course  from  the  others.  That  was  the  original  important  galena  dis- 
covery in  the  Coeur  d'Alene  camp ;  that  was  the  first  lead-silver  mine 
that  was  opened,  the  Tiger  and  Poorman  mine.  The  Tiger  mine  wa» 
located  on  the  4th  of  May,  1884.  and  the  Poorman  on  tne  opposite  side 
of  the  gulch  a  few  days  later ;  the  Standard  and  Mammoth  next.  1  have 
drawn  blue  lines  showing  the  course  of  this  ledge  within  me  Helena, 
Frisco,  Hunter  and  Morning  combination.  These  mineral  ledges,  you 
see,  have  the  same  general  course.  There  is  the  Wardner  district  with 
the  general  course  of  the  ledge  passing  through  the  Bunker  Hill,  the 
Empire  State,  the  Last  Chance  and  all  those  mines  constituting  the  Ward- 
ner group.  That  is  as  nearly  as  it  can  be  determined.  The  discovery 
of  the  Bunker  Hill  was  made  on  the  10th  of  September,  1885,  at  the 
junction  of  the  red  and  blue  lines.  If  the  locator  had  gone  to  the  re- 
corder's office,  reported  his  discovery  of  a  new  ledge,  and  requested  the 
deputy  surveyor  to  go  upon  the  ground  and  determine  its  course  and 


International  Mining  Congress.  151 

dip  he  could  have  determined  it  in  a  few  hours.  It  crops  out  on  the 
side  of  the  mountain,  and  the  discovery  was  close  to  the  foot  wall.  Any 
engineer  running  a  level  on  the  foot  wall  or  the  "hanging  wall  of  the 
ledge  could  have  determined  its  course,  on  a  horizontal  plane  of  the  ledge, 
always  excepting-  the  local  variations  which  will  occur  in  any  rock  forma- 
tion. He  would  have  established  the  line  of  the  ledge  as  indicated  i.pcn 
the  map  in  blue.  He  would  have  established  the  base  line  at  right 
angles,  as  indicated  in  red,  and  then  every  location  upon  that  ledge 
would  have  had  parallel  end  lines  to  conform  to  the  red  line,  and  there 
could  have  been  none  of  that  vast  litigation  which  has  been  so  profitable 
to  myself  and  to-my  employers.  (Laughter.)  I  have  been  trying  those  cases 
for  sixteen  years ;  I  have  been  trying  them  'since  1885,  determining,  or 
trying  to  determine,  one  after  the  other  the  rights  of  the  conflicting 
owners  of  those  claims  in  the  Wardner  district,  and  they  are  far  from 
being  determined  yet.  So  you  see  I  am  not  speaking  from  a  selfish  stand- 
point when  I  am  trying  to  relieve  mine  owners  of  these  difficulties.  I  am 
perhaps  doing  an  injustice  to  the  younger  generation  of  lawyers  that 
will  come  along,  but  they  will  have  to  stand  it. 

But,  Mr.  President,  this  is  a  solution  of  the  difficulty ;  whether  it  is 
the  only  one  or  the  best  one  let  us  try  to  determine. 

Now,  there  is  juist  one  great,  big  ledge  running  through  that  Ward- 
ner camp.  There  are  spur  ledges  thrown  up  to  the  surface,  so  that  in 
some  of  these  claims  if  the  location  was  originally  made  on  one  of  the 
spurs,  of  course,  as  the  law  now  stands,  when  they  came  to  the  main 
ledge  they  would  probably  take  it  as  the  first  locator.  If  you  revise  the 
mining  laws  as  to  how  a  location  shall  be  marked  on  the  ground,  how 
it  shall  be  recorded,  and  then  fix  the  lines  so  there  can  be  no  conflict 
as  they  follow  down  into  the  earth  upon  the  plane  of  certain  lines  you 
will  have  relieved  the  courts  of  a  great  amount  of  work,  capital  of  a 
great  deal  of  apprehension,  and  will  have  made  the  prospector's  claim 
valuable  to  him. 

The  prospectors  deserve  a  high  place  among  our  pioneer  citizens. 
(Applause.)  The  honor  due  to  them  is  as  great  as  that  due  to  the  heroes 
in  war.  They  are  the  men  who  laid  the  foundation  for  the  civilization 
and  development  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  was  the  gold,  silver,  lead  and 
copper  hunters  that  went  into  the  mountains1  and  searched  out  the  rich 
mines.  These  men,  as  the  resolution  that  was  introduced  here  this 
morning  very  wisely  suggests,  should  be  taken  care  of.  Just  as  we  take 
care  of  the  maimed  and  crippled  heroes  of  our  wars,  so  should  we  take 
care  of  those  men  who  have  laid  the  foundation  of  the  wealth  and  pros- 
perity of  our  people.  In  the  avalanches  of  the  mountains,  in  the  swollen 
streams  that  rusth  down  their  deep  gorges,  or  in  the  lonely  cabin,  their 
lives  have  gone  out  in  solitude  and  poverty,  forgotten  save  by  perhaps 
some  distant  waiting  ones  who  will  never' know  their  fate.  'Marshal*, 
who  discovered  the  gold  in  California,  Comstock,  who  found  the  greatest 
mines  in  Nevada,  the  little  coterie  of  men  who  discovered  the  bonanzas 
in  Leadville,  Andrew  J.  Pritchard,  who  discovered  the  Coeur  d'Alene 
mines,  in  Idaho,  and  a  long  list  of  others,  none  the  less  entitled  to 
honorable  mention  because  I  have  not  named  them  here,  did  i:iore  for 
the  permanent  wealth  and  prosperity  of  the  people  of  this  country  than 
the  great  statesmen  and  law-makers  whose  statutes  adorn  statuary  hall 
in  the  national  capitol.  The  prospector  is  the  creator  of  wealth  ;  these 
only  direct  and  control  its  distribution  and  management. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  Mr.  E.  B.  True,  of  Idaho,  will  now  present 
"his  paper  upon  the  same  subject. 

Mr.  True  read  the  following  paper: 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  The  object  of  this  paper  is 
tomggest  certain  changes  in  the  raining  laws  of  the  United  States,  which 
will  tend  to  develop  the  mining  industry  and  prevent  future  litigation. 
Vested  interests  will  not  be  affected  by  the  proposed  changes,  but  the  law 
will  be  so  simplified  that  all  newly-established  claims  will  be  much  less 
likely  to  become  involved  in  litigation  than  those  located  under  the  pres- 
ent laws. 

The  experience  of  the  past  thirty  years  as  shown  by  the  records  of 
the  General  Land  Office  and  the  court  decisions  proves  that  our  ruining 
laws  need  revision.  While  it  was  intended  to  be  simple  and  liberal  in 
its  provisions  in .  order  to  encourage  the  development  of  our  vast  tracts 


152  Official  Proceedings 

of  mineral  lands,  and  it  has  met  with  great  success  in  this  respect, 
yet  it  has  often  been  confronted  with  unforeseen  conditions  requiring  an 
adaption  of  the  law®  to  fit  particular  cases.  This  construing  or  interpre- 
tation of  the  law  has  resulted  in  a  large  volume  of  rulings  of  th«?  General 
Land  Office,  which  have  the  effect  of  law  until  they  are  reversed  by  a 
different  commissioner  and  instead  of  denning  the  law  and  making  it 
plainer  it  tends  to  invite  new  litigation  with  each  new  ruling. 

That  the  law  has  served  us  so  well  is  remarkable  when  we  con- 
sider how  crude  was  the  knowledge  of  the  occurrence  of  mineral  at  the 
command  of  its  authors.  They  read  in  the  Bible  that :  "Surely  there  is 
a  vein  for  the  silver  and  a  place  for  gold  where  they  find  it,"  and  they 
constructed  the  law  upon  the  basis  of  a  well-defined,  regular  mineral- 
bearing  vein.  They  recognized  such  accessions  as  "dips,"  spurs"  -and 
"angles,"  but  dwelt  mainly  upon  the  hypothesis  that  a  well-behaved  vein 
would  have  well-defined  walls,  run  straight,  crop  throughout  the  claim 
and  contain  pay  ore ;  that  it  might  dip  at  such  an  angle  that  would  cause 
it  to  pass  in  depth  through  a  plane  dropped  vertically  from  a  side  line, 
but  they  did  not  dream  that  it  would  be  at  all  difficult  to  identify  it 
sometimes  after  it  had  passed  that  point. 

They  were  certain  that  veins  must  dip,  because  they  made  no  pro- 
vision for  the  location  of  a  horizontal  vein  or  a  vein  inclined  upward  from 
its  croppings,  nor  did  they  specify  what  should  be  considered  the  apex  of 
such  veins. 

We  have  learned,  however,  by  experience  in  the  last  30  years,  that 
valuable  mineral  deposits  are  more  often  erratic  than  well  ordered,  in 
regard  to  strike,  dip  and  composition ;  that  the  apex  is  frequently  a  myth ; 
that  often  a  so-called  vein  may  have  but  one  wall,  and  yet  be  valuable, 
or  no  walls  at  all  and  yet  produce  dividends,  and  furthermore  that  of 
all  land  west  of  the  100th  meridian  there  is  not  one  foot  of  ground  in 
regard  to  which  a  non-mineral  affidavit  means  anything  more  than  "non 
esit  inventus,"  or  that  the  mineral  is  not  yet  found. 

Our  law-makers  insisted  upon  the  discovery  as  a  prerequisite  to  valid 
location  upon  the  aissumption.  presumably,  that  a  well-behaved,  valuable 
mineral  deposit  would  inevitably  raise  its  head  above  the  surface  or 
"crop  out"  plainly  for  the  benefit  of  the  locator.  Unfortunately  for  the 
theory,  but  perhaps  fortunately  for  future  generations,  the  fact  is  that 
many  valuable  ore  deposits  are  not  so  plainly  indicated  upon  the  sur- 
face as  to  be  found  while  riding,  a®  it  often  occurs,  that  it  requires  as 
much  labor  to  discover  a  vein  as  to  sink  an  oil  well. 

There  is  no  valid  reason  why  location  should  wait  upon  discovery, 
because  the  locator  shows  good  faith  by  his  works,  even  in  attempting 
to  make  a  discovery. 

For  this  reason  all  public  lands  should  be  open  to  exploitation  so  that 
if  one  should  wish  to  prospect  a  tract  of  lava  beds  he  could  first  make  a 
valid  location  upon  any  unoccupied  portion. 

The  United  States  law  requires  a  discovery,  but  io  much  more  liberal 
than  our  State  law  which  literally  requires  a  prospector  to  Decome  a 
miner  before  it  will  allow  him  to  record  a  claim  ;  and  yet  the  requisition 
is  not  in  conflict  with  the  United  States  law  in  the  opinion  of  soma 
courtsL 

One  of  the  most  serious  objections  to  the  present  law  is  in  regard 
to  its  manifest  injustice  to  those  seeking  to  acquire  title  to  quartz  claims 
as  compared  with  those  seeking  title  to  agricultural  land. 

The  applicant  for  patent  to  arable  land  goes  to  the  Land  Office  and 
files  upon  160  acres  of  the  best  land  on  earth,  and  after  complying  with 
a  few  simple  instructions  in  regard  to  improving  said  land,  he  is  per- 
mitted to  buy  it  for  $.1.25  per  acre,  or  even  at  a  lower  price,  under 
certain  conditions.  He  has  the  land  surveyed  for  him  by  the  Govern- 
ment, and  is  not  compelled  to  hire  a  lawyer  to  steer  him  through  the  Land 
Office. 

But  if  a  prospector  wishes  to  acquire  title  to  20  acres  of  the  poorest 
land  on  earth — so  poor,  indeed,  it  may  be  that  even  the  sheep  herders 
avoid  it,  and  which  may  not  contain  even  a  good  quality  of  building 
stone — when  he  goes  to  the  Land  Office  he  is  told  that  whether  the  land 
is  surveyed  or  not  he  must  go  first  to  the  Surveyor  General  and  have  a 
special  survey  made.  He  goes  to  the  Surveyor  General,  who  gives  him 
permission  to  hire  any  mineral  deputy  to  survey  his  claim  for  him,  and 
charges  him  $1 . 50  per  acre,  in  advance,  for  the  work  in  his  office. 

The  deputy  surveyor  charges  him  from  $2.50  to  $5.00  per  acre  for 


International  Mining  Congress.  153 

the  survey,  depending  upon  the  locality  of  the  claim  and  the  business 
ability  of  the  contracting  parties.  About  this  time  the  applicant  for 
patent  learns  that  it  would  be  well  for  him  to  engage  a  lawyer  at  the 
usual  rate  of  $2.50  per  acre,  to  inform  him  what  other  expenses  are 
necessary- 

The  lawyer  sets  the  County  Recorder  at  work  making  certified  copies 
of  the  recorded  history  of  this  pet  rock  pile.  The  Surveyor  General  must 
have  a  copy,  and  the  Land  Office  another,  and  also  an  abstract  of  title 
at  date  of  entry.  He  also  sets  the  notary  at  work  upon  affidavits,  first 
of  citizenship  then  of  proof  of  labor,  proof  of  improvements,  proof  01 
no  suit  pending,  proof  of  posting  of  plats  and  application  for  patent,  proof 
of  plats  remaining-  posted  during  sixty  days  of  publication,  agreement  ol 
publisher,  proof  of  publication,  and  finally  makes  a  statement  of  fees 
and  charges  which  the  applicant  swears  to — if  not  at. 

Meanwhile  the  lawyer  has  filed  in  the  Land  Office  an  application  for 
patent  at  a  cost  of  half  a  dollar  an  acre,  and  about  two  months  there- 
after, if  all  the  proofs  are  gathered  and  no  one  else  disputes  his  title 
to  the  claim,  and  he  has  shown  that  he  has  spent  $25  an  acre  upon  the 
claim,  he  is  recognized  at  the  Land  Office  and  allowed  to  pay  $5  an  acre 
for  the  ground  and  get  a  receipt  which  will  bring  him  a  deed  from 
Washington  as  soon  as  the  papers  go  through  the  circumlocution  office 
and  provided  some  clerk  does  not  hold  them  up. 

These  expenses  foot  up  from  $12.50  to  $15  an  acre,  besides  the  $25 
an  acre  expended  in  improvements  upon  the  claim,  and  many  claims 
have  cost  more  than  $350  per  claim  beside  the  $500  improvements  in  the 
State  of  Idaho  during  the  past  20  years.  And  this  as  against  $1.25  per 
acre  for  good  arable  land  that  may  contain  oil. 

Moreover,  after  our  prospector  has  patented  his  claim  he  goes  at 
work  sinking  a  shaft  upon  his  vein,  which  we  will  assume  goes  down- 
ward vertically  into  the  earth.  After  sinking  one  hundred  feet  or  more 
he  is  served  with  injunction  papers  in  a  suit  brought  by  his  neighbor 
on  the  south,  who  has  a  vein  running  parallel  with  his,  but  dipping 
northerly,  so  that  it  might  intersect  the  vein  upon  which  our  pros- 
pector is  sinking  at  a  depth  of  300  feet.  After  settling  this  dispute 
by  buying  the  southern  claim  or  giving  up  half  of  his  claim,  he  sets  at 
work  vigorously  sinking  his  shaft  again.  He  finally  attains  a  depth  of 
500  feet,  and  one  day  breaks  into  an  opening  wrhich  proves  to  be  an  old 
stope  on  a  vein  coming  down  from  the  north,  and  which  has  been 
worked  out  above  and  below  where  his  vein  intersected  it. 

He  then  learns  that  the  ground  which  he  had  been  at  so  much 
trouble  and  expense  to  acquire  title  to  had  been  sold  or  granted  to  two 
other  parties,  and  that  one  of  these  parties  had,  in  pursuance  of  the 
provisions  of  that  beneficent  law  of  the  clip,  worked  out  his  ground  for 
him.  Stranger  things  than  this  imaginary  case  have  actually  occurred. 

The  idea  of  requiring  improvements  as  a  pre-requisite  to  patent  is 
evidently  carried  over  bodily  from  the  arable  land  law,  into  which  law 
it  was  incorporated,  in  order  to  favor  small  holdings  and  prevent  the  ac- 
quisition of  large  tract®  for  speculative  purposes.  But  if  it  is  necessary 
to  make  the  cost  of  mineral  land  high  in  order  to  prevent  the  acquisi- 
tion of  large  tracts,  why  not  make  the  charge  direct  and  fixed  in  order 
that  the  Treasury  may  profit  by  it  or  else  withdraw  such  lands  from 
the  market.  It  is  the  best  kind  of  good  faith,  so  far  as  the  miner  is 
concerned,  when  he  shows  his  willingnesis  to  pay  $5.00  per  acre  for  the 
poorest  land  the  Government  has  to  offer,  and  he  is  not  buying  much. 
The  State  of  Idaho  has  been  mining  largely  for  40  years,  and  more 
than  two-thirds  of  the  State  is  mining  ground.  But  the  total  patented 
mineral  land  is  only  40,000  acres;  less  than  two  townships  out  of  two 
thousand  townships;  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

The  changes  that  seem  most  urgent  are  here  presented  briefly  in  the 
hope  that  this  Congress  will,  after  due  consideration',  take  definite  ac- 
tion thereupon  and  authorize  a  committee  to  urge  upon  Congress  its 
adoption  and  immediate  enactment : 

"1.  Establish  a  bureau  of  mining  with  a  secretary  having  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet,  and  provide  for  the  appointment  of  a  commissioner  of  mining 
for  each  State  and  Territory  in  which  there  are  any  Government  lands. 

"2.  Complete  the  system  of  public  surveys  at  once  over  all  nnsur- 
veyed  lands,  however  mountainous. 

"3.  Limit  the  size  of  all  new  locations  of  quartz,  placer  or  other  min- 
eral claims,  including  coal  and  iron,  to  1.320  feet  square,  conforming  to  a 


154  Official  Proceedings 

forty-acre  tract  of  the  system  of  public  surveys.  Require  locators  to 
conform  to  the  legal  subdivision  lines  upon  .surveyed  lands,  and  re- 
quire locations  upon  unsurveyed  lands  to  be  staked  off  with  north  and 
south  and  eaist  and  west  lines,  irrespective  of  lodes  or  deposit  lines. 

"4.  Require  no  discovery,  but  require  an  excavation  five  feet  deep, 
measuring  100  cubic  feet  as  a  pre-requisite  to  recording  from  which, 
as  an  initial  point,  all  measurements  must  be  made  for  describing  lo- 
cations upon  unsurveyed  ground. 

"5.  Allow  but  one  location  a  year  for  each  citizen  in  each  township 
upon  surveyed!  ground,  and  allow  no  citizen  to  locate  more  than  one 
claim  within  a  radius  of  five  miles  of  his  initial  point  upon  unsurveyed 
lands,  and  allow  no  locations  by  attorney. 

'*G.  Grant  locators  full  po'ssessdon  and  enjoyment  of  all  rights  of 
occupancy  such  as  pert&in  to  title  in  fee,  so  long  as  they  expend  $100 
in  actual  work  upon  and  within  the  lines  of  each  claim,  each  and  every 
year  from  the  date  of  record,  or  as  an  equivalent  pay  the  sum  of  $150 
into  the  United  States  Treasury  to  constitute  a  fund  for  the  promotion 
of  the  mining  industry,  to  be  expended  as  nearly  as  practicable  within 
the  districts  to  which  it  is  credited. 

"7.  Withdraw  from  the  market  all  lands  not  occupied  and  claimed,  ex- 
cept such  as  may  be  proven  more  valuable  for  agriculture,  by  the  proper 
non-mineral  affidavits.  Sell  timber  under  proper  restrictions  but  not  the 
land,  unless  it  be  such  that  the  farmer  will  want  it  and  can  make  non- 
mineral  affidavits  before  filing  upon  it. 

"8.  Repeal  the  law  of  the  dip  and  apex  and  bound  all  claims  by  verti- 
cal planes  drawn  through  the  exterior  lines. 

"9.  Let  Congress  call  for  the  repeal  of  all  State  and  local  laws,  in  the 
interest  of  simplicity,  and  treat  all  questions  between  mining  claimants 
the  same  as  disputes  between  other  public  land  claimants  should  bo 
treated,  in  the  proper  courts." 

The  first  change  suggested  needs  no  comment  here,  further  than  to 
claim  that  the  mining  industry  is  as  justly  entitled  to  a  place  in  the 
cabinet  as  the  farming  industry. 

The  second  suggestion  requires  no  change  in  the  law,  but  a  more 
vigorous  application  of  its  precepts.  The  cause  of  the  delay  in  sur- 
veying the  mineral  lands  is  the  extra  expense  entailed  by  running  lines 
in  mountainous  country  and  the  fact  that  there  is  a  poor  market  for 
that  kind  of  land;  also  because  at  present  they  are  making  the  appli- 
cants pay  the  expense  of  surveying — and  there  are  not  many  applicants. 

The  third  suggestion  has  in  view  the  location  of  mineral  lands  in 
.square  tracts,  conforming  to  subdivision  lines  as  agricultural  lands  are 
located  and  irrespective  of  the  known  presence  or  character  of  the 
mineral  contents.  It  is  intended  to  render  the  location  of  mining  claims 
more  simple,  by  avoiding  classification,  and  to  avoid  as  much  as  possible 
fractional  locations  and  to  prevent  boundary  disputes  and  infringements. 
There  would  be  no  lapping  of  claims  nor  cross  locations  nor  irregular  and 
unsightly  maps  of  new  mining  districts  and  no  more  litigation  than 
over  farming  locations. 

The  fourth  change  proposed  is  in  accordance  with  the  hypothesis 
that  all  land  is  mineral  land  until  proven  otherwise  by  actual  exploita- 
tion. That  any  land  may  contain  valuable  mineral  deposits  and  that  a 
prospector  should  be  protected  while  making  a  discovery  as  well  as 
afterwards.  The  excavation  required  is  partly  to  show  good  faith,  but 
mainly  to  mark  the  initial  point  from  which  all  measurement  must  be 
taken  in  defining  claim  lines  upon  unsurveyed  land.  A  hole  is  prefer- 
able to  a  monument  for  this  purpose. 

The  fifth  suggestion  is  an  innovation  but  will  prove  a  simple  remedy 
for  much  trouble  that  has  arisen  frdm  attempts  to  secure  large  holdings 
of  possibly  valuable  ground.  It  is  a  limit  that  will  operate  somewhat 
as  does  the  land  limit  in  regard  to  agricultural  lands.  It  will  give  the 
poor  man  and  the  late  comer  a  chance,  and  its  evasion  will  be  as  ex- 
pensive as  the  evasions  of  the  present  law.  It  will  be  claimed  that  a 
locator  ought  to  have  the  right  to  locate  a  claim  in  addition  to  cover 
the  possible  dip  of  his  lode.  But  if  he  finds  his  vein  good  enough  to  be 
worth  following  on  its  dip  to  the  limits  of  a  forty-acre  claim  with  vertical 
boundaries,  it  certainly  would  be  good  enough  to  divide  with  his  neighbor. 
or  wihen  he  first  found  the  dip  would  lead  into  his  neighbor's  ground, 
he  has  the  advantage  of  first  knowledge  in  acquiring  that  ground  by 
purchase. 

Also  he  can  locate  a  new  claim  each  year.     Forty  acres  of  mineral 


International  Mining  Congress.  155 

ground!  giv&s  elbow  room  enough  for  a  poor  man  to  work  in — a  rich 
man  can  buy  more.  A  good  ledge  will  make  an  ore  chute  once  in  forty 
acres  or  a  poor  man  does  not  want  it. 

The  sixth  suggestion  proposed  is  intended  to  allow  a  commutation 
of  the  assessment  work  into  a  cash  payment  into  a  Government  fund, 
to  be  expended  in  building  roads,  and  in  other  community  interests  for 
the  development  of  the  district®  'paying  in  such  money. 

The  .seventh  consideration  calls  for  careful  and  studied  considera- 
tion. Our  Government  has  been  selling  mines  for  more  than  30  years 
to  citizens  and  foreigners,  and  giving  them  absolute  title  to  not  only 
the  ground  included  within  the  deed  lines,  but  also,  under  certain  con- 
siderations, to  the  ground  of  their  neighbors ;  thereby  granting  rights 
to  these  individuals  to  explore  and  mine  out  the  ground  deeded  to  them, 
and  also  any  other  ground  near  by  into  which  they  can  trace  the  sem- 
blance of  a  vein.  It  is  true  that  they  may  deed  the  adjoining1  ground 
to  another  individual  and  grant  him  the  same  privileges,  but  it  is  mani- 
fest that  any  clash  of  interests  would  certainly  invite  litigation.  The 
proof  of  this  is  already  on  record  in  the  court  decisions,  and  its  fruit 
is  not  half  ripe. 

It  is  a  serious  question  whether  the  right  to  mine  ought  to  be 
included  in  a  Government  grant  to  the  soil. 

There  was  wisdom  in  the  old  law  and  custom  which,  in  the  Old 
World,  ruled,  "That  all  gold  and  silver  mines  of  right  belonged  to  the 
King" — "The  King"  meaning  the  people. 

Gold  and  silver  mines  ought  to  belong  to  the  people  Tor  the  benefit 
of  the  people,  and  should  be  given  to  individuals  only  for  the  purpose 
of  working  them  and  held  by  them  only  so  long  as  they  work  them  to 
the  end  that  as  much  gold  and  silver  will  be  produced  as  possible,  be- 
cause we  cannot  have  too  much  gold  and  silver.  But  mining  includes 
much  more  than  gold  and  silver  mining ;  and  while  the  chief  use  of 
gold  and  silver  is  to  mint  them  into  actual  money,  so  it  is  true  that  th^ 
more  money  there  is  the  more  demand  there  is  for  the  other  products 
of  mining — the  base  metals  and  all  other  valuable  minerals  that  lie 
hidden  below  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Therefore  it  is  a  question  worthy 
of  serious  consideration  as  to  whether  or  not  all  mining  should  not  be 
conducted  under  such  control  of  the  Government  that  when  the  parties 
to  whom  the  privilege  of  mining  is  granted  do  not  work  in  a  manner 
calculated  to  develop  the  best  results  or  refuse  to  work  at  all.  then  they 
shall  forfeit  their  privilege  and  others  may.  at  their  option,  take  up 
the  work. 

Some  States  have  laws  in  regard  to  mineral  lands  which  are 
founded  upon  this  idea,  as  for  instance  New  York  and  Texas.  But 
these  States  own  their  lands,  while  the  public  lands  of  the  West  are 
owned,  in  the  main,  by  the  General  Government,  and  these  are  the  lands 
under  consideration. 

In  regard  to  this  idea,  and  bearing  directly  upon  tne  subject  we 
find  in  Lindley  on  Mines,  Vol.  1,  Page  14,  as  follows  : 

"The  theory  of  the  civil  law  is  thus-  plainly  stated  by 'Mr.  Halleck : 
All  continental  publicists,  who  have  written  upon  the  .subject,  lay  down 
the  fundamental  rule  that  mines,  from  their  very  nature,  are  not  a 
dependence  of  the  ownership  of  the  soil ;  that  they  ought  not  to  be- 
come private  property,  in  the  same  sense  that  the  soil  is  property ;  but 
that  they  should  be  held  and  worked,  with  the  understanding  that  they 
are  by  nature  public  property,  and  that  they  are  to  be  used  and  regulated 
in  such  a  way  as  to  conduce  most  to  the  general  interest  of  society.'  " 

It  is  certainly  in  the  interest  of  society  that  the  mines  shall  be 
developed,  and  the  chief  objection  to  private  ownership  is  that  mining 
property  owned  by  individuals  is  so  often  held  for  years  unworked  and 
undeveloped. 

The  eighth  suggestion  confining  mining  privileges  within  vertical 
planes  drawn  downward  through  the  boundaries  will  work  no  hardship 
upon  anyone  and  will  eliminate  a  great  deal  of  costly  and  vexatious 
legislation.  Under  the  present  law  those  who  attempt  to  follow  valu- 
able veins  outside  of  vertical  boundary  planes  nearly  always  find  it 
cheaper  to  acquire  the  full  title  to  the  land  covering  the  dip  than  to  trust 
to  the  roving  title  given  by  the  law. 

The  status  of  mining  claims,  if  these  proposed  changes  were  made, 
would  be  practically  the  same  as  that  of  claims  now  held  under  pos- 
sessory rights.  Claims  would  be  twice  as  large,  and  all  boundary  lines 
would  be  practically  end  lines ;  an  individual  or  company  could  locate 


156  Official  Proceedings 

but  one  claim  in  the  same  camp  each  year,  instead  of,  as  at  present, 
locating  the  earth  in  one  day.  There  would  be  no  patenting  of  claims, 
but  there  is  very  little  now.  There  would  be  no  more  litigation  and 
no  more  hogging  of  .claims  than  there  is  in  regard  to  agricultural  land. 
It  would  be  no  more  difficult  to  locate  a  mine  than  to  locate  a  ranch  ; 
and  in  fact  it  would  be  easier,  because  the  would-be  rancher  must  file 
his  non-mineral  affidavits  before  he  began  to  fence  up  any  land. 

MR.  MULLEN,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  I  want  the  members 
of  this  Congress  to  understand  that  the  object  of  the  attorney  and 
surveyor  is  to  protect  the  prospector.  I  have  held  credentials  for  35 
years  as  a  prospector.  Now,  Mr.  President,  and  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
at  the  commencement  of  Judge  Heyburn's  remarks  he  spoke  of  pros- 
pectors who  come  into  the  country  who  can  hardly  read  English.  I  f.m 
one  of  them,  but  I  am  going  to  talk  English,  and  I  am  going  to  talk 
fast,  for  I  am  limited  to  ten  minutes. 

This  is  a  question  for  the  people  of  the  mining  States  to  consider 
carefully  before  they  go  to  work  and  overturn  the  laws  under  which  the 
mining  "interests  of  this  country  have  grown  to  such  enormous  propor- 
tions. Now  they  come  along  with  a  new  idea,  labeled  the  square  location, 
and  propose  to  do  away  with  extra-lateral  rights. 

We  have  listened  to  two  eloquent  speeches  on  this  subject;  one  a 
lawyer,  pleading  for  the  protection  of  the  prospector;  the  other  a  sur- 
veyor— he  is  the  Surveyor  General — and  every  one  of  their  efforts  are 
for  us  poor  prospectors,  and  they  pay  glowing  tributes  to  the  services 
of  the  prospectors  ifl  the  development  of  the  country.  Judge  Ileyburn 
presents  to  you  the  proposition  as  it  exists  in  the  Coeur  d'Alenes.  The 
titles  to  their  property,  as  in  all  other  parts  of  the  country,  rest  in  the 
laws  of  the  United  States.  In  the  superior  courts  in  the  United 
States  today  but  a  small  percentage  of  the  mining  property  ie 
affected  by  litigation.  In  the  last  30  years  the  mining  interests  of  the 
different  States  have  grown  and  flourished  under  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  laws  and  customs  of  the  States  and  local  districts,  and 
they  have  been  very  liberal.  In  addition  to  this  we  have  a  long  list  of 
decisions,  which  are  the  foundation  of  our  mining  laws ;  and  the  great 
majority,  nearly  the  entire  people  of  the  United  States  that  own  pro- 
ducing mines,  are  happy  and  satisfied.  The  prospector  must  make  his 
discovery  in  the  center,  and  if  the  vein  pitches  he  has  only  one-half  the 
area  of  his  claim,  under  the  square  claim  theory.  He  may  have  40  acres, 
and  he  may  only  have  20  acres,  but  he  cannot  go  beyond  his  perpendi- 
cular line's. 

This  question  has  been  agitated  at  every  session  or  the  Congress 
that  I  know  anything  about :  and  I  hope  some  young  lawyer  will  stand 
up  and  plead  for  these  customs  which  are  now  thoroughly  established, 
and  have  given  the  citizens  from  this  source  millions  of  money. 

When  men  want  to  tinker  with  the  laws  they  go  to  Congress  and 
try  to  get  them  to  do  it.  There  are  men  who  would  like  to  amend  the 
laws  of  the  kingdom  of  Heaven,  if  they  thought  they  could  do  it. 
(Laughter.) 

I  want  to  say  this,  Mr.  President ;  Judge  Heyburn  is  one  of  our 
best  friends,  and  so  is  Mr.  True  ;  but  the  trouble  is  this :  £ ou  have  es- 
tablished laws,  of  20  or  30  years'  standing ;  every  young  lawyer  is  study- 
ing them,  and  every  judge  renders  his  decision  by  them,  and  now  you 
want  to  overturn  established  laws  and  customs  and  start  new  laws,  and 
have  a  new  lot  of  lawyers  and  mining  experts  educated  at  the  expense 
of  the  prospector  and  miner.  We  can't  afford  to  do  it.  (Applause.) 

MR.  VOSS,  OF  OREGON:  Mr.  President,  I  agre^  with  the  senti- 
ments of  the  last  speaker,  and  I  do  not  approve  of  the  position  taken 
by  some  of  the  gentlemen  with  regard  to  locating  the  40-acre,  square 
mining  claim ;  because  in  a  great  many  mineral-bearing  sections  the 
veins  lie  very  close  to  one  another.  That  at  Cripple  Creek,  for  instance; 
suppose  it  was  located  in  40-acre  tracts,  how  many  mines  would  the,re 
be  in  Cripple  Creek  today?  You  go  to  Cripple  Creek  and  you  can  go 
through  rock  from  one  mine  to  another ;  you  can  jump  from  one  dump 
to  another  without  jumping  on  the  ground.  They  have,  I  think.  40 
mines  in  Cripple  Creek,  and  if  that  section  was  located  by  0-acre  tracts 
there  would  be  but  four  or  five,  and  they  would  be  plutocrats.  That 
condition  exists  not  only  in  Cripple  Creek,  but  here  in  Oregon,  in  Idaho, 
and  in  every  mining  camp.  I  believe  the  speaker  who  just  had  the  floor 
is  perfectly  right;  the  mining  claim®  should  be  20  acres,  with  plenty  of 


International  Mining  Congress.  157 

room  to  work  upon.  In  Cripple  Creek  they  only  have  300  by  1,500  feet, 
and  they  seem  to  have  ample  room  there  to  work  in.  Moreover,  if 
this  40-acre  proposition ,  should  become  a  law  it  would  cover  all  the 
veins  which  lie  parallel,  and  it  would  keep  everybody  but  the  original  lo- 
cator off.  It  would  result  in  another  trust,  Jonly  in  a  little  more  com- 
pact form  than  they  usually  do  it.  (Applause.) 

MR.  FELTHAM,  OF  IDAHO :  Mr.  President.  I  want  to  say  a  few 
words  upon  this  question,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  lawyer  and  the 
prospector. 

Now,  I  agree  with  the  speaker  who  said  that  the  important  proposi- 
tion is  to  simplify  the  law,  so  that  the  prospector  can  understand  what 
is  required  of  him  in  order  to  properly  and  legally  locate  a  ledge,  and 
to  acquire  rights  in  which  he  will  be  protected  by  the  courts  of  the  land. 
The  simplest  form  of  law,  then,  one  that  he  can  interpret,  is  the  best. 
The  men  who  go  out  into  the  wilds  and  search  for  minerals  are  not 
usually  men  of  letters;  they  are  not  usually  very  deeply  learned  in  the 
law,  and  do  not  understand  its  ramifications,  and  the  nice  little  distinc- 
tions that  come  up,  and  that  requires  that  our  laws'  shall  be  so  simple 
that  he  can  read  and  understand  readily  what  he  is  required  to  do,  and 
can  conform  to  those  requirements.  Now  we  have  in  this  State  quite  an 
elaborate  plan  laid  down  by  our  State  law  for  the  prospector  to  follow. 
It  is  an  elaboration  of  the  ideas  set  forth  in  the  United  States  Statutes, 
not  in  conflict  with  them,  and  it  is  an  easy  matter  as  the  law  now 
stands  for  a  man  to  take  a  little  pamphlet  that  he  can  readily  secure, 
and  go  out  into  the  wilds  and  seek  mineral  in  place,  and  when  he  has 
found  it  locate  a  claim  in  accordance  with  the  law.  These  specifica- 
tions laid  down  in  our  statute — in  fact,  they  were  copied  from  Colorado, 
I  think,  almost  verbatim,  and  the  Western  States  generally  are  follow- 
ing the  same  plan — it  is  an  easy  matter  for  him  to  go  out  and  follow  the 
directions  contained  in  this  simple  law.  Now.  of  all  things  in  this 
world  that  are  harassing  and  annoying,  it  is  the  constant  change  of 
rule.  And  I  believe  there  is  no  class  of  men  in  the  world  who  appreciate 
that  more  than  the  lawyer ;  for  he  is  constantly  beset  with  complications 
and  difficulties  in  the  interpretation  of  the  law :  and  so  it  is  his  desire  to 
have  the  law  so  plain  and  simple  that  it  can  be  readily  understood,  and 
so  stable  that  it  does  not  change.  Having  once  learned  what  the  law 
Is,  he  can  follow  it  year  after  year.  It  is  a  mistaken  idea,  too  pre- 
valent among  the  people,  that  lawyers  seek  to  complicate  the  law.  I 
want  to  say  on  the  floor  of  this  Congress  today  in  defense  of  the  alwyer, 
that  all  the  simplification  that  you  have  in  this  land  today  you  owe  to 
the  lawyer.  (Applause.)  No  man  should  sneer  at  the  man  who  labors 
over  the  midnight  oil  trying  to  evolve  simple  rules*  of  action.  No  man 
should  sneer  at  the  man  who  has  sought,  from  Judge  Payne  down  to 
the  present  time,,  to  eliminate  the  difficulties  of  mineral  location  and 
simplify  it  so  that  any  man  can  go  out  into  the  mountains  and  locate 
mineral  ground.  The  lawyer  is  pleading  just  as  'hard  for  you,  trying 
just  as  hard  to  help  you  in  the  simplification  of  the  mining  laws  as  you 
are  trying  to  help  yourselves,  and  you  owe  to  him  the  greatest  respect. 
I  think,  because  he  has  given  to  you  hours,  days  and  weeks,  months  and 
years  of  labor  gratuitously. 

I  am  not  in  favor  of  the  square  mining  claim.  I  think  it  is  wrong 
in  theory  and  wrong  in  practice ;  that  every  man  who  locates  ground 
should  locate  it  upon  a  proper  discovery  of  mineral  in  place.  That  is  a 
thing  that  develops  the  intelligence  of  our  nation.  A  man  who  seeks 
mineral  in  place  seeks  it  intelligently.  The  man  who  would  be  per- 
mitted under  the  law  of  this  land  to  locate  ground,  expecting  to  find' 
mineral  in  place,  would  do  it  in  a  blundering,  blind  and  meager  way. 
It  is  not  theoretically  correct,  and  it  is  not  practically  correct,  because 
it  is  of  no  use  for  him  to  expend  labor  upon  any  piece  of  ground  unless 
he  has  found  something  upon  which  to  expend  that  labor ;  unless  he  has 
found  mineral  in  place.  So  the  law  very  naturally  and  very  correctly 
provides  that  before  a  location  can  be  made  he  must  first  find  mineral 
in  place.  It  does  not  mean  that  he  must  find  a  claim  that  shall  pay 
from  the  grass  roots  down,,  because  he  rarely  ever  does  find  such  a  claim ; 
they  are  very  rare,  very ,  far  between.  But  he  must  find  that  which  is 
mineral ;  he  must  find  that  which  is  of  value,  and  he  must  find  it  in  place,, 
in  contradistinction  with  that  which  might  be  floating  and  drifting  around 
upon  the  face  of  the  earth,  washed ., hither  and  thither  by  the  storms  feind^ 
snow-slides.  He  must  find  it' in  place,  in  the  position  where  nature  ae- 


158  Official  Proceedings 

posited  it.     It  is  right  in  theory,  and  proper  in  practice;  and  then  when 
he  develops  it,  he  develops  it  intelligently,  as  a  miner  should. 

The  matter  of  lateral  rights  has  been  agitated  so  long,  and  my 
friend,  Mr.  Heyburn,  has  had  a  very  prominent  hand  ;n  the  matter; 
he  has  been  an  attorney  in  cases  that  have  gone  to  the  Supreme  Court 
of  this  lane!,  in  which  the  question  of  lateral  rights  has  be«;a  (kfint.d, 
until  today  we  have  an  abundance  of  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court 
denning  what  are  lateral  rights.  Let  it  alone.  Let  it  alone.  It  is 
good  enough  as  it  is.  Nature  does  not  work  in  straight  lines.  Ledges 
are  not  necessarily  straight  along  their  strike — in  fact,  they  are  rarely 
ever  straight.  Any  man  who  has  had  practical  experience  in  the  field 
seeking  ledges  knows  that  they  form  all  sorts  of  angles-,  and  lie  in  all 
sorts  of  positions.  They  are  not  usually  deposited  In  nlanket  form. 
Usually  they  have  a  dip,  and  usually  they  are  irregular  in  their  surface 
lines.  Even  though  they  are  found  upon  the  surface  of  a  level  country, 
they  are  crooked.  I  remember  a  short  time  ago  a  prospector  described 
to  me  a  ledge  that  formed  a  right  angle,  a  sort  of  parallelogram — a  box, 
as  it  were — enclosing  a  section  of  country,  commencing  and  ending  at 
the  same  point.  • 

This  question  has  been  denned  as  far  as  it  can  be  denned  by  the 
law  of  the  land.  The  law  says  you  shall  locate  it  in  parallel  lines.  It 
tells  everything  that  the  prospector  neds  to  know  for  the  location  of 
his  claim.  It  give®  him  a  rule  to  work  by ;  it  is  an  easy  and  simple  rule. 
It  is  not  necessary  that  one  shall  find  mineral  above  giound.  There 
are  iron  mining  campts  where  men  have  been  required  to  sink  shafts 
hundred's  of  feet  in  depth  before  they  struck  mineral  at  all.  The  loca- 
tion could  not  be  made  until  the  mineral  was  found,  ana  then  it  was 
a  race  between  the  parties  who  found  it  first.  The  one  who  found  it 
first  made  the  location,  and  it  was  a  proper  reward  for  his  effort.  There 
was  nothing  wrong  in  that;  and  there  is  no<  proper  reason  why  because 
ledger  do  not  always  run  straight  that  you  must  square  your  section  of 
earth,  and  locate  it  in  that  form.  It  is  a  hardship  on  miners  to  have 
to  locate  mineral  lands  oftentimes  indefinitely.  The  Supreme  Court 
has  prescribed  the  method  of  locating  the  discovery  stake  c.nd  the  loca- 
tion notice  with  great  particularity,  and  it  would  be  a  good  thing  for 
the  miner  if  the  surveys  of  all  mineral  countries  could  be  s-ectionized, 
so  that  the  miner  could  locate  his  stake  with  reference  to  the  section 
corners.  I  would  be  heartily  in  favor  of  that,  and  it  would  be  a  wise 
thing  to  ask  Congress  to  pass  that  kind  of  a  law;  to  have  a  survey 
made  as  soon  as  the  districts  were  formed,  so  that  prospectors  could 
make  their  locations  by  permanent  monuments,  and  there  would  be  no 
difficulty  in  fixing  the  location  of  his  claim. 

MR.  FRAZER.  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  since  there  have  been 
so  many  bouquets  thrown  at  the  prospectors  by  lawyer  and  engineer, 
and  every  other  gentleman  who  has  spoken  upon  this  door,  1  desire 
to  make  a  few  remarks  in  behalf  of  the  prospector.  I  remember  the 
time  when  my  friend,  Judge  Heyburn,  came  out  of  a  prospect  hole  in 
the  Coeur  d'Alene  country  to  try  his  first  case  in  that  celebrated  country ; 
and  he  won  it,  and  he  has  been  winning  cases  ever  since.  He  found  that 
there  was  more  money  in  litigation  over  mining  claims1  than  there  was 
to  the  actual  prospectors  of  the  country.  (Applause.)  I  have  watched 
Judge  Heyburn's  course  ever  since,  and  I  believe  today,  when  he  made 
the  statement  about  the  Coeur  d'Alene  country  that  he  believed  what  he 
was  talking  about.  I  am  satisfied  of  the  facts  that  he  Knows  he  was 
telling  the  truth.  Of  course,  the  lawyers  in  this  State,  perhaps  in  every 
other  State  in  the  Union,  are  always  looking  after  the  poor  prospectors, 
the  men  that  ply  the  drills,  the  men  who  develop  the  mining  claims 
We  are  satisfied  with  the  law. 

Now,  when  we  come  down  to  the  fundamental  proposition  in  regard 
to  prospecting,  we  might  say  that  Adam  was  the  first  prospector.  When 
"he  was  driven  out  of  the  Garden  of  Eden  he  went  out  prospecting  for 
new  lands ;  and  when  his  sons,  Cain  and  Abel,  were  sent  out  to  another 
land  they  went  into  the  land  of  Nod  and  prospected  for  wives.  The 
Scripture  says  that  they  found  them.  We  have  also  another  great  pro- 
spector, Noah.  When  the  waters  subsided  he  went  out  of  the  ark  and 
took  his  flocks,  two  of  a  kind,  and  hunted  for  new  fields.  We  also  have 
Lot,  that  poor  unfortunate  Lot,  who,  with  his  wife  and  daughters,  was 
driven  out  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah,  with  instructions  not  to  look  back, 


International  Mining  Congress.  159 

but  his   wife  did   look  back,    and  was   turned  into   a   mineral.      Lot  was 
prospecting  for  new  fields. 

Now,  I  want  to  say  to  the  delegates  who  represent  the  great  East- 
ern States  of  this  Union  that  I  would  like  to  meet  every  one  of  them, 
from  the  great  State  of  Iowa,  the  great  State  of  Illinois,  the  State  of 
New  York,  and  every  other  State  in  this  Union,  and  shake  hands  with 
them,  and  let  us  take  them  into  the  mining  fields  of  Idaho  and  show 
them  that  the  prospectors  of  this  Northwestern  country  are  men  that 
are  ready  to  take  the  hand  of  Eastern  capital,  and  take  their  capital, 
too,  and  enjoy  life  with  the  fruits  of  their  labor,  as  well  as  ours. 
(Applause.) 

MR.  FITZGERALD,  OF  COLORADO :  Mr.  President,  I  had  the 
honor  of  helping  to  organize  this  association — at  least,  I  attended  its 
first  meeting.  At  that  time,  I  believe,  the  importance  of  such  an  asso- 
ciation was  considered  to  be  for  the  purpose  of,  if  possible,  amending 
the  mining  laws  of  the  country. 

Now,  I  must  say  that  I  thought  at  that  time  that  we  had  pretty 
good  laws  upon  the  subject,  but  there  were  some  things  that  needed 
amendment.  Now,  I  want  to  be  like  the  young  man  that  was  asked  to 
make  a  speech,  and  he  said  he  wanted  somebody  to  plead  with  "him  to 
let  well  enough  alone;  that  it  had  stood  the  test  for  a  good  many  years. 
It  is  true  that  there  are  some  inconsistencies  in  the  mining  laws ;  there 
are  some  things  that  should  be  changed. 

Now,  the  gentleman  who  first  entertained  us  suggested  that  we 
make  the  end  lines  parallel.  The  statute  says  that  the  end  lines  must 
be  parallel,  but  it  does  not  say  that  the  next  man  must  make  his  lines 
parallel  with  those.  Now  then  the  gentleman  has  carried  the  idea  a 
little  further,  and  says  that  the  first  man  makes  his:  lines  upon 
the  vein  as  discovered,  and  he  suggests  a  way  that  he  should  be  as»- 
sisted  by  the  Government  in  establishing  his  line,  and  then  he  says  that 
all  others  should  conform  to  that.  He  has  made  a  suggestion  in  ad- 
vance of  anything  that  we  have  heard  upon  this  line,  that  if  we  could 
compel  the  second  locator  to  make  his  end  line  conform  to  that  of  the 
first  locator,  and  the  third  to  the  second,  and  so  on,  down  the  line,  we 
will  have  eliminated  the  difficulty  arising  from  extra-lateral  rights.  I 
believe  that  the  suggestion  is  worthy  of  consideration,  to  see  if  some  good 
will  not  come  of  it;  because,  as  stated  by  the  gentleman,  the  greatest 
difficulty,  the  greatest  amount  of  litigation  is  brought  about  because  the 
end  lines  of  adjoining  claims  are  not  parallel.  If  the  lines  were  paralle'. 
upon  the  same  vein  the  work  upon  each  could  be  carried  on  indefinitely 
without  conflict.  But  when  you  come  to  revolutionize  the  entire  law®  of 
this  country,  make  40-acre  claims,  and  change  the  entire  system  that 
we  have  been  studying  for  the  past  30  years,  it  seems  to  me  it  is  ridicu- 
lous. It  seems  to  me  that  this  Congress  should  not  recommend  such 
radical  changes.  We  have  not  been  asked  to  make  them. 

I  have  been  listening  to  hear  somebody  tell,  as  the  gentleman  said, 
how  you  are  going  to  answer  the  questions  he  asked.  What  you  are  going 
to  do  with  the  rest  of  the  vein.  Nobody  can  get  at  it.  Will  you  locate 
one  mining  claim  in  a  district,  and  none  within  five  miles  of  it?  When  a 
man  find's  that  his  vein  goes  outside  of  his  lines  ihe  must  go  and  locate 
another  claim.  But  the  suggestion  has  been  made  that  we  don't  want 
a  man  to  locate  as  many  claims  as  he  chooses.  But,  Mr.  Prospector — 
and  I  don't  say  it  to  cast  reflections  upon  the  prospector — I  have  done 
prospecting  myself,  and  made  a  little  money  and  spent  ?t,  but  I  have 
done  it,  am  still  at  it,  and  intend  to  continue.  Now,  if  this  suggestion 
is  correct,  that  you  are  only  going  to  let  a  man  have  one  claim  in  a 
district,  how  is  he  going  to  protect  his  claim?  He  knows  he  is  going 
outside  of  his  lines  in  a  few  hundred  feet.  How  is  ihe  going  to  protect 
his  claim?  Is  he  going  to  get  some  one  to  locate  it  for  him? 

Now,  the  mining  laws,  it  seems  to  me.  are  pretty  good.  They  say  to 
every  man  who  wants  to  go  upon  the  public  domain,  to  go  out  and  find 
a  mining  claim.  Go  out  and  find  something  and  then  locate  it.  It  don't 
say,  "Go  out  and  put  a  stake  down,  and  then  when  somebody  else  develops 
that  section  you  will  have  something."  But  the  Government  says,  "Go  out 
upon  the  public  domain  and  find  something,  and  when  you  have  found 
it  put  a  stake  on  it;  and  that  something  must  be  something  of  value; 
it  must  be  mineral  in  place ;  something  to  initiate  a  title."  Then  they 
tell  you  that  is  his  location.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  nonsense  about  the 
rules  as  to  how  the  development  shall  be  done.  They  should  be  simpli- 
fied. But  if  you  have  something  that  is  a  mining  claim  the  Government 


160  Official  Proceedings 

tells  you  how  much  of  the  public  domain  you  can  segregate.  If  you  go 
out  and  put  your  stake  upon  40,  or  20,  or  10  acres  in  a  square  of  300 
feet  by  300  feet,  and  then  put  your  stake  down,  and  if  you  pay  in 
the  taxes  from  year  to  year,  that  is  all  right.  But  it  does  not  seem  to 
me  that  there  is  anything  unjust  about  the  proposition  now  that  yoit 
stake  a  claim  when  you  have  found  it,  and  work  it  from  year  to  year 
and  develop  it,  and  when  you  want  title  to  it  I  believe  in  getting  an 
absolute  title.  It  has  been  suggested  that  it  belongs  to  the  Govern- 
ment, that  you  simply  want  to  work  it,  and  when  you  lie  idle  for  a  while 
somebody  else  comes  along  and  works  it.  When  you  get  a  mine  developed 
you  get  an  absolute  title  to  it.  You  do  as  you  please  with  it,  the  same 
as  with  your  orchard  or  your  ranch. 

If  this  change  can  be  made,  if  some  system  of  location  be  adopted 
•by  establishing  a  base  line  for  the  district,  then  it  will  obviate  90  pei 
cent  of  the  litigation  about  extra-lateral  rights,  and  it  seems  to  me  that 
something  of  that  kind  is  about  as  far  as  we  need  to  go. 

I  presume  the  resolution  of  this  Congress  will  be  that  we  send  some- 
one to  Congress  to  demand  a  change  of  the  law,  and  to  tell  how  we  want 
it  changed.  If  that  is  the  idea.  I  presume  we  should  crystalize  our 
ideas  into  the  form  of  a  resolution,  and  we  will  carry  it  forward  and 
change  it.  But  it  seems  to  me  if  we  are  going  to  make  so  many  changes, 
revolutionize  everything  that  has  been  done  under  the  mining  laws, 
as  has  been  said  by  the  gentleman  from  Cripple  Creek,  a  great  deal 
of  expense  has  been  gone  to  in  decisions  in  establishing  rights  and 
titles  to  mining  claims.  It  is  true  these  things  must  rest  somewhat 
upon  questions  of  fact. 

Now,  it  has  been  said  that  you  have  no  extra-lateral  rights  unless 
you  have  an  apex  vein.  If  it  is  a  blanket  or  flat  vein  you  haven't  got 
an  apex,  and  you  have  to  go  off  like  you  do  at  Leadville  when  you  get 
to  your  side  lines;  you  have  no  extra-lateral  rights  unless  you  have  an 
apex.  You  don't  need  any  amendment  upon  that  question.  The  great 
Smuggler  mine  that  has  made  the  Telluride  district  in  Colorado  what  it 
is,  is  at  least  a  thousand  feet  off  from  the  side  line  now.  If  that  vein 
had  to  be  protected  by  locations  along  the  side  of  it,  it  seems  to  me 
it  would  be  nonsense.  Our  Supreme  Court  lately,  in  a  case  from  Colo- 
rado, said  that  you  get  everything  within  your  side  lines,  taking  it 
downward  vertically,  you  get  everything  off  the  end  lines  of  your  claim, 
and  you  get  the  cross  veins,  everything  of  value  within  your  lines.  This 
decision  was  made  by  the  court  of  Colorado.  At  first  Colorado  fol-, 
lowed  Montana,  and  decided  that  there  was  an  exception  in  the  case, 
of  cross  veins,  which  was  nonsense ;  but  the  Colorado  Supreme  Court 
reversed  itself,  and  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  has  sustained  it. 
So  that  a  man  gets  everything  in  the  side  lines,  wherever  it  goes,  from, 
the  apex,  taken  vertically  downward.  It  seems  to  me  that  is  all  right. 

Outside  of  the  suggestion  made  by  the  gentleman  from  the  Coeur 
d'Alenes,  it  seems  to  me  we  ought  to  let  well  enough  alone.  It  is  not 
so  much  what  the  law  is,  as  to  know  what  it  is  in  this  case.  (Applause.)) 

MR.  MOORE,  OF  COLORADO:  Mr.  President,  there  are  a  few 
points  that  have  not  been  brought  out  that  I  should  like  to  bring  before 
the  Congress.  With  Judge  Heyburn's  permission,  I  will  use  one  of  his 
sketches  to  show  one  of  the  fallacies  upon  which  he  has  based  his  re-, 
marks.  I  will  draw  with  red  chalk  lines  representing  what  the  pro- 
spector might  find  in  the  first,  which  he  would  suppose  to  be  the  vein, 
but  which  later  development  might  prove  to  be  one  of  the  spurs  of  the 
main  vein  or  ledge  in  the  hill.  Now,  suppose  the  prospector  in  the  first, 
instance  discovers  mineral  enough  to  justify  him  in  making  a  location, 
and  he  gets  the  surveyor,  as  suggested  by  Judge  Heyburn,  to  make  his 
location  upon  his  discovery.  The  surveyor,  we  will  say,  locates  the  end: 
line  upon  the  claim  at  the  point  of  discovery  at  right  angles  to  the 
course  of  the  vein  at  that  point.  The  locator,  we  will  say,  opens  up-  the 
ledge  showing  the  outcrop  and  one  of  the  walls  of  the  vein  with  mineral: 
upon  it  for  a  distance  of  10,  15  or  20  feet.  That,  according  to  Judge 
Heyburn,  gives  ample  data  from  which  the  surveyor  can  tell  the  gen- 
eral course  of  that  ledge  for  hundreds,  nay,  thousands  of  feet  through 
that  mountain.  As  an  old  surveyor,  1  claim  that  it  would  not.  Assum-i 
ing  that  the  location  was  made  upon  that  vein  in  that  way ;  ultimately 
as  others  come  upon  the  hill  and  discovered  Jther  line^  whioh  Is  indicated 


International  Mining  Congress.  161 

by  blue  lines  upon  Judge  Heyburn's  sketch,  which  is  the  main  vein,  they 
would  discover  that  the  first  prospector  was  wrong,  and  the  surveyor 
was  wrong  in  following  his  information  and  locating  him  in  t'hat  posi- 
tion, and,  consequently  everybody  else  who  was  forced  to  take  the  end 
lines  established  by  the  first  location  as  their  guide  in  all  subsequent 
locations  would  be  wrong,  and  the  main  vein  in  the  mountain  would  be 
missed  by  every  one  of  them. 

Another  fallacy  in  Judge  Heyburn's  argument  is  that  he  has  as- 
sumed that  the  mineral  deposits  in  the  Coeur  d'Alenes  are  a  criterion  for 
the  mineral  deposits  of  all  portions  of  the  West.  That  has  already  been 
covered  by  some  speaker,  who  said  that  the  mineral  deposits  in  other 
district,  Cripple  Creek  especially,  are  entirely  different  from  the  Coeur 
d'Alenes.  A  mineral  district,  as  a  rule,  contains  a  great  number  of 
veins.  For  instance,  in  many  regions  the  veins  intersect,  coming  in 
from  every  direction.  Now,  let  me  ask  you  if  you  are  to  be  guided  by 
a  single  location  upon  a  single  vein  in  a  region  containing  hundreds  of 
claims.  What  are  you  going  to  do  with  the  rest?  It  is  all  part  of  the 
public  domain.  You  are  entitled  to  all  you  can  take  under  the  law, 
whatever  it  may  be  at  the  time;  and  according  to  Judge  Heyburn's 
position,  if  you  do  not  happen  to  locate  upon  the  correct  vein  in  the 
first  instance,  all  your  subsequent  locations  would  be  invalid.  The  ir- 
regularities of  the  outcrop  and  the  spurs  render  an  absolute  implied 
course  for  all  claims  upon  any  hill  impossible.  The  trouble,  as  stated 
by  Judge  Heyburn,  I  think  was  not  correctly  stated.  The  litigation  arises 
almost  wholly  from  this  peculiar  law  that  gives  you  the  right  to  follow 
the  vein  outside  your  vertical  boundaries. 

That  law,  perhaps,  is  not  understood  by  our  Eastern  brethren.  It 
is  an  exception  to  the  common  law  of  the  country.  It  is  a  peculiarity 
that  has  arisen  in  the  West  and  has  been  engrafted  upon  our  statutes. 
It  originated  among  the  Spanish,  and  was  first  adopted  in  California.  It 
is,  therefore,  a  foreign  idea  that  has  been  incorporated  in  our  United 
States  statutes.  It  is  not  home-made.  All  we  endeavor  to  accomplish 
in  the  way  of  reform  is  to  simplify,  not  to  confuse,  present  conditions. 
I  was  a  member  of  the  committee,  of  which  I  have  already  spoken,  that 
took  up  this  matter  in  the  first  Congress,  and  reported  to  the  subse- 
quent Congress  at  Salt  Lake  City  a  few  years  ago,  and  I  beg  to  say  that 
the  proposition  advanced  by  Judge  Heyburn  was  thoroughly  considered 
by  us ;  and  we  had  numerous  other  propositions,  and  most  of  them  have 
been  touched  upon  this  afternoon  by  one  speaker  or  another.  Those 
propositions  were  considered  by  us,  a  committee  of  thirteen  members, 
including  representatives  from  Colorado,  California,  Arizona,  New  Mexi- 
co, Wyoming,  Washington,  Idaho.  Oregon  and  Nevada.  I  think  that  was 
all.  Any  way,  we  thirteen  went  over  the  question,  having  representa- 
tives from  all  the  States  that  would  be  particularly  affected  by  any 
change  in  the  public  mining  laws  of  the  West ;  and  as  the  result  of  our 
deliberations  and  discussions  of  those  propositions  that  have  been 
brought  before  you  this  afternoon  we  decided  that  the  only  way  of  re- 
forming the  mining  laws  was  to  allow  a  man  to  take  a  location  in  any 
for.m  he  liked,  so  long  as  he  did  not  exceed  a  certain  area,  which  we 
placed  provisionally  at  40  acres  in  any  one  location ;  that  he  might  sink 
his  discovery  ishaft  in  any  portion  of  that  location  he  chose,  close  to  one 
corner,  close  to  any  boundary,  or  in  the  center,  and  that  he  should  have 
everything  of  a  mineral  nature  that  he  found  within  that  ground  Fur- 
thermore, that  he  should  have  ample  time  in  which  to  make  his  dis- 
covery. And,  in  that  connection.  I  should  say  that  the  present  laws 
require  a  certain  amount  of  time  in  which  a  man  must  make  a  dis- 
covery before  he  can  make  his  location,  and  under  Judge  Heyburn's 
proposition  that  time  would  still  have  to  be  observed.  The  man  who 
first  went  upon  the  mountain  would  practically  hold  everybody  off  until 
he  had  decided  which  way  he  would  run  his  own  lines.  At  the  present 
time  the  law  requires  you  to  make  your  discovery  and  your  permanent 
location  within  sixty  days-— discovery  within  sixty  days  from  the  time 
you  go  upon  the  location,  and  your  location  within  thirty  days  after  dis- 
covery, making  ninety  days  in  all.  As  a  rule  the  prospector  does  not 
make  a  discovery  in  the  first  ninety  days,  and  gets  over  the  difficulty 
by  representing  his  ninety  days  until  he  finds  the  location  he  is  look- 
ing for  upon  his  location  after  it  is  made,  and  so  gets  within  the  law. 
The  argument  as  to  great  depth  is  predicated  entirely  upon  Judge 


162  Official  Proceedings 

Heyburn's   supposition   that   there   is  but   one   vein   in   the   earth.      That 
matter  I  have  covered. 

The  recommendation  that  we  made  to  this  Congress  two  years  ago 
still  seems  to  me  to  be  the  only  method  of  reforming  the  law,  and  in 
such  a  way  as  to  deprive  nobody  of  existing  rights,  but  to  take  away  the 
most  fruitful  source  of  the  most  expensive  litigation  in  the  West. 

You  can  see  by  referring  once  more  to  the  cross  section  the  con- 
stant contests  that  come  up  in  the  'West  over  mining  propositions,  con- 
flict at,  the  point  of  intersection  of  any  two  veins,  that  is,  as  to  the 
right  to  the  ore  at  the  intersection.  The  present  law  gives  it  to  the 
oldest  locator  of  the  two  veins  on  the  surface.  The  oldest  locator  of 
the  vein  has  the  right  to  take  the  ore  at  the  point  of  intersection;  and 
if  two  veins  happen  to  join  aud  continue  as  one  vein  from  the  point  of 
junction  downward  the  oldest  location  has  the  right  to  the  whole  of 
that  vein  from  the  point  of  junction  downward.  That  frequently  leads 
to  injustice.  I  think  every  one  will  agree  with  me  that  very  frequently 
the  oldest  location  is)  a  narrow  seam,  which  carries  no  payable  value  until 
it  reaches  the  intersection  with  the  broader  and  better  vein  below ;  and 
although  the  small  vein  is  certainly  not  the  original  vein  as  constructed 
by  nature,  yet  if  it  happens  to  have  been  located  first  upon  the  surface 
it  carries  with  it  the  right  to  that  enormous  body  of  ore  that  has  been 
discovered  at  a  later  date  upon  the  surface,  and  the  right  to  hold  it 
downward  from  that  point.  The  proposition  to  confine  a  man  within  his 
vertical  boundaries,  in  whatever  form,  extending  down  to  the  center  of 
the  earth,  is  the  fairest  and  most  just  of  all. 

If  the  argument  of  the  old  prospector,  Mr.  Mullen,  were  to  prevail, 
a  reform  would  never  be  accomplished.  Somebody  must  be  hurt  by  every 
reform,  but  it  is  made  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  community.  That 
argument,  therefore,  should  not  be  considered.  We  are  interested  in  the 
advancement  of  the  country,  and  we  must  look  at  things  us  they  are ; 
it  is  better  to  jump  into  the  band  wagon  than  to'  be  left  in  the  on- 
ward march  of  progress. 

MR.  EVANS,  OF  OREGON:  Mr.  President,  we  have  been  going 
on  here  for  generation  after  generation  in  the  development  of  the  min- 
ing interests  of  the  United  States,  and  the  only  conflicts  we  have  ever 
had  have  been  those  where  the  people  were  ignorant,  or  misinformed 
as  to  their  rights.  In  some  parts  of  Colorado  locations  were  300  feet 
wide,  and  in  San  Juan  County  they  were  150 ;  so  that  proposition  of 
40  acres  would  mean  a  little  better  than  two  claims  side  by  side.  That 
is  very  much  after  the  fashion  in  British  Columbia. 

One  of  the  greatest  mining  litigations  this  Western  country  has 
ever  seen  was  the  one  carried  on  for  sovera1  terms  of  court  between 
the  Iron  Mask  and  the  Center  Star.  The  question  involved  was  the 
priority  of  right.  Who  had  the  vein? 

Now  the  last  gentleman  who  had  the  floor  says  the  prospector  comes 
on  the  ground  and  locates  a  spur  instead  of  'he  main  ledge  through 
lack  of  knowledge.  I  deny  that.  The  main  ledge  may  be  covered  up 
with  vegetation  and  would  never  have  been  exposed  to  the  surface  but 
for  the  prior  discoverer  finding  the  spur.  He  has  given  his  time,  'his 
energy,  spent  his  money,  and  he  has  found  that  which  leads  to  the 
vein.  He  is  first  in  the  field,  and  no  matter  if  his  is  a  spur,  if  it  runs 
into  the  vein  his  priority  exists  in  the  fact  that  he  was  the  first  locator 
on  the  ground,  and  I  believe  that  it  is  right.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  has  decided  this  question  for  us  time  and  lime  again,  so 
there  should  be  no  questions  to  arise  from  it,  that  the  apex  of  the 
vein  marks  the  right  of  the  owner  to  the  property. 

The  law  says  that  the  end  lines  must  be  parallel,  so  that  that  ques- 
tion is  settled.  It  does  not  seem  to  me  that  there  should  be  any  ques- 
tion at  all  in  regard  to  locating  a  claim.  I  said  a  while  ago,  when  I 
was  on  the  floor  before,  that  our  mining  laws  needed  revision.  I  con- 
sider that  they  do,  and  in  this  manner  more  particularly  than  any  other : 
It  should  be  as  simple  a  matter  for  a  man  to  go  into  the  Land  Office 
of  the  United  States  and  patent  his  title  to  a  mining  claim  as  it  is 
for  a  man  to  obtain  a  patented  title  to  a  ranch.  T  believe  that  the 
man  who  runs  a  ranch  is  dependent  upon  the  miner  for  a  market  for 
his  product,  and  yet  his  interests  are  made  paramount  to  those  of  the 
man  who  furnishes  that  market.  His  interests  are  paramount  to  nil 
others.  There  is  no  reason  why,  if  I  locate  only  20  acres  of  ground 


International  Mining  Congress.  16S 

that  is  practically  worthless  for  other  purposes,  except  for  the  minerals 
that  may  possibly  be  there,  that  I  should  not  be  able  to  acquire  title  to 
that  land  for  at  least  the  same  price  per  acre  as  the  Government  sells 
its  timber  and  stone  lands  for.  I  should  be  able  to  go  into  t'he  Land 
Office  and  acquire  that  title  by  simply  showing  a  location  by  discovery 
and  get  it. 

JUDGE  HEYBURN:  Mr.  President,  I  feel  that  1  am  scarcely 
justified  in  occupying  more  of  the  time  of  this  Congress,  but  in  a  few 
words  I  would  like  to  reply  to  the  suggestions  made  by  Mr.  Moore.  A 
partial  reply  has  been  made  by  the  gentleman  who  last  spoke. 

A  location  made  upon  a  spur  of  the  ledge  is  just  such  a  location 
upon  that  ledge  as  that  which  we  make  upon  other  portions  of  it.  There 
is  no  aristocracy  among  ledges.  If  a  man  discovers!  three  inches  of  a 
ledge  of  mineral-bearing  rock  in  place  he  "has  the  same  rights  as  though 
it  were  300  feet.  A  location  upon  either  of  those  spurs  which  it  has 
thrown  up  to  the  surface  upon  that  section  of  the  map  would  be  just 
as  good,  so  far  as  acquiring  ownership  to  the  ledge  is  concerned,  as 
though  it  were  made  upon  the  main  ledge.  I  took  it  for  granted  that  one 
ledge  would  demonstrate  the  proposition  which  I  suggested  as  well  as  1 
dozen.  It  is  not  uncommon  at  all  to  find  ledges  breaking  out  through 
the  surface.  Those  great  crevices  are  formed  from  below,  and  they 
go  to  the  surface  at  the  point  of  least  resistance ;  and  they  very  often 
spread  themselves  like  your  fingers  as  they  come  to  the  surface,  and 
below  they  unite  in  one  great  artery  that  leads  down,  we  know  not 
where,  into  the  center  of  the  earth;  but  it  does  not  make  any  difference 
which  of  these  branches  you  discover,  you  .have  discovered  the  ledge. 
The  law  says  the  first  discoverer  owns  whatever  leads  from  that  discovery. 
So  much  for  the  spurs  that  rise  to  the  surface. 

Now,  as  to  those  spurs  which  merge,  your  location  would  carry  that 
spur ;  and  if  an  engineer  went  upon  the  ground  to  define  that  man's 
rights,  he  would  determine  the  course  of  that  ledge,  and  "he  would  locate 
the  end  lines  at  right  angles  to  the  course  of  that  ledge.  If  another  man 
found  another  ledge,  his  lines  would  be  located  at  right  angles  to  that. 
This  would  not  give  rise  to  litigation,  because  the  prior  locator  would 
take  it  down  to  the  point  where  the  ledges  merged  in  the  manner  I 
have  described :  and  the  rights  of  the  man  who  made  the  second  location, 
whether  it  be  on  the  spur  or  on  the  main  ledge,  when  the  ledges  merged 
into  one.  That  is  the  only  practicable  solution ;  and  that  applies  to 
the  lateral  spur  and  the  perpendicular  spur  which  goes  to  the  surface. 
The  rule  is  the  'same  in  each  case. 

As  suggested  by  one  of  the  speakers,  it  may  be  that  some  of  the 
members  of  the  Congress  are  no't  familiar  with  what  we  locate.  We  lo- 
cate a  segment  of  the  vein.  We  locate  so  many  feet  of  the  vein,  and 
under  the  present  system  that  gives  extra-lateral  rights  to  the  vein ; 
you  may  follow  that  segment  down;  it  never  gets  any  longer  or  shorter. 
Your  authority  is  equivalent  to  that,  segment  of  the  vein.  If  your  neigh- 
bor has  another  segment  you  take  your  chance®  as  to  priority  of  locar- 
tion.  The  Comstock  ledge  is  an  excellent  illustration.  There  were  two 
ledges  in  the  Comstock,  and  it  would  not  pay  expenses,  because  the  ore 
shoot  was  on  one  side  of  it.  The  Comstock  ledge  like  the  fingers  on  your 
hanu  as1  you  go  into  Gold  Hill,  and  it  splits  again  in  the  upper  end. 
The  ledge  is  like  your  hand  with  fingers  on  both  ends  of  it.  If  you  were 
on  Mount  Davidson,  looking  down  on  it,  it  would  look  like  the  palm  of 
your  hand,  with  veins  on  each  end,  spreading  out  like  your  fingers.  Some 
of  those  have  come  together  in  depth,  and  some  have  not,  but  the  oldest 
locator  takes  them- 

My  friend,  the  old  prospector,  who  was  the  locator  of  the  first  gold 
mine  in  LeadviHe,  on  Little  Ella  Hill,  seemed  to  think  that  he  and  I 
differed  about  this  claim  proposition.  I  think  we  are  on  the  same  side 
of  the  question.  We  agree  on  many  things.  The  lawyer,  the  prospector 
and  the  engineer  are  not  natural  enemies.  They  work  together.  The 
prospector  come®  to  t'he  lawyer  when  he  wants  his  services,  and  the 
lawyer  goes  to  the  prospector  when  he  wants  money,  and  so  on.  Each 
of  them  gets  what  he  thinks  he  ought  to  have  from  the  other,  and  so- 
we  are  not  natural  enemies  at  all.  But  it  is  not  necessary,  in  con- 
sidering this  question,  that  we  should  recognize  the  difference  between 
the  rights  of  the  prospector,  the  lawyer  and  the  farmer,  or  anybody  else 
at  all. 


164  Official  Proceedings 

Now,  I  did  not  receive  any  reply  to  my  inquiry,  or  request  for  sug- 
gestions as  to  what  you  are  going  to  do  with  your  ledge  after  it  has  left 
the  lines  of  your  claim.  Mr.  True  says  make  another  location.  Mr. 
True  would  have  to  allow  you  to  make  a  location '  without  discovery  if 
you  wanted  the  vein  after  it  left  your  side  lines.  That  won't  do.  As 
I  said,  this  is  a  big  question/  and  we  can  only  skim  it  here  ;  we  can  not 
exhaust  it  at  this  meeting.  It  furnishes  good  food  for  thought  to  carry 
home  with  you. 

MR.  PHELPS,  OF  OREGON :  Mr.  President,  I  have  not  arisen  to 
discuss  the  points  that  have  so  far  been  made ;  but  there  sems  to  be 
one  point  of  revision  of  the  mining  law  that,  has  not  been  touched  upon 
at  all,  except  in  the  resolutions  presented  by  the  gentleman  from  Idaho, 
Mr.  True ;  and  that  is  the  part  which  governs  the  amount  of  land  .that 
can  be  located  in  a  certain  district.  We  have  to  contend  at  the  pres- 
ent time  a  great  deal  with  this  element  of  speculation.  And,  while  we 
have  not  tried  to  legislate  against  this  feature,  still  we  run  up  against 
the  fact  that  under  the  present  law  circumstances  are  such  that  men 
who  are  not  prospectors,  who  are  not  in  that  line  of  business  at  all, 
can  acquire  the  most  of  any  piece  of  country  that  they  desire  to  take 
hold  of. 

Take,  for  instance,  the  excitement  on  the  big  bend  of  the  Snake  River 
at  the  present  time ;  a  company  of  eight  men  go  in  together  and  lo- 
cate 160  acres  of  land ;  they  club  together  and  put  one  man  on  one  claim 
to  represent  the  160  acres  and  they  do  $4,800  worth  of  work  on  that 
claim  and  hold  the  land  for  speculation,  and  keep  out. the  prospector 
who  would  develop  the  country  and  make  it  productive.  This  is  a  phase 
of  the  question  that  we  need  to  take  into  consideration.  We  do  need 
some  revision  of  the  mining  laws  along  thisi  line.  For  some  unaccount- 
able reason  they  have  not  done  what  we  expected  them  to  do,  or  they  do 
not  entirely  fill  the  bill. 

MR.  GRAYSON,  OF  OREGON :  Mr.  President,  if  not  out  of  order, 
I  wish  to  recommend  to  the  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization  that 
we  have  to  name  five  members  of  this  organization  to  draw  a  constitu- 
tion and  by-laws  of  the  Congress,  which  we  have  not,  as  I  understand ; 
and  I  wish  to  present  them  to  the  Congress,  to  see  if  they  are  acceptable : 
Mr.  Thomas  Ewing,  of  Arizona;  Mr.  S'hafner,  of  Ohio;  Mr.  Kleinschmidt, 
of  Montana  ;  Mr.  Bradley,  of  Illinois,  and  Judge  Heyburn,  of  Idaho. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  It  would,  perhaps,  be  proper  for  the  chair 
to  state  that  any  amendments  to  the  existing  organization  have  to  be 
laid  over  for  one  day  after  they  are  received.  Of  course,  if  they  are 
put  in  tonight  they  can  come  up  tomorrow  morning,  that  is  a  legislative 
day,  and  require  a  two-thirds  vote  for  acceptance.  Whether  they  come 
from  the  committee,  or  from  an  individual,  they  have  to  be  proposed  a  day 
in  advance  of  consideration. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Evans,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  Congress 
took  a  recess  until  7:30  this  P.  M. 


The  Congress  re-assembled  at  7 :30  P.  M. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  chair  begs  to  read  the  following 
gratifying  communication  from  Hon.  Alexander  DeLamar,  who  was  at 
one  time  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  who,  as  you  probably  all 
know,  is  the  author  of  work®  on  the  precious  metals,  and  who  is  now 
engaged  on  a  report  on  the  subject. 

New  York,  July  22,  1901. 
Hon.    L.    Bradford     Prince,    President     International    Mining     Congress, 

Boise,  Idaho. 

My   forthcoming   history  of    the    precious   metals  strongly   supports 
your  movement  for  Government  department  of  mines ;  success  attend  you. 
ALEXANDER  DELAMAR,  240  West  Twenty-third. 


International  Mining  Congress.  165 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Mullen,  of  Idaho,  duly  seconded,  and  carried 
unanimously,  the  thanks  of  the  Congress  were  voted  to  Mr.  DeLamar 
for  his  interest  in  the  work  of  the  Congress. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  regular  order  on  the  program  is  a 
paper  by  Prof.  C.  W.  Hall,  of  Minneapolis,  on  the  subject  of  "The  Geology 
of  Minnesota,"  which  will  be  illustrated. 

Prof.  Hall  delivered  the  following  address: 

THE   GEOLOGY   OF   MINNESOTA. 

By  Prof.  C.  W.  Hall,  University  of  Minnesota. 

Minnesota  is  one  of  the  few  States  of  the  Union  in  which  the  oldest 
rocks  known  to  geologists  are  magnificently  exposed.  Nearly  all  the  rock 
terraces  of  the  State  were  formed  before  those  profound  events  oc- 
curred which  separated  the  Eo-Paleozoic  era  from  the  Neo-Paleozoic. 
Indeed,  from  the  forming  of  the  Archean  crust  over  the  globe  until 
the  clos?  of  the  Eo-Paleozoic,  Minnesota  exhibits  one  of  the  most  clear- 
ly defined  and  consecutive  series  of  rocks  to  be  found  anywhere  in 
North  America.  The  following  table  presents  in  a  summary  way  in  the 
left-hand  column  those  time  divisions  accepted  by  the  geologists  of  tK 
United  States ;  in  the  right-hand  column  the  word  "present"  indicates 
that  the  time  division  opposite  it  is  represented  within  the  State : 

Divisions  in  United  States.  In  Minnesota. 

CENOZOIC— 

Pleistocene  Present 

Noecene  

Eocene  

MESOZOIC— 

Cretaceous  Present 

Jura-Trias  

PALEOZOIC— 

Carboniferous  

Devonian  Present 

Silurian  

Ordovician  Present 

Cambrian  Present 

ALGONKIAN— 

Keweenawan  Present 

Animikie  Present 

Keewatin  Present 

ARCHEAN— 

Mareniscan  Present 

Laurentian  Present 

In  the  brief  geographical  and  petrographical  description  of  the  rock 
formations  within  Minnesota,  special  emphasis  will  be  given  those  iii 
which  economic  products  are  abundant. 

THE   PLEISTOCENE. 

"DISTRIBUTION.— The  glacial  drift  is  the  representative  of  Pleisto- 
cene geology  most  clearly  presented.  The  material  is  the  result  of  sev-1 
eral  invasions  during  the  Glacial  period.  Naturally  the  last  of  these 
invasions  left  the  most  pronounced  imprint  upon  the  surface  features. 
Two  or  three  great  streams  flowed  in  from  as  many  different  directions. 
First — From  the  noitheast,  the  Lake  Superior  invasion  brought  from 
the  region  of  Keweeanwan  rocks  great  quantities  of  reddish  till.  This 
was  gathered  from  decomposed  portion®  of  extensive  lava  flows,  con-* 
glomerates  and  sandstones  lying  within  the  Lake  Superior  basin.  The" 
extent  of  this  invasion,  as  traced  through  the  red  clay  of  the  drift  and 
the  lithologic  character  of  the  pebbles  and  boulders  constituting  it  may 
be  summarily  indicated  by  drawing  a  line  upon  the  map  of  Minnesota 
from  Wabasn,  County  northwesterly  along  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi 
River  to  tho>  vicinity  of  Motley ;  "thence  in  a  northeasterly  direction  t6 
the  very  northeastern  corner  of  the  State,  and  for  more  than  100  miles 


166  Official  Proceedings 

Skirting  the  north  shores  of  Lake  Superior  within  comparatively  few 
miles  of  the  coast. 

Second — The  great  invasion  from  Manitoba,  evidently  taking  its  rise 
in  the  great  Keewatin  ice  sheet  which  accumulated  in  the  region  be- 
tween Nelson  and  Mackenzie  rivers.  This  stream  broke  up  and  carried 
along  great  quantities  of  Paleozoic  rocks  gathered  in  the  valley  of  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  but  particularly  large  quantities  of  cretaceous 
limestones,  slates  and  sandstones  torn  from  the  eastern  edge  of  these 
deposits.  This  ice  stream  flowed  up  the  Red  River  valley  past  Brown's 
Valley,  down  the  Minnesota,  and,  breaking  across  the  divide,  it  reached 
the  vicinity  of  Des  Moines.  The  debris  left  by  this  invasion  is  highly 
calcareous,  and  everywhere  wells  yield  a  hard  water. 

Third — Another  ice  sheet  must  have  invaded  the  northern  part  of 
the  State  from  the  region  of  James  Bay,  entering  as  a  sort  of  wedge 
between  the  other  two.  Thi®  may  be  called  the  Rainy  Lake  lobe.  .The 
material  which  it  brought  consists  largely  of  broken  granites  and  gneisses 
and  crystalline  Schists,  rocks  peculiarly  characteristic  of  the  region 
whence  this  ice  came  and  over  which  it  flowed.  This  material  is  dis- 
tributed southward  as  far  as  the  region  of  lakes  in  which  the  Missis- 
sippi rises  and  gathers  its  waters. 

The  result  of  these  three  confluent  ice  streams,  bringing  such  quanti- 
ties of  till,  and  modifying  much  of  it  through  the  action  of  many  streams 
and  glacial  lakes,  was  to  produce  a  remarkable  succession  of  moraines, 
glacial  plains,  and  extensive  lake  beds.  These  features  give  character  to 
nearly  every  part  of  the  State.  This  is  especially  the  case  in  the  'so- 
called  Lake  Park  region ;  in  western  Central  Minnesota ;  the  Coteau 
region  of  Southwestern  Minnesota,  and  where  the  southwestern  exten- 
sion of  the  famous  Great  Kettle  Moraine  of  Wisconsin  geologists  is 
situate,  which  stretches  across  the  southeastern  part  of  Minnesota  and 
beyond  the  Iowa  boundary. 

ECONOMIC  RESOURCES.— The  important  product  of  the  glacial 
drift  is  clay.  Everywhere  throughout  the  State  beds  of  clay  are  found 
of  a  quality  sufficiently  high  to  make  excellent  brick.  With  the  disap- 
pearance of  lumber  within  the  State  brick  will  rapidly  become  prominent 
as  a  building  material,  not  only  in  cities  and  villages,  but  also  upon  farms, 
and  the  development  of  clay  industries  iis  looked  forward  to  as  one  of 
the  marked  features  in  the  advancement  of  the  State  in  wealth  and 
population.  Already  the  clay  industry  is  important  in  Minneapolis, 
Chaska,  Carver,  Anoka,  Dresbach  and  Belle  Plaine. 

THE  CRETACEOUS. 

DISTRIBUTION. — On  account  of  the  lithologic  character  of  cre- 
taceous rocks  and  their  subjacent  position  with  respect  to  the  glacial 
drift,  it  is  well-nigh  impossible  to  define  their  area  in  Minnesota.  The 
Cretaceous  is  undoubtedly  present  over  much  of  the  western  part  of 
the  State ;  it  lias  been  reported  from  several  localities  well  toward  the 
eastern  border,  but  some  of  these  reports  do  not  seem  to  be  well  authenti- 
cated. 

LITHOLOGIC  CHARACTERS. — So  far  as  they  occur  exposed  to 
view,  the  cretaceous  rocks  are  sandstones,  shales  and  limestones  of  a 
somewhat  incoherent  type.  Along  the  Minnesota  River  near  Redwood 
Falls,  and  the  Cottonwood  River  near  New  Ulm,  the  rock  is  a  rather 
coarse  sandstone  or  a  light  gray  clay,  save  where  iron  oxide  has  lo- 
cally imparted  a  brownish  hue.  Near  New  Ulm  limestone  occurs  in 
small  quantities,  although  sufficient  to  burn  for  lime.  Near  Mankato  and 
in  Goodhue  County  a  cretaceous  shale  occurs  in  the  glacial  drift  whicH 
affords  excellent  material  at  the  former  place  for  fire-brick,  and  at  the1 
latter  for  various  articles  of  earthenware.  Indeed,  the  pottery  ^stabli'sh- 
ment  at  Red  Wing  for  working  this  material  is  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive of  its  kind  in  the  United  States. 

THE  DEVONIAN  AND   SILURIAN. 

That  the  Carboniferous  occurs  in  Minnesota  is  assumed  from  the  fact 
that  the  Iowa  geologists  have  traced  its  rocks  to  the  Minnesota  line. 
It  may  occur  in  well  borings  within  a  small  area  on  the  southern  border 
of  the  State. 


International  Mining  Congress.  167 

The  Devonian  is  present  as  a  thin  layer  of  limestone  in  Mower 
County,  extending-  thence  a  few  miles  both  east  and  west  into  adjoin- 
ing counties.  This  limestone  has  recently  been  discovered  to  be  a  valu- 
able material  for  hydraulic  cement,  and  this  is  being  extensively  manu- 
factured. The  rock  is  also  a  fair  building  stone,  but  its  use  thus  far 
has  not  extended  beyond  local  demand. 

The  Silurian  which  occurs  in  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  seems  to  have 
disappeared  before  the  Minnesota  boundary  was  reached.  In  Minnesota 
the  geologic  changes  separating  the  Eo-Paleozoic  from  the  Neo-Paleozoic 
all  point  towards  a  period  of  uplift  and  land  erosion  during  the  Silurian 
time. 

THE  ORDOVICIAN. 

This  series  is  present  in  a  succession  of  formations,  which  may  be 
grouped  as  follows : 

C  Wykoff— limestone. 

Trenton    J  Maquoketa — shale. 

]  Galena — shales  and  limestones. 

[  Trenton — shales  and  limestones. 

(     Salt    Peter — sandstone. 
Canadian  •]     Shakopee — dolomite. 

(    New  Richmond — sandstone. 

DISTRIBUTION.— The  Ordovician  may  occur  beneath  the  clays  and 
shales  of  the  Red  River  valley,  since  its  presence  is  established  in  Mani- 
toba. Its  surface  exposures  are  confined  to  the  southeastern  portion  of 
the  State.  Its  northernmost  exposures  are  north  of  Minneapolis,  St. 
Paul  and  Stillwater.  Thence,  southwestward  they  lie  along  the  Minne- 
sota River  to  Mankato  and  beyond.  The  Mississippi  River  gorge  ex- 
hibits them  in  a  continuous  succession  of  exposures  from  the  northern 
limits  of  the  city  of  Minneapolis  to  the  Iowa  line.  As  indicated  in  the 
table  just  given,  the  rocks  consist  of  sandstones,  coarse  and  fine  ;  shales, 
sometimes  well  indurated ;  limestones  and  dolomites,  locally  thoroughly 
crystalline. 

ECONOMIC  PRODUCTS. — The  several  sandstone  formations  of  the 
Ordovician  yield  quarry  producs,  but  for  the  most  part  they  are  not 
sufficiently  well  indurated  to  be  of  value  as  building  material.  The 
well-worn  and  rounded  condition  of  the  grains  prevents  extended  use  fo» 
mortar,  and  this  same  quality  has  caused  disappointment  in  several  at- 
tempts at  glass-making.  But  near  river  gorges  percolating  carbonates 
have  well-cemented  the  sand  grains,  and  a  building  material  of  durability 
and  strength  has  been  formed.  The  Shakopee  dolomite  has  been  found 
in  many  localities  well  adapted  for  building  purposes,  although  the 
underlying  Oneota  proves  more  valuable.  The  Shakopee  is  apt  to  be 
concretionary,  and  this  habit  sometimes  causes  disappointment  to  quarry- 
men.  The  Trenton  at  Minneapolis1  and  St.  Paul  is  the  only  local  building 
stone  attainable.  A  layer  12  to  15  feet  thick  in  the  lowermost  30  feet  ot 
the  Trenton  formation  furnishes  valuable  material.  Above  this  are 
one  or  two  layers  which  yield  material  adapted  to  certain  uses  in  con- 
struction. Above  these  layers  at  St.  Paul  lies  a  shale,  the  characteristic 
Trenton  shale  of  the  formation,  which  is  being  extensively  manufactured 
into  brick.  Some  excellent  brands  are  produced  from  these  shales,  and 
an  extensive  industry  is  being  developed. 

In  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  State,  the  higher  beds  of  the 
Trenton  are  quarried.  At  Mantorville,  Spring  Valley,  Rochester  and 
other  places  they  produce  beyond  the  supply  of  local  demand. 

THE   CAMBRIAN. 

The  division  of  the  Cambrian  represented  in  the  Minnesota  series 
are  Middle  and  Upper.  The  subdivisions  are  as  follows : 

Oneota — dolomite. 
Upper  •{  Jordan — sandstone. 

St.   Lawrence — dolomites,   shales  and   sandstones. 


168  Official  Proceedings 


\ 


Dresbach — sandstone. 
Lower  ]  Wanting. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.— Along  the  Minnesota  River, 
from  Judson  to  Fort  Srielling,  there  is  practically  a  continuous  exposure 
of  sandstones  and  dolomites.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Mississippi 
River  from  Hastings  to  the  Iowa  line,  and  the  St.  Croix  from  Taylors 
Falls  to  Point  Douglas.  From  the  St.  Croix  Valley  t'here  extends  a 
narrow  belt  of  Cambrian  sandstones  along  the  west  side  of  the  great 
fault  line  to  the  Lake  Superior  basin.  At  Fond  du  Lac  in  the  west 
end  of  Duluth,  Cambrian  sandstone  of  a  red  color  is  found  in  consider- 
able abundance. 

ECONOMIC  PRODUCTS. — These  for  the  Cambrian  are  almost 
identical  with  those  of  the  Ordovician.  At  several  places  extensive  quar- 
ries have  been  established,  particularly  at  Mankato,  Kasota,  Stillwater, 
Frontenac  and  Winona.  Quarrying  for  local  supply  takes  place  at  scores 
of  places.  The  rock  is  a  dolomite,  fairly  massive,  making  excellent  di- 
mension stone,  which  is  used  extensively  for  bridge  work  residences  and 
business  blocks. 

THE  KEWEENAWAN. 

DISTRIBUTION. — The  rocks  of  this  formation,  so  conspicuous 
throughout  the  Lake  Superior  basin,  occur  in  Minnesota  in  two  com- 
pletely separated  areas.  The  larger  is  that  lying-  northwest  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, stretching  along  the  shore  continuously  from  Duluth  to  Pigeon 
Point,  and  extending  so  far  inland  that  it  overlaps  the  eastern  end  of 
the  Mesabi  iron  range.  The  area  consists  of  some  5,400  square  miles. 

The  other  area  of  900  square  miles,  lies  chiefly  in  Pine  and  Chisago 
counties.  It  is  separated  from  the  rocks  to  the  west  by  the  fault  line, 
marking  the  western  border  of  a  series  of  lava  flows  and  associated 
conglomerates.  These  rocks  now  constitute  a  synclinal  trough  whose 
western  side  stands  dipping  eastward  at  an  angle  varying  between  40 
and  67  degrees.  Along  the  east  side,  the  western  dip  is  not  over  15 
or  20  degrees.  The  western  side  passes  southward,  crossing  the  Kettle 
River  near  Hinckley  and  the  Snake  River  beneath  Cross  Lake  near 
Pine  City. 

The  rocks  of  the  Keweenawan  of  Minnesota  are  partly  clastic  and 
partly  eruptive ;  the  latter  group  presenting  by  far  the  most  conspicuous 
features  of  the  accumulations  of  this  age.  They  present  many  forms  of 
eruptive  deposit®,  as  laccolitesi,  sills,  lava  flows,  dikes,  tuff  beds,  and 
volcanic  breccia,  and  the  local  phenomena  under  which  they  occur  are 
extremely  varied. 

The  clastic  rocks,  excepting  the  breccia  and  tuff  beds  mentioned,  are 
generally  coarse  sandstones  and  conglomerates.  Their  color  is  prevail- 
ingly red,  and  their  lithologic  contents  are  fragments  of  granitic  and 
other  acid  eruptive  rocks  with,  locally,  debris  of  basic  types  occurring 
even  within  the  Keweenawan  itself. 

The  eruptive  rocks  of  the  northeastern  division  represent  four  dis- 
tinct epochs  of  ejection:  (1)  The  lowermost  are  gabbros  lying  upon  and 
between  the  Animikie  formations;  (2)  An  extensive  series  of  lava 
flows;  (3)  A  group  of  acid  eruptives,  being  locally  granites,  felsites, 
quartz  porphyries,  and  related  rocks;  (4)  An  extensive  series  of  dikes 
which,  it  is  assumed,  extends  well  across  the  State,  since  many  dikes 
are  found  in  the  Minnesota  River  valley  that  are  attributed  to  this 
period  of  volcanic  activity,  the  closing  days  of  the  Keweenawan. 

In  that  area  lying  within  Pine  and  Chisago  counties,  the  rocks  are 
a  remarkable  series  of  lava  flows  interbedded  with  a  succession  of  con- 
glomerates. The  latter  all  lie  in  such  position  as  to  indicate  very  little 
crustal  movement  while  they  were  accumulating,  beyond  that  indicated 
in  the  assiociated  volcanics.  The  time  was  one  of  sedimentation,  inter- 
rupted by  repeated  outpourings  of  lava,  sometimes  in  streams  of  great 
depth — as  high  as  200  feet  thickness  has  been  measured — but  usually  in 
streams  less  than  50  feet  thick. 

The  period  was  closed  by  the  development  of  a  fault  line  hundreds 


International  Mining  Congress.  169 

of  miles,  along  which  the  lava  flows  and  associated  sediments  were 
thrust  up  to  an  inclination  of  more  than  40  degrees  and  after  being 
eroded  again  submerged,  to  become  a  Cambrian  sea-floor. 

ECONOMIC  PRODUCTS. — Although  the  Keweenawan  is  a  forma- 
tion carrying  enormous  deposits  on  Keweenaw  Point,  to  the  present  date 
but  little  copper  has  been  found  within  the  boundaries  of  Minnesota. 
The  metal  occurs  at  many  localities,  but  not  enough  has  been  found  to 
warrant  mining  operations,  or  to  encourage  extensive  exploration. 

THE  ANIMIKIB   (UPPER  HURONIAN). 

GEOGRAPHICAL  AREAS. — Geographically  the  Animikie  is  sub- 
divided into  three  areas.  Beginning  with  the  northeastern  corner  of  the 
Stato,  the  first  area  extends  from  Pigeon  Point  along  the  International 
boundary  to  a  point  a  few  miles  west  of  Gunflint  Lake.  While  it  is 
exposed  in  force  upon  the  Ontarian  side  of  the  boundary,  within  Min- 
nesota its  exposures  are  largely  capped  by  eruptives  and  intruded  by 
sills  of  material  presumably  of  Keweenawan  age.  This  subdivision  shows 
a  continuous  section  from  .the  bottommost  layers  to  the  very  top,  esti- 
mated by  Irving  to  be  10,000  feet  in  thickness. 

The  second  area  is  the  Mesabi  iron  range.  This  stretches  from  the 
Mississippi  River  eastward  to  township  61,  range  12,  a  distance  of  100 
miles  in  a  belt  which  nowhere  exceeds  a  few  miles  in  breadth. 

Third,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  State  from  the  city  of  New 
Ulm  is  an  interrupted  series  of  exposures  across  the  boundary  of  South 
Dakota.  In  the  last-named  State  it  forms  some  notable  exposures,  as 
at  Sioux  Falls  and  elsewhere. 

LITHOLOGY  OF  THE  ANIMIKIE.— The  rocks  comprised  within 
the  formation  are,  first  of  all,  quartzites1.  These,  in  South  western  Min- 
nesota, and,  to  a  certain  extent  along  the  Mesabi  range,  are  of  a  red- 
dish color.  They  are  thoroughly  indurated  wherever  they  appear  at 
the  surface.  Upon  these  rocks  along  the  Mesabi  range  is  an  extensive 
formation  of  so-called  taconite  which  carries  the  world -famed  Mesabi 
iron  ore.  Upon  the  taconite  in  this  Mesabi  range  is  a  layer  of  carbona- 
ceous shales,  but  usually  called  slates,  which  pass  frequently  into  sili- 
cions  pl-ases  and  become  decidedly  quartzitic.  In  many  places  along  the 
range  the  shales  have  been  eroded,  and  the  taconite  and  ore  bodies  lie 
immediately  beneath  the  glacial  drift.  This  greatly  facilitates  discovery 
of  ores  and  subsequent  mining  operations. 

ECONOMIC  PRODUCTS. — It  is  in  this  formation  that  the  Mesabi 
ore  bodies  occur.  These  deposits  lie  between  quartzite  beneath  and  black 
slate  above,  save  where  erosion  has  removed  the  slate.  The  ore  itself 
has  every  relation  to  the  enclosing  rock  that  rock  alteration  in  its 
cleast  sense  can  possibly  give.  The  taconite  formation,  evidently  con- 
taining a  large  percentage  of  iron  oxide,  was  attacked ;  the  silicious  as 
well  as  carbonate  contents  of  the  rock  mass  were  'removed,  and  the  com- 
pounds of  iron  transported  by  waters  secured  a  place  for  lodgment.  The 
quartzite  beneath  the  iron-bearing  formation,  as  well  as  the  calcareous 
slates  above,  were  so  impervious  that  waters  loaded  with  mineral  con- 
tent failed  to  pass  through  them  save  in  the  smallest  quantities.  The 
conditions  of  a  trough  were  thereby  attained,  and  the  accumulation  of 
iron  ore  slowly  proceeded. 

THE   KEEWATIN. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.— The  name  Keewatin  wsfs 
given  by  Lawson  to  areas  of  rocks  discovered  in  the  Lake  of  the  Woods. 
The  name  in  Chippewa  means  Northwest  Wind. 

The  Keewatin  rocks  doubtless  have  a  wide  distribution.  It  is  in 
but  few  places  that  they  are  clearly  differentiated  from  the  rocks  above 
and  below.  Hence,  generally,  the  term  Keewatin  indicates  a  large  area 
of  the  State  in  which  no  clear  stratigraphy  has  as  yet  been  wrought  out. 

Along  the  boundary  from  Lake  of  the  Woods  eastward  to  the  out- 
let of  Gunflint  Lake  there  is  a  series  of  mingled  gneisses,  schists,  and 
acid  and  basic  eruptives  that  are  largely  Keewatiu  age.  They  have 
not  thus  far  been  carefully  delimited.  Hence  it  may  be  regarded  as  a 
region  of  unclassified  Keewatin  and  Archean,  and  as  such  it  is  thus  far 
mapped. 


170  Official  Proceedings 

t  To  the  south  of  this  belt  lies  a  series  of  schists  designated  Ver- 
milion, which  belong  to  the  Keewatin.  These  schists  are  important, 
since  they  carry  the  Vermilion  iron  ores. 

Another  somewhat  clearly  denned  area  of  Keewatin  schists  and 
ruptives  lies  in  the  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  State.  First 
noted  along  the  bed  of  the  St.  Louis  River,  where  they  are  a  series 
of  graywackes  and  graywacke  slates,  these  rocks  extend  westward  and 
southeastward  beyond  the  Mississippi  River.  They  become  for  the  most 
part  highly  altered,  yet  their  exposures  are  sufficiently  near  to  each  other 
to  render  quite  positive  the  recognition  of  the  entire  series  through 
steadily  changing  lithologic  characters.  Along  the  Mississippi  River  in 
Benton,  Sherburne  and  Stearns  counties,  granites  seem  to  have  dis- 
placed every  other  rock  type. 

LITHOLOGY  OF  THE  KEEWATIN.— The  rocks  along  the  Ontarian 
boundary  being  undivided  consist,  broadly  speaking,  of  a  series  of  schists 
and  eruptives  which  need  not  here  be  further  described.  In  many 
places,  along  Rainy  Lake,  Lake  Namekan,  Lake  la  Croix  and  Basswood 
Lake,  in  dikes  and  bosses  of  erupted  granite  are  with  but  little  hesitancy 
relegated  to  the  closing  days  of  Keewatin  time.  Along  the  Vermilion 
iron  range  the  rocks  enclosing  the  iron  .ores  are  so  thoroughly  altered 
that  it  is  impassible  to  determine  at  times  whether  the  belt  was  originally 
clastic  or  eruptive. 

Reaching1  the  third  Keewatin  area,  that  extending  from  Duluth 
southwestward,  a  rock  series  is  seen  which  possesses  lithologic  char- 
acters of  no  little  interest.  At  Thomson  and  in  the  Dalles  of  the  St. 
Louis,  where  lie  the  easternmost  exposures,  the  clastic  character  is  quite 
clearly  set  forth.  The  rocks  are  graywackes,  and  represent  a  very 
thoroughly  indmated  mixture  of  quartz,  feldspathic,  calcareous  and  volcanic 
pebbles.  Passing  southward  and  westward,  we  find  that  their  strongly  mark- 
ed clastic  character  gives  way  to  metamorphic  influences,  and  the  rocks 
gradually  become  hornblende,  and  hornblende-biotite  schists.  Such  schists, 
dipping  southward  at  a  low  angle,  gradually  yield  to  alteration  agencies, 
become  thoroughly  crystalline,  and,  finally,  a  mass  of  coarsely  hornblendic 
or  biotitic  schist®.  Into  these,  it  would  appear,  are  intruded  dikes  and 
enormous  bosses  of  hornblende-biotite  granite,  so  that  by  the  time  the 
Mississippi  River  is  reached  the  schists  have  entirely  given  place  to  these 
eruptives.  This  is  true  of  the  southernmost  series  of  exposures  stretch- 
ing into  Stearns  County.  Further  north,  and  entirely  isolated  from  the 
hornblende-biotite  schists  already  mentioned  by  masses  of  glacial  drift, 
is  a  belt  of  staurolitic  schists  which  crosses  the  Mississippi  River  in  the 
vicinity  of  Little  Falls  and  Pike  Rapids.  These  staurolitic  'schists  are 
undoubtedly  of  the  same  Keewatin  age  as  are  the  granitic  dikes  and 
hornblende  schists  lying  to  the  southeast. 

ECONOMIC  PRODUCTS. — The  iron  ore  of  the  Vermilion  mines  is 
the  most  conspicuous  product  of  the  Keewatin.  This  ore  is  remarkable 
for  its  purity,  and  it  can  be  said  without  contradiction  that  the  ores  ac- 
cumulated in  the  Minnesota  rocks  of  Keewatin  age  are  the  purest  ores 
of  iron  ever  produced  in  any  part  of  the  world.  The  quantity  already 
mined  has  been  enormous,  and  at  the  present  time  there  is  no  apparent 
diminution  in  supply. 

The  origin  of  the  iron  ores  has  evidently  been  brought  about  by  a 
series!  of  chemical  processes,  of  which  oxidation  is  the  chief.  Iron  in 
various  combinations,  but  possibly  largely  as  a  carbonate,  was  originally 
distributed  through  the  rocks.  Percolating  waters  have  furnished  the 
oxygen ;  the  transporting  power  of  the  underground  waters  has  effected 
the  removal  of  the  iron  compounds  from  the  rocks  into  their  places 
of  deposition.  The  large  quantities  of  jaspilite  present,  with  and^  near 
the  ore  bodies,  give  evidence  of  the  large  amount  of  silica  which  has 
been  re-distributed  in  the  ore-forming  processes.  This  must  have  been 
taken  into  solution  at  the  time  the  percolating  waters  were  oxidizing, 
transporting  and  re-depositing  the  iron  ores.  Thus  simultaneously  rock 
material  was  taken  into  solution  and  removed,  and  iron  ores  were  se- 
gregated within  the  space  vacated.  It  is  only  when  these  processes, 
which  are  going  on  everywhere  within  the  rock  formation,  have  taken 
place  upon  a  large  scale,  that  deposits  of  workable  size,  that  is,  ore 
bodies,  have  been  developed.  A  further  inference  is  that  iron-ore  build- 


International  Mining  Congress.  171 

ing  is  a  continuous  process,  going  on  today  with  the  same  vigor  as   in 
any  past  geologic  time. 

Within  the  area  of  the  Keewatin  extensive  quarrying  has  ben  done. 
Along  the  Mississippi  River  at  St.  Cloud.  Haven,  Sauk  Rapids  and 
Watab,  great  quantities  of  excellent  granite  have  been  quarried.  Lithol- 
ogically  it  is  a  hornblende-biotite  granite,  medium  in  texture,  remarkably 
fresh  in  condition,  and  adapted  to  a  wide  range  of  uses. 

THE  ARCHEAN. 

GEOGRAPHY. — As  has  already  been  stated,  along  the  International 
boundary  eastward  from  Lake  of  the  Woods  is  a  vast  belt  of  undivided 
Keewatin  and  Archean.  Exactly  what  proportion  of  these  rocks  is 
Archean  its  not  now  known.  The  character  of  the  rocks  for  much  of 
this  distance,  whether  schists,  gneisses,  or  granites,  is  also  a  matter  not 
yet  determined,  because  exploration  has  not  yet  touched  every  point  in 
a  region  embracing  thousands  of  square  miles.  In  Southwestern  Min- 
nesota, however ;  along  the  Minnesota  River  from  New  Ulm  to  Ortonville, 
and  westward :  and  exposed  at  a  few  points  on  the  .  prairies  between 
th  State  of  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota,  is  a  belt  of  somewhat  folded 
hornblende-biotite  gneisses  and  gabbro-schists  relegated  to  the  Arcbean. 

It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  these  rocks  are  not  clearly  and 
absolutely  delimited  from  the  rocks  of  Central  Minnesota,  typically  ex- 
posed in  Stearns  County  as  already  mentioned,  of  Keewatin  age.  The 
general  features  of  these  rocks  are  quite  different  from  those,  and, 
based  partly  on  lithologic  and  partly  on  structural  conditions,  a  division 
has  been  made  between  the  two  localities1 — the  Mississippi  Valley  from 
Stearns  County  northward  to  Cass  County  on  the  one  hand ;  and  the 
Minnesota  Valley  with  boundaries,  as  already  denned,  on  the  other. 

LITHOLOGIC  FEATURES.— These  have  already  been  indicated 
in  the  names  given  to  the  rocks  along  the  Minnesota  Valley.  The 
gneisses  are  sometimes  granitoid,  and  at  other  times  quite  schistose,  car- 
rying as  their  principal  minerals  quartz,  several  different  feldspars,  horn- 
blende-biotite, and  a  small  proportion  of  magnetite  with  other  oxides  of 
iron.  Quite  closely  associated  with  the  gneissic  rocks  are  gabbro  schists. 
The  schists  appear  to  belong  to  two  different  series  of  gabbros :  those 
which  carry  hypersthene,  and  those  which  are  hypersthene — free.  These 
gabbro-schists  are  somewhat  basic  rocks,  seldom  carrying  over  65  per 
cent  silica,  lying  in  more  or  less  contorted  beds,  and  possessing  a  very 
uniform  and  medium  texture. 

ECONOMICS  OF  ARCHEAN. — Gold  hunting  has  been  an  import- 
ant factor  in  the  exploration  of  the  Archean  rocks.  Whether  great 
quantites  of  gold  will  be  found  in  these  rocks  is  a  matter  of  grave  un- 
certainty. The  exploration  has  been  close  and  protracted  along  the 
International  boundary. 

Quarrying,  however,  in  many  places,  and  notably  at  Ortonville  and 
Morton  in  the  Minnesota  River  valley,  has  developed  valuable  structural 
material.  The  supplies  of  good  granite  and  granite-gneiss  building  mater- 
ial seem  to  be  inexhaustible. 

MR.  HUTCHINSON,  OF  IDAHO,  read  the  following  preamble  and 
resolutions  which  were  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions : 

Whereas,  an  official  committee  of  our  National  Congress1,  known  as 
the  Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee,  having  recently  visited  the  Pacific 
coast  for  the  purpose  of  thorough  investigation ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  International  Mining  Congress 
be  extended  to  the  Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee  for  their  painstaking 
visit ;  and,  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  we  express  to  the  people  of  the  United  State®  for 
the  purpose  of  helping  and  sustaining  said  rivers  and  harbor  committee 
in  its  actions,  that  -the  most  important  appropriation,  in  our  opinion, 
should  be  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  Snake  and  Columbia  Rivers 
navigable,  so  that  there  will  be  an  open  river  from  Lewiston.  Idaho, 
to  the  Pacific  ocean. 


172  Official  Proceedings 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  The  next  regular  order  of  business  is  a 
paper  by  May  Arkwright  Hutton,  of  Wallace,  Idaho,  on  "Some  of  the 
Ethical  Aspects  of  Mining." 

Mrs.  Hutton  read  the  following  paper: 

SOME  ETHICAL  ASPECT  OF  MINING. 

Mr.  President  and  members  of  the  International  Mining  Congress : 
I  thank  you  for  the  honor  you  have  conferred  on  me  as  a  representa- 
tive of  the  wives  and  mothers  of  that  noble  army  of  miners,  in  assign- 
ing me  a  place  on  your  program. 

I  take  it  not  so  much  a  personal  honor  as  a  courteous  method  ot 
recognizing,  what  all  truly  chivalric  and  fair-minded  men  always  recognize, 
that  in  mining  as  in  other  vocations  of  life,  women  who  toil  side  by  side 
with  men,  share  their  trials  and  privations,  and  help  them  win  their 
victories,  are  entitled  to  share  the  honors  of  their  achievements. 

I  am  to  discuss  in  the  few  moments  allotted  to  me  some  of  the 
ethical  aspects  of  mining.  You  have  mapped  out  a  rather  big  job  for 
the  time  given  me,  but  I  address  myself  at  once  to  the  task,  fearing 
that  when  I  shall  have  closed,  I  shall  have  done  what  Thomas  Carlyle 
did  after  he  had  discoursed  through  some  weeks  on  Heroes  and  Hero 
worship,  only  broken  ground  on  it. 

The  term  ethics  in  my  topic  may  seem  at  first  sight  a  misnomer; 
but  in  point  of  fact  there  is  much  of  a  really  ethical  character  in  min- 
ing. The  basis  of  almost  everything  in  nature  is  ethics.  The  trend  ot 
things  as  destined  by  that  power  which  Matthew  Arnold  says  makes  for 
righteousness  is  toward  securing  right  conduct.  There  is  an  educational 
and  ethical  design  in  all  the  vocations  of  life  apart  from  their  bread 
and  butter  character. 

On  the  assumption  that  there  is  an  Architect  of  the  universe,  a 
thinker  back  of  all  natural  phenomena,  shaping  directly  or  indirectly 
human  destiny  or  interests,  it  is  inconceivable  that  there  should  not  be 
an  ethical  design  in  such  a  vast  industry  as  mining. 

It  seems  to  me  that  it  affords  a  wide  opportunity  for  its  devotees 
to  become  acquainted  with  the  works  of  the  Creator. 

The  prospector  toiling  over  the  mountains  in  search  for  hidden 
treasure  cannot  but  feel  the  near  presence  of  God  when  he  beholds  their 
immensity,  their  rugged  grandeur,  undisturbed  by  the  storms  and  sun- 
beams of  ages ;  these  most  sublime  features  of  the  handiwork  of  his 
Maker :  this  wonderful  region  where  all  the  seasons  are  at  the  same 
time  represented.  The  flowers  bloom  in  the  valleys  and  foot  hills,  fur- 
ther up  the  mountains  the  sturdy  evergreens,  spruce,  hemlock  and  cedar 
mingle  their  dark  foliage  with  t  he  tender  green  of  the  tamarisk ;  higher 
still  in  the  very  heart  of  the  forest  is  a  lake  with  itsi  limpid  waters 
sparkling  like  diamonds  wherever  a  lucent  sunbeam  finds  its  way.  Here 
cradled  in  the  mighty  arms  of  the  mountains  its  waters  are  lulled  to 
sleep  by  the  soughing  of  the  winds  through  the  great  overhanging  pines 
murmuring  a  lullaby :  higher  yet  above  this  picture  more  beautiful  than 
ancient  master  ever  portrayed  upon  cathedral  walls,  are  the  bare  bleak 
craggs,  where  the  eagle  rests  lier  young,  while  higher  still,  enfolded  in 
a  shroud  of  perpetual  winter,  is  the  peak,  silhouetted  against  the  clouds 
like  a  monument  above  the  grave  of  some  illustrious  dead. 

The  prospector  being  thus  brought  in  contact  with  the  mighty  heart 
of  his  moods  are  softened  by  his1  environments,  and  his  communion  with 
self  in  the  dim  solitudes,  amid  the  temples  of  the  Deity,  silence  the 
baser  passions  in  his  nature. 

How  these  scenes  must  inspire  noble  thoughts,  evoke  such  emotions 
as  were  in  the  hearts  of  the  multitude,  as  they  gazed  upon  Sinai ;  and 
cause  him  to  bare  his  head  to  the  breezes  of  heaven,  and  consecrate  his 
hopes,  his  energies  and  his  life  to  the  bettering  of  mankind. 

It  is  not  easy  to  see  the  moral  effect  of  this  contact  with  nature, 
this  brooding  over  tablets  known  to  have  been  written  by  the  finger 
of  God.  Verily,  the  mountains,  the  cradle  of  courage  and  liberty,  exert 
their  benign  influence  upon  their  habitues. 

The  miner  of  "today  must  be  a  student  of  his  calling.  The  isolation 
natural  to  his  vocation  and  life  make  him  reticent,  and  a  reticent  man 


International  Mining  Congress.  173 

is  almost  always  a  thinker ;  as  a  rule  he  is  well  versed  in  current  topics, 
and  is  often  more  at  home  with  his  books  than  with  his  fellows ;  he 
may  not  always  be  able  to  express  his  sentiments,  yet,  when  a  fellow 
workman  is  in  sorrow  or  need,  he  performs  acts  of  kindness  which  are 
more  potent  than  words ;  he  will  care  for  an  injured  brother  man  as 
tenderly  as  a  mother  cares  for  her  helpless  babe.  Every  day  the  miner 
is  promulgating  the  true  brotherhood  of  man.  The  attitude  of  the  miner 
often  puzzles  strangers ;  they  do  not  understand  that  in  the  pursuit  of 
his  hazardous  calling  he  must  face  death  daily,  that  he  learns  to  follow 
where  duty  leads  without  comment,  and  to  accept  whatever  fate  may  have 
in  store  for  him  without  complaint.  The  world  has  come  to  look  to 
the  miner,  delving  in  the  heart  of  the  mountains,  for  the  blood  that 
throbs  through  the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  body  politic,  giving  it  bouy- 
ancy,  energy  and  life. 

He  goes  down  into  the  depths  of  the  earth,  and  wrests  from 
the  gnomes  their  jealously  guarded  treasures  for  the  benefit  of  humanity 
— where — 

"He  is  shut  out  from  the  sunlight,  in  the  glimmer  of  the  lamps  ; 
He  is  cut  off  from  the  sweet  air,  in  the  sickly  fumes  and  damps ; 
He  must  toil  in  cramped  positions,  he  must  take  his  life  in  hand, 
For  he  works  in  deadly  peril,  that  few  can  understand. 

"He  unlocks  the  bolted  portals  of  the  mountain,   to  the  stores 

Hid  in  nature's  vast  exchequer,  in  her  treasure  house  of  ores. 

He  applies  the  key  dynamite,  and  the  gates  are  backward  rolled  ; 

And  the  ancient  rocks  are  riven  to  their  secret  heart  of  gold. 

Things  of  comfort  and  beauty  and  of  usefulness  are  mined, 

By  thie  brave  and  quiet  worker;  he's  a  friend  to  human  kind." 

Blind  is  that  man  or  woman  who  cannot  see  how  this  great  in- 
dustry acts  as  an  ethical  force,  not  only  upon  those  engaged  in  the  work 
of  mining,  but  upon  who  gave  it  serious  thought. 

In  fancy  I  see  a  smile  of  incredulity  o'erspiead  the  faces  of  my 
audience  when  they  remember  the  constituency  I  represent,  but,  while 
we  do  not  find  in  every  plow-boy  a  Burns,  neither  do  we  find  in  every 
Coeur  d'Alene  miner  a  "dynamiter"  or  "rioter,"  but  many  who  are 
nature's  noblemen,  capable  of  responding  to  every  refining  influence  by 
which  they  are  surrounded. 

Again,  I  say  that  there  i®  an  ethical  force  in  the  proper  conception 
the  relation  of  the  mining  industry  sustains  to  the  working  out  of  the 
great  problem  of  civilization.  What  is  civilization?  Guizot,  you  re 
member,  once  wrote  a  history  of  civilization,  but,  from  start  to  finish 
of  his  great  work,  he  failed  to  define  his  principal  term.  I  may  venture 
that  civilization  means  in  a  broad  sense  culture,  refinement,  some  pro- 
gress in  the  arts  and  sciences,  coupled  with  material  improvement  and 
prosperity ;  and  I  may  venture  further  that  the  development  of  the 
mineral  resources  of  the  world,  more  than  any  other  factor,  have  fur- 
nished our  material  prosperity. 

It  means  also  social  and  political  order,  advancement  in  knowledge, 
and  all  the  gentle  courtesies  and  amenities  of  life. 

The  history  of  the  race  is  one  long  record  of  civilization.  When 
Caesar  first  made  the  acquaintance  of  our  ancestors,  he  found  them  liv- 
ing in  caves,  clothed  in  skins  of  wild  animals.  Primitive  man  used 
weapons  of  stone  to  protect  himself  from  the  attacks  of  wild  beasts. 
The  wife  of  the  Patriarch  Abraham  on  the  occasion  of  the  angel  visitors 
ground  the  meal  with  her  own  hands,  and  baked  the  cakes  for  their  en- 
tertainment on  a  hearth  of  heated  rocks.  The  wise  woman  described 
by  Solomon  sought  wool  and  flax  and  worked  willingly  with  her  hands ; 
She  laid  her  hands  to  the  spindle,  and  her  hands  sought  the  distaff. 
What  a  contrast  between  the  bow  and  arrow  of  primitive  man  and  the 
dynamite  gun  and  repeating  rifle  of  today.  Think  of  the  gulf  that 
separates  the  hand  mill  on  which  the  food  of  the  ancients  was  ground 
from  the  modern  binding,  flouring  and  baking  apparatus  by  which  the 
wheat  is  cut  in  the  field,  ground,  made  into  dough,  conveyed  to  the  oven 
and  baked  into  loaves  in  less  time  than  it  took  the  frugal  Sarah  to  pre- 
pare one  humble  meal.  Machinery  has  multiplied  labor  many  hundred 
fold1.  The  invention  of  the  spinning  loom  alone  has  made  one  pair  of  hands 


174  Official  Proceedings  » 

equal  to  266.  Prof.  Parsons  in  the  July  Arena  makes  the  astounding 
statement  that  the  total  mechanical  and  horse-power  of  our  country  is 
equal  to  the  power  of  half  a  billion  willing  slaves,  or  on  an  average  of 
20  to  each  human  worker.  He  says  further  in  the  same  article  that 
four  men,  with  the  aid  of  machinery,  can  plant,  raise,  harvest,  mill  and 
cany  to  market  wheat  enough  to  supply  with  bread  one  thousand  people 
for  a  year.  Who  can  estimate  the  value  of  the  steamboat,  the  steam 
engine,  the  railroad,  the  telegraph,  the  telephone,  the  cooking  stove  and 
range  to  civilization.  Franklin  was  a  great  scientist  in  his  day,  but  he 
printed  his  paper  on  a  little  hand  press,  at  the  rate  of  from  60  to  70 
impressions  an  hour,  while  with  the  perfecting  press  we  print  from  70,- 
000  to  80,000  papers  an  hour.  Napoleon  was  a  great  military  genius, 
but  he  never  saw  a  Krupp  gun  fired,  or  sent  a  message  around  the  world 
on  the  wings  of  lightning.  Wellington  never  rode  on  a  motor  car  or 
took  a  spin  on  an  automobile.  See  how  the  advancement  of  the  age 
depends  on  machinery,  and  think  further  that  machinery  rests  on  mining 
and  depends  on  it,  for  the  metals  must  first  be  sought  in  the  depths 
of  the  earth,  and  brought  out  by  much  care,  pains  and  toil  before  they  can 
be  utilized  in  the  printing  press,  the  steam  engine,  or  the  wondrous 
whispering  wire  that  now  binds  the  countinents  of  the  world  together 
as  one  family. 

The  miner  thinks  on  these  things,  and  should  think  of  them.  He  real- 
izes that  his  work  in  the  heart  of  the  mountain,  toiling  there  in  the 
silence,  is  a  part  of  the  world's  great  work;  that  he  is  one  in  the  grand 
army  of  heroes  who  are  toiling  for  the  advancement  of  the  race ;  that 
on  his  broad  shoulders  the  age  is  mounting  upwards  into  light  and  liberty; 
that  he  stands  connected  in  a  large  decree  with  the  divine  plan  to 
"Make  the  sum  of  human  sorrows  less"  and  add  to  the  comforts  of  the 
race,  and  this  in  turn  acts  as  an  ethical  force  to  inspire  in  him  right 
conduct,  high  ideals  and  noble  aims. 

I  am  aware  that  there  are  miners  who  never  give  thought  to  these 
things.  As  a  class  they  are  not  unlike  other  men  in  other  callings. 
There  are  men  in  all  callings  who  see  nothing  but  th  bread  and  butter 
side  of  things.  They  resemble  that  gad-grind  materialist,  Peter  Bell,, 
described  by  Wordsworth,  to  whom  ever  and  'ever  "a  primrose  by  the  river's 
brim,  a  yellow  primrose  was  to  him,  and  it  was  nothing  more." 

There  are  those  who  go  through  life  with  their  eyes  closed  in  a 
sort  of  a  dreaia.  They  see  no  miracle  in  the  dawrn,  no  beauty  in  the 
sunset  or  the  opening  rose,  no  majesty  in  the  starry  heavens  that  filled 
Emanuel  Kent  with  awe.  Your  Ruskin  saw  an  apocalypse  in  a  daisy ; 
your  Burns — why,  under  his  magic  touch  the  wayside  weed  becomes  a 
flower,  gorse  and  grass  and  heather  where  his  footsteps  pass  the 
brighter  seem  ;  and  your  intelligent  miner — and  we  have  many  of  them  in 
this  glad  free  West,  educated,  refined,  sensitive,  broad-browed — sees  how 
his  calling  stands  related  to  the  progress  of  the  world,  how  manufactures 
with  their  scope,  machinery  in  all  its  ramifications,  rest  at  last  on  mining 
as  their  proper  foundation,  and  that  these  are  the  chief  factors  in  lifting 
men  and  women  to  grander  heights,  and  that  this  is  the  arm  and  his 
the  skill  by  which  the  metals  are  brought  from  the  depths  of  the  earth 
to  make  machinery  possible,  and  this  inspiring  view  brings  him  at  once 
into  the  vast  plan  of  the  Infinite,  and  reveals  him  to  himself  as  a 
factor  in  the  mighty  work  of  the  world's  advancement. 

What  an  ethical  force  in  this  view,  and  how  it  tends  to  inspire  right 
ways  of  thinking  and  acting.  In  closing  I  wish  to  pay  a  tribute  to 
the  prospectors  and  miners  who  in  the  true  sense  may  be  called  the 
Argonauts  of  their  age.  I  have  known  them  in  the  Coeur  d'Alenes  for 
years.  I  know  their  manly  worth,  their  devotion  to  duty,  their  self- 
sacrifice  for  those  they  love,  their  noble  qualities  of  heart  and  mind. 
Of  them  I  sing.  Honor  to  them.  The  Argonauts  of  the  Golden  State 
were  brave  men  and  true.  Two  generations  ago,  when  our  beloved  coun- 
try struggled  in  the  throes  of  civil  strife,  it  was  the  miners  of  California 
who  furnished  the  gold — the  real  sinews  of  war — which  so  materially 
aided  in  the  preservation  of  the  Union ;  they  plundered  the  hills  of  their 
treasure  and  poured  it  into  the  channels  of  commerce ;  they  were  as 
brave  as  any  who  were  upon  the  field  of  battle,  amid  the  tumult  and 
carnage  of  war,  fought  and  bled  and  died  for  their  country.  Far  from 
the  plaudits  of  the  world,  they  toiled  and  struggled ;  they  bore  uncom- 
plainingly the  stings  and  arrows  of  outrageous  fortune ;  with  the  wand 


International  Mining  Congress.  175 

of  their  power  they  subdued  the  strongholds  of  barbarism ;  without  the 
restraining  influence  of  pure  women  and  without  constituted  authority 
they  enforced  order  and  paved  the  way  for  the  dainty  footsteps  of  civili- 
zation. Gradually  the  hope  of  making  a  "stake"  and  returning  to  the 
home  of  their  childhood,  to  help  the  old  folk,  or  perhaps  to  greet  a  wait- 
ing sweetheart,  vanished.  Ah,  could  we  but  know  of  the  blighted  lives, 
and  broken  hearts  among  these  heroes  of  pioneer  days,  we  would  at  least. 
drop  a  tear  of  sympathy ;  many  of  whom  have  found  a  resting  place  on 
the  hillsides,  within  sound  of  the  busy  haunts  thier  early  toil  had 
founded.  Who  shall  say  that  the  battles  they  so  nobly  fought  are  not 
chronicled  upon  the  scroll  of  time?  In  our  haste  for  fortune  let  us 
ever  kindly  remember  those  whose  early  labors  made  our  present  achieve- 
ments possible.  We  who  are  the  heirs  of  this  goodly  heritage,  whose 
homes  are  in  this  great  free  West,  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  which  we  can 
never  pay  to  the  Argonauts  of  the  Pacific  coast.  Out  of  our  abundance, 
let  uis  aid  the  old  prospectors  and  miners  whom  fortune  have  passed  by, 
and  who  are  no  longer  able  to  pursue  the  "Fickle  Goddess,"  they  who 
were  the  "Advance  guard"  of  the  mining  industry,  and  who  are  now  its 
"battered  soldiers  of  fortune."  Let  us  endeavor  to  make  them  comfort- 
able and  happy  in  their  age. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  next  regular  order  of  business  is  an 
address  by  Mr.  Charles  J.  Moore,  of  Colorado,  on  the  "Geology  of  the 
Leadville  District." 

Mr.  Moore  delivered  the  following  address : 

THE    FORMATION    OF    THE    LEADVILLE     MINING    DISTRICT, 
LAKE    COUNTY,    COLORADO. 

By   Chailes  J.   Moore,   Mining  Engineer  of   Cripple   Creek,   Colorado. 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  wish  to  say  a  word  or 
two  before  starting  on  this  subject  as  to  the  importance  cf  bringing 
these  subjects  before  the  Congress — I  mean  subjects  of  the  character  ot 
the  one  uixm  which  I  am  now  addressing  you,  and  that  upon  which  I 
addressed  you  this  morning.  Geology,  of  course,  is  a  technical  subject, 
and  enters  into  mining  operations.  The  system  which  I  hav?  adopted 
of  cira\.:ng  subjects  before  you  is,  I  hope,  one  of  interest,  am;  the 
practical  importance  to  an  association  like  this,  of  such  :t  sab.ocf,  is 
the  face  that  by  learning  in  this  way  of  large  mining  rej'on;-5  which 
are  producing,  and  have  produced  in  the  past  to  a  very  gre  u.  orient 
and  have  added  to  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  country,  will  give  you  suck 
information  as  will  enable  you,  perhaps,  to  discover  others  like  them. 
Not  l»v  reading  in  reports  of  congresses  of  such  places,  but  by  i  <vr?onal 
observation,  do  you  obtain  the  knowledge  necessary  to  enable  you  to 
recognize  aii  analogous  district  when  you  see  it.  Therefore,  I  havc-tn- 
deavorel.  as  much  as  possible,  to  bring  before  you  the  formations  ot 
two  very  important  mining  regions. 

1  brought  before  you  this  morning  Cripple  'Jrees,  which  is  the  most 
Important  gold  district,  and  in  some  respects  the  most  unique  mining 
district  in  the  United  States  today.  Tonight  I  bring  before  you  Lead- 
vilU?,  which  is  one  of  the  oldest,  and  still  remains  one  of  the  most 
important  mining  districts  of  Colorado.  In  both  of  these  cases  eruptive 
rocks  have  formed  a  considerable  and  most  important  feature  in  the 
formation  of  the  ore  deposits,  but  the  actual  amount  of  practica]  work 
that  the  eruptive  rocks  have  done  in  creating  the  ore  deposits  in  these 
two  cases  is  entirely  different. 

This  morning  we  had  a  volcano  in  active  operation,  resulting  in 
formations  in  which  the  last  active  process  in  the  volcano  deposited 
large  amounts  of  valuable  ores.  This  evening  I  will  show  you  the  struc- 
ture of  a  district  in  which  lava  flows,  or  flows  of  molten  rock,  reproduc- 
ing a  stream  of  quartz  and  porphyry,  resulting  in  a  formation  entirely 
different  from  Cripple  Creek,  yet  carrying  large  quantities  of  valuable 
ores,  containing  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  bismuth,  manganese  --in  all, 
eight  different  metals;  so  that  the  peculiarity  of  the  Leadville  district 
is  the  fact  that  it  produces  no  less  than  eight  metals  of  economic  value, 
which  are  in  constant  demand  in  the  markets  of  the  world.  The  archean 


176  Official  Proceedings 

rocks,  of  which  Prof.  Hall,  of  Minnesota,  has  spoken  this  evening,  are 
represented  in  the  Leadville  district,  and  also  in  the  sketch  on  the 
blackboard,  by  the  lowest  layer,  marked  with  the  letter  "G,"  "G"  stand- 
ing for  granite,  or  granitic  rocks.  This  irregular  line  (indicating)  repre- 
sents the  ancient  surface  of  the  archean  rocks.  Upon  that,  in  the  pro- 
cess of  time,  were  deposited  a  series  of  sedimentary  rocks,  first,  quartzite, 
representing  the  Cambrian  period,  shown  by  the  last  layer  of  these  rocks, 
colored  brown;  next,  Silurian  limestone,  which  is  colored  violet;  next 
above  that  is  blue  limestone  of  the  lower  carboniferous  period.  The  dif- 
ferent strata  shown  upon  the  board  by  green  lines,  represent  a  series  of 
shales  and  sandstone,  of  which  the  greatest  development  known  in  this 
country  is  in  your  neighboring  State  of  Utah,  and  are  called  the  Weber 
grit  shale  series,  named  from  Weber  Canyon,  in  Utah,  where  they  are 
most  highly  developed,  showing  an  entire  thickness  of  4,000  feet. 

The  town  and  district  of  Leadville  are  situated  around  the  head- 
waters of  the  Arkansas  River.  That  part  of  the  district  in  which  these 
deposits  occur  measures  15  miles  from  east  to  west  between  the  sum- 
mit of  the  two  ranges,  the  range  upon  the  west  being  the  continental 
divide,  composed  of  granitic  rocks,  traversed  by  porphyry  dykes  and  veins, 
while  the  range  upon  the  east,  known  locally  as  the  Mosquito,  or  Park 
range,  forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Arkansas  River,  and  is  com- 
posed of  a  series  of  sedimentary  rocks  overlying  the  granite.  The  first 
range,  elevated  above  the  general  plane  of  the  archean,  is  the  Saguache 
range,  or  continental  divide.  Here  (indicating)  occurs  a  series  of  certain 
eruptive  rocks,  the  origin  of  which  we  know  something,  but  not  yet  ac- 
curately. They  are  supposed  to  have  come  up  in  the  eastern  portion  of 
this  ground,  through  certain  vents,  but  not  in  volcanic  form,  that  is,  not 
from  an  active  volcano,  similar  to  what  we  saw  described  this  morn- 
ing. They  came  up  in  molten  lava  flows,  through  fissures  in  the  arch- 
ean. As  they  reached  the  overlying  sedimentary  rocks  they  found, 
naturally,  immense  resistance,  due  to  the  weight  of  the  entire  series  above' 
them,  amounting  at  that  time  to  probably  ten  thousand  feet  in  thick- 
ness, as  erosion  had  not  yet  taken  place  in  many  of  these  strata.  The 
consequence  of  the  force  acting  to  push  up  this  molten  rock,  resisted  by 
the  weight  of  the  sedimentary  strata  above,  resulted  in  the  porphyries 
under  the  great  pressure  above,  finding  its  way  laterally  along  the  lines 
of  least  resistance,  partly  in  the  sedimentary  strata  and  partly  between 
them.  Naturally,  the  line  of  least  resistance  was  where  one  formation 
joined  that  immediately  underlying;  the  base  of  one  and  the  summit  of 
the  other.  The  consequence  was  that  these  rocks,  coming  up  in  this 
way  did  not  penetrate  the  general  mass  of  the  sedimentary,  so  much 
as  they  found  their  way  along  the  lines  of  division,  between  separate 
formations.  They  are  largely  that  way  (indicating),  and  came  up  still 
further  along  another  line  of  division,  and  further  still  along  another. 
And  at  this  point,  the  highest  that  I  have  drawn  upon  the  board,  the 
porphyry  succeeded  in  creating  the  greatest  mass,  partly  on  account  of 
the  bending  character  of  the  shales — you  know  all  rocks  will  bend  to  a 
certain  extent  before  breaking,  when  force  is  applied  to  them  in  mass 
— and  partly  on  account  of  the  division  between  the  shales  and  grits  be- 
longing to  the  middle  carboniferous  series  not  being  well  jointed,  as  it 
were,  connected  with  the  upper  layer  of  the  lower  carboniferous  blue 
limestone.  The  consequence  was  that  this  kept  increasing  until  an  enor- 
mous mas®  of  porphyry  was  formed,  the  greatest  body  upon  the  top  of 
the  blue  limestone.  That  also  naturally  led  to  a  bending  upward,  01 
folding,  of  the  shale  series,  so  that  after  the  eruption  ceased,  or  rather 
the  flows  of  lavas,  the  shales  would  appear  naturally  in  about  that  posi- 
tion (indicating).  These  lavas,  of  course,  extended  for  some  consider- 
able distance  along  these  strata,  bending  the  strata  more  or  less  as  they 
forced  their  way  through  between  them.  Occasionally  a  dike  would  come 
up  independently,  and  in  a  zig-zag  form  run  across,  probably  trending 
a  little  upwards  into  the  overlying  shales. 

After  the  eruption  had  taken  place,  or  rather  the  lava  flows,  the 
pressure  from  beneath  caused  a  general  bending  upwards  of  the  upper 
crust  of  the  Archean  granite,  which  ultimately  folded  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Saguache  range  as  we  have  it  today.  The  point  on  the 
left-hand  side  of  the  board  lettered  "W"  is  west,  and  that  on  the  right 
side  east.  The  Saguache  range,  therefore,  was  raised  in  something  like 
this  manner  (drawing).  You  know  that  if  you  apply  a  strong  force 


International  Mining  Congress.  177 

from  below  to  a  rigid  mass  overlaid  by  a  great  weight,  that  the  resultant' 
force  acquires  a  tendency  to  buckle  that  solid  mass.  These  mountains 
follolwed  that  law  of  the  creation  of  mountain^  ranges,  and  we  find  that 
evidently  folded  in  something1  like  that  form  (indicating),  until  this 
(indicating;  was  all  granite,  and  naturally  through  that  great  force  act- 
ing from  below  it  raised  the  overlying  sedimentaries,  and  at  the  same 
time  cracked  and  broke  them  more  or  less,  until,  in  the  process  of  time, 
by  the  acting  of  nature's  erosive  forces  from  the  surface  downwards,  etc., 
the  overlying  sedimentaries  which  were  brought  up  in  an  enormous  fold 
were  gradually  all  removed  from  the  summits  of  the  range,  until  we  find 
them  lying  at  different  angles  today  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Saguache 
range,  some  on  that  western  side  (indicating),  some  on  this  ea.stern 
side,  the  latter  (indicating)  almost  entirely  denuded. 

That  was  the  first  action  which  ultimately  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Arkansas  River,  .forming  the  western  boundary  of  the 
future  valley. 

All  the  strata  that  I  am  now  rubbing  out  were  gradually  re-nuned 
by  erosive  forces.  Of  course,  in  raising  an  enormous  range  like  that, 
the  summits  of  which  even  now  reach  elevations  of  over  14,000  feet 
above  the  sea  level,  and  which,  as  I  said  before,  divided  the  North  Amer- 
ican continent,  the  waters  on  the  western  side  flowing  into1  the  Pacific 
and  those  on  the  east  into  the  Atlantic,  in  such  an  enormous  uprising, 
faults  or  breaks  were  created,  because  of  the  mass  not  being  able  to 
withstand  such  a  tremendous  force  without  breaking  in  some  point  or 
other,  the  folds  coming  down  in  something  like  this  form  (indicating), 
a  few  minor  folds  on  this  side  (indicating)  not  so  extensive  as  on  the 
west.  At  that  point  (indicating),  immediately  to  the  v^est,  were  left 
highly  inclined  strata  which  have  been  mined  for  ore  in  the  district 
known  as  the  Aspen,  and  from  which  your  eloquent  and  talented  Lieut- 
enant-Governor  came  to  this  State. 

Overlying  the  quartzite  come  the  different  strata  that  I  have  repre- 
sented on  the  left-hand  or  eastern  side  of  the  board ;  the  underlying 
granite  first,  then  quartzites,  then  a  layer  of  Silurian  lime,  then  a  narrow 
quartzite,  then  the  blue  limestone  and  porphyry.  In  the  district  of 
Aspen  occurs  the  greatest  amount  of  ore  that  is  found  in  the  contact 
of  the  two  limestones,  and  in  the  limestones  themselves. 

The  next  process  in  the  formation  of  the  Leadville  district  was  the 
uprising  of  the  range  to  the  east,  known  as  the  Mosquito,  or  Park  range, 
dividing  the  main  continental  range,  the  Saguache,  from  a  series  of  big 
ancient  lakes,  which  are  now  known  as  the  park  system  of  Colorado;  im- 
mense mountain  valleys,  level,  as  a  whole,  and  surrounded  entirely  by 
mountain  ranges.  The  existence  of  the  continental  divide,  the  Saguache, 
and  the  general  pressure  of  the  Archean.  and  overlying  sedimentaries 
to  the  east  formed  such  an  immense  pressure  to  resist  the  forces  act- 
ing from  below  in  the  uplifting  of  the  second  range  that  a  great  number 
of  faults  or  breaks  were  created  in  contradistinction  to  the  western 
range  in  the  main  mass  of  which  there  are  not  so  many.  The  conse- 
quence of  that  uplift  was  something  like  this  (drawing).  Instead  ot 
just  one  large  range  rising,  the  whole  mass  being  raised  upwards  would 
bring  us  along  that  line  (indicating),  and  another  portion  would  get 
a  little  higher  before  it  broke  again,  and  broke  along  this  line  (indicat- 
ing), and  then  kept  on  raising  at  another  step  a  little  higher,  until  we 
have  a  series  of  steps  of  a  gigantic  staircase  in  the  granite,  overlaid  by 
thick  strips  of  different  carpet®,  as  it  were,  representing  the  sedimentary 
strata  and  their  included  porphyries. 

Now,  if  you  will  kindly  bear  in  mind  the  sketch  of  the  strata,  with 
the  quantities  of  eruptive  porphyries  which  I  have  just  rubbed  out,  you 
will  see  how  the  sedimentary  rocks  were  displaced,  and  formed  into  what 
we  found  and  are  finding  today.  Overlying  that  cognes,  first,  the  quartzite, 
corresponding  to  the  lowest  layer  that  I  have  shown,  the  base  of  each 
of  these  steps,  or  benches,  then  overlying  that  again  the  lowest  of  the 
limestones,  and  then  over  that  limestone  the  others,  the  included  masses 
of  porphyry,  whatever  they  may  be,  and  such  mineral  as  had  already 
come  up  with  the  porphyries,  which  was  not  very  great.  Overlying  that 
came  the  next  limestone,  and  on  top  of  that  the  great  mass  of  porphyry, 
a  series,  as  you  will  notice,  of  steps  or  benches,  and,  with  the  porphyry 


178  Official  Proceedings 

the  ultimate  erosion  gave  a  form  something  like  this    (drawing)    as  the 
ultimate  result,  in  the  form  we  have  today. 

I  spoke  briefly  of  the  manner  in  which  the  ore  was  deposited,  and 
I  will  explain  that  a  little  further.  The  waters  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  due  to  the  snow  and  ice  melting,  and  to  the  rains  from  the  heavens, 
circulating  through  the  porphyries,^  combined  with  hot  water  risen  through 
the  numerous  fissures  from  below,  leached  out  the  valuable  contents  and" 
redeposited  them  in  the  depressions  between  the  sheets  and  masses  of 
porphyry  and  the  sedimentary  rocks ;  they  also  penetrated  some  distances 
into  the  limestones,  in  some  cases  entirely  through  the  first  limestone, 
which  is  240  feet  in  thickness,  mineralizing  the  whole  mass.  The  red 
chalk  that  I  now  use  to  represent  the  veins  will  show  you  that  process. 
The  general  leaching  through  these  masses  of  porphyry,  the  main  de- 
posit along  the  upper  face  of  the  limestone,  and  the  penetration  into  the 
heart  of  the  lime,  so  that  we  have  these  (indicating),  is  the  manner 
in  which  the  Leadville  deposits  were  created.  Occasionally  the  lime- 
stones, not  only  the  upper  limestones,  but  the  one  below,  were  mineralized 
throughout  their  extent.  Those,  for  instance,  penetrating  that  mass  (in- 
dicating) would  then  flow  along  this  plane  (indicating),  penetrate  through 
this  mass  (indicating)  in  places,  even  flowing  along  the  plane  of  the  top 
portion  of  the  lower  quartzite,  that  in  that  case  began  sinking  and  from 
this  point  would  go  down  practically  through  all  those  formations,  and 
would  penetrate  no  less  than  three  distinct  formations,  forming  ore  bodies 
known  locally  as  the  first,  second  and  third  contacts,  because  the  main 
bodies  are  found  at  the  contact  of  two  different  rocks.  The  method  ot 
the  formation  of  those  ore  bodies  is  by  what  is  known  as  a  replacement 
of  the  rock  particles,  technically  metasomatic  replacement,  which  means 
the  replacement  of  each  particle  of  the  original  particle  of  rock  by 
particles  of  mineral ;  not  an  impregnation,  where  the  mineral  is  found, 
permeating  through  the  small  interstices  and  spaces  between  the  particles 
of  the  individual  rock,  but  an  actual  replacement  of  the  individual  parti- 
cles forming  the  rock  itself.  So  that  when  the  upper  limestone  is  found 
altered  into  ore  for  its  entire  depth  the  greater  mass  of  it  when  it  is 
mined  is  galena,  similar  to  the  ore  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  district.  The 
importance  of  the  district,  as  I  said  before,  consists  in  the  fact  that  it 
has  added  no  less  than  $275,000,000  to  the  world's  wealth  in  the  last 
twenty-three  years.  When  the  panic  of  1893  came  on  and  stopped  the 
production  of  silver,  and  almost  destroyed  the  production  of  silver  through 
these  western  States,  for  a  time  at  least,  the  Leadville  miners  were 
forced  to  hunt  for  gold,  and  they  found  it  in  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  region,  gold  ores  impregnating  a  large  portion  of  the  contacts  which 
heretofore  had  been  unexplored.  And,  in  fact,  from  a  certain  point  east- 
ward, all  the  ores  carry  gold  to  such  an  extent  that  there  is  good  profit 
in  working  for  the  gold  alone.  But  in  addition  to  that  the  silver,  lead, 
iron,  manganese  and  bismuth  all  produce  good  returns.  The  explana- 
tion of  that  is  this :  that  subsequent  to  the  first  ore-bearing  currents" 
flowing  along  those  planes,  subsequent  to  that  time  from  a  certain  point 
eastward,  a  later  series  of  solutions  came  up  from  below  carrying  values 
which,  in  the  main,  were  gold  and  copper,  and  distributed  those  value* 
along  the  planes  of  least  resistance  already  described,  depositing  them 
in  these  places,  enriching  the  pre-existing  silver  and  lead  ores.  So  that 
those  currents  coming  up  through  certain  of  those  planes,  and  also 
through  fissures,  breaking  through  irregularly  in  something  like  that  form 
(drawing)  as  they  came  into  the  lower  quartzite,  and  the  lower  lime- 
stone would  penetrate  along  the  lines  of  stratification,  and  also  enrich 
the  silver  and  lead  deposits  which  were  first  found  in  the  district,  and 
thereby  formed  gold,  silver  and  lead  throughout. 

I  think  that  is  all  I  need  to  state  tonight.  The  importance  of  this, 
as  I  said  before,  is  to  lead  you  to  look  for  similar  occurrences  elsewhere. 
I  am  not  aware  that  in  Idaho,  or  any  portion  of  the  West,  a  duplicate  of 
the  region  and  deposits  in  Leadville  exists,  but  it  is  reasonable  to  ex- 
pect such,  although  at  the  time  Leadville  was  discovered  in  1878.  when 
these  silver  and  lead  deposits  were  discovered,  and  their  magnitude  and 
importance  made  known  to  the  world,  it  was  said  that  no  such  thing 
had  ever  been  discovered  before,  and  no  such  would  ever  be  found  again. 
Personally,  I  do  not  believe  that ;  and  I  think  that  by  searching  in  regions 
where  you  have  stratified  rocks  associated  with  porphyry  or  some  other 
eruptive  there  is  no  reason  why  such  a  thing  should  be  discovered,  even 


International  Mining  Congress. 


179 


yet,  in  the  less-known  regions  of  Idaho,   Oregon,   Washington,  and  also 
in  parts  of  Montana.     I  thank  you  for  your  attention.      (Applause.) 

As  in  the  morning,  the  lecturer  spoke  entirely  without  notes,  illustrat- 
ing by  frequent  sketches  upon  a  large  blackboard.  The  following  table 
of  statistics  relative  to  the  Leadville  mining  industry  is  of  interest  to 
compare  with  those  of  the  Cripple  Creek  district,  and  was  compiled  for  use 
in  the  above  address : 

LEADVILLE   STATISTICAL   TABLE.  j 


1899 

J900 

TOTAL  FOR 

23  YEARS 
| 

OZS.  TONS 

VALUE 

OZS.  TONS 

VALUE 

Gold 
Silver 
Lead 
Copper 
Manganese 
Zinc  (Spelter) 
Bismute  (est) 

106,203 
6,930,120 
25,916 
1,670 
15,653 
5,287 

$2,195,222 
4,132,128 
2,213.258 
538,218 
54,785 
528,762 
10,000 

137,936 
7,547,969 
32669 
1,425 
47,000 
22,635 

$  2,851,146 
4,650,318 
2,704,576 
445,286 
141,000 
1,867,425 
240.900 

$  31,351,146 
174,650,318 
54,704,576 
6,745,286 
3,391,000 
3,767,425 
515,900 

$9,672,373 

$12,900,651 

$275,125,651 

Revised  and  corrected  at  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado,  August  13,   1901. 

CHARLES  J.   MOORE,  Mining  Engineer. 

On  motion  of  Mr.   Voss,  of  Oregon,  duly  seconded  and  carried,   the 
Congress  adjourned  until  July  25,  at  9  o'clock  A.  M. 


July  25,  1901,  9  o'clock,  A.  M. 
The  Congress  met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

The  secretary  read  the  following  communication  and  report  from 
Mrs.  E.  C.  Atwood,  treasurer  of  the  Congress: 

TREASURER'S   REPORT. 

San  Francisco,  July  22. — Irwin  Mahon,  secretary  International  Min- 
ing Congress,  Boise,  Idaho : 

Dear  Sir — Herewith  I  beg  to  hand  you  my  report  as  treasurer  of  the 
International  Mining  Congress  for  the  year  ending  July,  1901.  - 

I  regret  that  for  the  first  time  since  the  International  Mining  Con- 
gress was  established  my  inability  to  attend. 

To  your  very  energetic  effort  the  present  Congress  owes  its  success. 
I  understand  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  Trans-Mississippi  Congress  and 
the  National  Irrigation  Association  to  co-operate  with  the  International 
Mining  Congress,  conolidating  their  interests  with  the  view  of  obtain- 
ing recognition  from  Washington  on  subjects  that  are  of  vital  import-: 
ance  to  the  Western  States.  I  trust  this  may  be  done,  and  the  fight  be- 
gan four  years  ago  by  yourself  and  others  in  Denver  may  meet  with  great 
(success.  i 

I  would  suggest  that  in  the  matter  of  subscriptions  to  the  Interr 
national  Mining  Congress  that  they  be  sent  direct  to  the  secretary,  who 
should  make  a  monthly  report  to  the  treasurer.  I  think  this  would  be  of 
benefit  that  the  secretary  might  immediately  be  placed  in  communication 
with  the  membership.  Had  the  membership  price  been  inserted  in  alV 
the  printed  matter  I  believe  that  the  results  would  be  more  favorable. 
Since  I  have  noticed  in  the  newspapers  your  calling  attention  to  the  sub- 
scription for  membership  I  have  received  a  number  of  applicants. 


180  Official  Proceedings 

The  receipts  for  the  past  year  were  $285;  the  expenditures  $193.45. 
The  balance  $91.55  will  be  delivered  as  directed  by  the  Congress. 

Very   truly   yours, 

E.  G.   ATWOOD,   Treasurer. 

On  motion  duly  seconded  and  carried  the  report  of  the  treasurer  was 
accepted  by  the  Congress. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  French,  of  Idaho,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the 
balance  of  $85  due  the  stenographer  for  the  report  of  proceedings  of  the 
last  session  of  Congress  was  orderd  paid,  the  balance  remaining  in  the 
treasury  after  such  payment  to  be  turned  over  to  the  new  treasurer  of 
the  Congress. 

MR.  FELTHAM,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  I  desire  at  this  time 
Jto.  introduce  these  resolutions  : 

•  Whereas  The  present  tariff  of  freight  rates  on  ores,  mining  pro- 
ducts and  mining  imachinery  on  various  railway  lines'  is  unnecessarily 
high  and  burdensome,  and  prevents  the  development  and  operation  of 
mines  containing  low-grade  ores,  and 

Whereas,  The  interests  of  Western  mining  districts  demand  a  reduc- 
tion of  said  freight  tariffs  and  rates  sufficiently  low  to  permit  the  opera- 
tion of  mines  producing  low  grade  ores  ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  a  standing  committee  of  fifteen  persons  be  appointed 
by  the  Executive  Committee  with  full  powers  to  confer  with  railway  com- 
panies and  earnestly  request  them  to  at  once  consider  favorably  a  sub- 
stantial reduction  of  the  present  freight  rates  upon  ores,  concentrates, 
fuels,  fluxes  and  all  mineral  products  and  mining  machinery ;  and  that 
said  committee  shall  report  to  the  next  annual  meeting  of  this  Congress 
the  reductions  and  concessions  secured  by  it  from  said  railway  lines. 

'PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  It  will  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions,  Are  there  any  reports  at  this1  time? 

MR.  RICHMOND:  Mr.  President;  a  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions : 

Whereas,  the  attention  of  the  United  States  Congress  on  sundry  oc- 
casions has  been  called  to  the  desirability  of  supporting  and  advancing 
education  in  mining,  -metallurgy  and  kindred  subjects,  and  partial  action 
has  been  taken  in  Congress ;  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  the  International  Mining  Congress  heartily  endorses 
this  movement  for  appropriating  support  to  this  object,  and  that  a  per- 
manent committee  be  appointed  to  present  before  the  proper  committee 
off -the  United  States  Congress  the  sentiments  of  this  organization,  which 
we  believe  represents  the  wishes  of  the  mining  interests  of  the  country. 

The  Committee  on  Resolutions  beg  leave  to  report  to  the  Committee 
of  the  Whole,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  adopted. 

On  motion,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  report  and  recommendation 
of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  were  adopted. 

MR.  RICHMOND:  A  resolution  introduced,  by  Hon.  Joseph  H. 
Hutchinson : 

Whereas,  an  official  committee  of  our  National  Congress,  known  as  the 
Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee,  having  recently  visited  the  Pacific  coast 
for  the  purpose  of  thorough  investigation,  therefore  be  it  resolved, 

First,  That  the  thanks  of  this  International  Mining  Congress  be  ex- 
tended to  the  Rivers  and  Harbor  Committee  for  their  painstaking  visit; 
and  be  it  further  resolved  that  we  express  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  helping  and  sustaining  said  Rivers  and  Harbor 


International  Mining  Congress.  181 

Committee  in  their  actions  that  the  most  important  appropriation,  in  our 
opinion,  should  be  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  Snake  and  Columbia 
rivers  navigable  so  that  there  will  be  an  open  river  from  Lewis  ton,  Idaho, 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Committee  on  Resolutions  beg  leave  to  report  this  back  to  the 
Committee  of  the  Whole,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  adopted. 

MR.  HUTCHINSON :  Mr.  President,  I  move  you  that  the  report  be 
adopted. 

Motion  seconded. 

MR.  FELTHAM,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  I  am  not  sure  that 
I  caught  the  reading  of  the  resolution  perfectly,  but  as  I  understand  it, 
it  reads  from  Lewiston  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  That  does  not  include  a 
great  amount  of  the  Snake  River  in  the  southern  portion  of  Idaho,  which! 
is  navigable.  It  is  a  ma.tter  of  great  importance  to  this  State,  and  to 
the  mining  interests  of  Idaho,  in  the  interior  regions,  that  the  Snake 
River  be  opened  in  the  interior.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  resolution  does- 
not  express  fully  what  this  Congress  desires. 

MR.  HUTCHINSON,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  I  think  if  the 
resolution  is  read  again  that  the  gentleman  will  understand  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  us  to  take  up  the  question  of  navigation  above 
Lewiston,  for  the  simple  and  sole  reason  that  it  would  be  a  State 
matter,  and  cannot  properly  be  asked  for  by  this  Congress. 

On  vote  being  taken  the  report  of  the  committee  was  adopted,  and 
the  recommendation  corcurred  in. 

MR.  RICHMOND :  Mr.  President,  the  Committee  on  Resolutions 
beg  leave  to  report  and  recommend  for  adoption  the  following  preamble 
and  resolutions  : 

Whereas,  The  primary  and  most  important  purposes  of  this  Con- 
gress are  to  inaugurate  a  movement  that  will  ultimately  result  in  the 
establishment  by  the  National  Government  of  a  bureau  or  department  of 
mining,  and 

Whereas,  In  order  to  accomplish  that  purpose,  it  will  be  necessary 
to  bring  before  the  people  of  the  United  States,  and  present  to  them  in  form 
such  information  upon  that  question  as  will  convince  them  of  the  gfeat 
importance  of  the  movement,  and 

Whereas,  In  order  to  successfully  disseminate  this  information,  sub- 
ordinate branches  of  this  Congress  should  be  created  in  all  the  States  of 
this  Union  in  order  that  through  these  subordinate  branches  this  work 
may  be  carried  on  under  the  directions  of  the  International  Congress ;  there- 
fore, be  it 

Resolved,  That  steps  should  be  taken  at  this  meeting  of  the  Interna- 
tional Mining  Congress  to  properly  and  systematically  inaugurate  this 
movement.  And1  further,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  president  of  this  Congress  be  and  is  hereby  author- 
ized and  directed  to  appoint,  either  before  or  after  the  adjournment  of 
this  meeting  as  to  him  may  seem  best,  a  committee  of  three  to  formulate 
articles  of  confederation  to  embody  and  carry  out  the  purposes  above  set 
forth,  and  to  appoint  in  each  State  and  Territory  of  this  Union  one  person 
to  be  known  as  the  organizer  of  subordinate  branches  of  this  Congress. 
The  same  to  be  done  until  said  articles  of  confederation  are  formed  and 
adapted  under  the  direction  of  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  Inter- 
national Mining  Congress. 


182  Official  Proceedings 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  Gentlemen,  you  have  heard  the  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions.  Perhaps  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions  will  permit  me  one  suggestion.  Would  there  be  any  objection 
to  striking-  out  the  words  "Bureau  or?"  The  contention  of  the  mining 
community,  as  the  chair  understands  it,  has  been  for  a  department.  At 
a  former  session  of  the  Congress  the  desire  was  expressed  to  retain  the 
word  "Bureau"  as  an  alternative  in  case  we  did  not  succeed  in  getting 
a  department ;  but  we  succeeded  in  carrying  the  resolution  unanimously 
for  a  department,  and  not  for  a  bureau. 

MR.  RICHMOND:  I  think,  Mr.  President,  that  that  expression 
was  inadvertently  incorporated  in  the  resolution. 

Mr.  President,  in  regard  to  this  resolution  that  has  been  introduced 
by  the  Committee  on  Resolutions,  the  Committee  wish  to  be  heard  in  its 
behalf  before  action  is  taken. 

This  Congress  has  been  organized  and  has  been  in  full  operation  now 
four  years.  Those  of  us  who  were  members  of,  the  first  Congress  can  s'ee 
no  material  advancement  today  over  four  years  ago  in  its  material  welfare. 
It  seems  to  have  the  appearance  of  a  magnificent  piece  of  machinery,  with 
all  kinds  of  latent  forces,  but  lacking  in  effectiveness.  We  can  meet  year 
after  year  and  pass  resolutions,  and  if  we  have  not  some  power  behind  us, 
or  the  ability  to  effectively  exert  that  power,  our  time  and  money  are 
absolutely  wasted.  We,  of  course,  recognize  that  it  is  a  great  pleasure  to 
come  here  and  meet  our  fellow  miners  and  fellow  business  men.  But 
up  to  the  present  time  we  have  accomplished  absolutely  nothing. 

Your  committee  feel  that  the  only  way  to  obtain  any  national  action 
is  to  commence  at  the  bottom  and  work  up.  We  also  feel  that  the  only  way 
to  get  any  national  action  is  to  g-et  it  through  political  work.  Now,  I  do 
not  mean  by  that  that  we  propose  to  utilize  any  one  party ;  but  we  do 
propose  to  utilize  every  and  all  parties  and  make  them  respect  the  mining 
industry,  and  force  our  congressmen  and  senators  to  so  respect  us  that 
when  we  go  before  the  national  Congress  they  will  adopt  our  cause  as  their 
cause,  and  our  fight  as  their  fight. 

To  that  end  we  have  suggested  this  organization  somewhat  on  the 
lines  of  all  other  national  organizations,  with  separate  local  organizations 
to  take  up  the  work  in  their  respective  states.  Those  local  organizations 
will,  of  course,  look  after  their  membership,  and  also  look  after  the  finan- 
cial end  of  the  proposition,  which  is  one  of  the  most  important  propo- 
sitions that  we  have  to  contend  with,  as  without  the  necessary  funds  we 
are  absolutely  useless. 

It  has  been  thought  by  your  committee  that  if  such  action  as  this 
were  taken,  and  that  if  this  business  was  gotten  down  to  a  strictly  com- 
mercial basis,  with  the  mining  interests  of  the  several  states  taking  this  in 
hand,  taking  the  power  of  appointing  delegates  out  of  the  hands  of  mayors 
and  the  governors  of  the  several  States.  Today  we  meet  here  in  Boise  as 
delegates  from  our  several  States  and  Territories  as  the  appointees  of  our 
respective  governors  or  mayors,  as  the  case  may  be.  We  do  certain  work 
in  this  convention,  and  a  year  from  today  we  meet  in  some  other  place, 
and  as  we  probably  have  a  new  set  of  governors  all  over  the  country, 
and  each  of  them  has  a  new  set  of  friends,  it  follows  as  a  consequ'ence 
that  in  the  meeting  held  a  year  hence  there  may  be  25  or  30  mem- 
bers who  attend  this  convention  who  will  attend  that  one.  The 
whole  convention  has  got  to  be  started  over  again,  and  the  work  of  a  year 
before  has  got  to  be  done  over  again,  and  we  leave  that  convention  in  the 


International  Mining  Congress.  183 

same  condition  that  we  left  this  one.  This  thing  is  not  an  ethical  proposi- 
tion ;  it  is  a  commercial  proposition.  We  come  here  and  enjoy  hearing 
scientific  papers,  but  the  prime  object  that  we  are  here  for  is  commercial 
economy,  to  get  our  mining  industry  on  a  basis  where  we  can  control  it. 
We  think  that  the  representatives  to  this  Congress  should  come  from 
commercial  bodies,  representing  purely  the  mining  industry. 

With  these  ideas  in  the  minds  of  your  Committee  on  Resolutions  we 
have  drafted  this  preamble,  not  going  into  the  specific  details,  preferring 
to  leave  it  to  the  action  of  this.  Congress,  only  putting  before  you  the 
skeleton  of  our  thoughts. 

MR.  ROBERTS,  OF  OHIO:  Mr.  President,  as  I  see  this  matter, 
I  understand  that  there  is  a  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization  work- 
ing on  a  plan  by  which  this  organization  shall  be  constituted.  Wfcen 
that  committee  is  ready  to  report  I  think  we  shall  have  a  comprehensive 
plan  before  us,  by  which  we  can  have  a  future  Congress.  Now,  is  this  the 
work  of  that  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization?  If  so,  this  resolu- 
tion providing  for  the  organization  of  subordinate  lodges  or  councils  of 
mining  and  commercial  men  for  the  appointment  of  delegates  to  a  future 
Congress  would  be  out  of  place.  We  should  leave  that  matter  in  the  hands 
of  the  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization,  I  think.  If  they  are  not 
going  to  provide  us  with  the  means  for  a  permanent  membership,  then  this 
proposition  is  certainly  necessary. 

I  believe  the  proposition  is  good,  that  our  future  membership  should 
come  from  local  councils  of  men  who  are  interested  in  mining,  and  com- 
mercial interests  connected  with  mining,  and  that  they  should  appoint 
the  delegates  to  the  future  Congress. 

Now,  is  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  or  the  Committee  on  Perma- 
nent Organization  to  present  a  plan  for  the  future  existence  of  the 
Congress? 

MR.  HUTCHINSON,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  the  delegate 
from  the  State  of  Ohio  is  taking  a  very  peculiar  stand.  He,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions,  voted  for  this  resolution.  He  now 
appears  not  to  understand  it.  A  plan  will  be  reported  by  the  Committee 
on  Permanent  Organization,  but  this  is  the  report  of  tire  Committee  on 
Resolutions,  recommending  a  certain  plan,  and,  if  adopted,  the  Committee 
on  Permanent  Organization  will  take  it  up,  and  report  it  back  to  this  body. 
We  have  not  recommended  any  plan,  we  have  simply  offered  that  sugges- 
tion, and  if  that  suggestion  is  adopted  by  this  committee  the  Committee 
on  Permanent  Organization  can  adopt  the  plan,  but  they  cannot  move 
until  it  is  adopted. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  There  is  nothing  in  this  that  interferes 
with  the  regular  organization  of  this  body  as  it  exists  now.  It  is  abso- 
lutely a  permanent  organization  now.  It  is  impossible  now  to  amend  this 
year,  unless  a  session  is  held  tomorrow,  but  this  does  not  interfere  with 
it  at  all.  It  simply  proposes  to  have  some  one  assist  in  carrying  out 
the  organization  of  the  States. 

The  motion  to  adopt  the  report  and  recommendation  of  the  committee 
was  put  by  the  chair,  and  declared'  carried. 

MR.  RICHMOND:  Mr.  President,  a  second  resolution  originating 
in  the  Committee  on  Resolutions : 

Resolved,  That  from  and  after  the  enactment  of  this  resolution,  that 
any  city  bidding  for  a  meeting  of  the  International  Miningi  Congress  shall 


184  Official  Proceedings 

guarantee  to  said  Congress  not  less  than  $3,000  in  cash,  to  be  paid  into 
the  treasury  of  said  Congress  within  30  days'  from  the  time  that  the  said 
International  Mining  Congress  shall  accept  said  invitation. 

Your  Committee  on  Resolutions  beg  leave  to  refer  this  to  the  com- 
mittee of  the  whole,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  adopted. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Burke,  of  Oregon,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the 
report  and  recommendation  of  the  committee  were  adopted. 

MR.  BERN,  OF  UTAH:  Mr.  President,  on  the  assembling  of 
this  Congress  a  most  cordial  welcome  was  extended  to  the  delegates  by  the 
governor,  the  mayor  and  the  ex-mayor,  and,  whereas,  from  personal  ex- 
perience I  know  what  effort  has  been  made  here  to  make  this  a  grand 
success,  knowing  the  amount  of  labor  that  has  been  performed  by  the 
different  committees  and  the  citizens  of  Idaho,  I  want  to  offer  a  resolution 
to  show  our  gratefulness  and  our  appreciation  of  the  efforts  of  the  citizens 
of  Idaho  and  the  citizens  of  Boise,  in  particular.  I  offer  this  resolution : 

Whereas,  The  State  of  Idaho  is  appropriating  the  sum  of  $5,000  to 
aid  in  advancing  the  best  interests  of  the  fourth  annual  session  of  the 
International  Mining  Congress,  and 

Whereas,  the  City  of  Boise,  Idaho,  extended  to  this  Congress  the  hos-  . 
pitality  of  the  city,   and  by  all  means  in  the  power  of  its  citizens,  finan- 
cially and  otherwise,  have  so  magnificently  seconded  the  efforts  of  the  State 
in  promoting  the  success  of  this  assembly ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  we,  the  delegates  of  this  Congress,  herewith  tender  to 
tnis  State  at  large,  and  to  the  citizens  of  Boise  especially,  our  heartfelt 
thanks  for  all  they  have  done,  and  the  generous  welcome  extended  to  us 
on  this  occasion ;  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  to  his  excellency,  F.  W.  Hunt,  governor  of  the  State; 
the  Honorable  Mayor  M.  Alexander,  of  the  city,  and  the  Hon.  J.  H.  Rich- 
ards, ex-mayor ;  the  president  and  members  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce ; 
and  the  president,  Mrs.  W.  H.  Ridenbaugh,  and  her  associated  members  of 
the  Columbian  club  we  are  especially  grateful. 

The  resolution  was  duly  seconded,  and  was  adopted  by  a  rising  vote. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  next  regular  order  on  the  program 
is  the  reading  of  a  f^per  by  Hon.  J.  J.  Demming,  of  Salmon  City*  Idaho, 
on  "Stamp  Mill  Construction." 

Mr.  Demming  read  the  following  paper : 

STAMP  MILL  CONSTRUCTION, 

By  Hon.   J.   J.  Demming,   Salmon   City,    Idaho.      Read  before  the   Inter- 
national Mining  Congress,  Boise,  Idaho,  July  23,  1901. 

The  first  stamp  mills  of  which  we  have  any  record  were  first  used  in 
the  classic  region  of  Trans-Sylvania,  Austria ;  from  there  the  idea  was 
brought  across  the  sea  to  this  country  by  the  early  pioneers  of  Georgia, 
who  in  turn  carried  the  same  idea  to  the  early  mining  camps  of  Cali- 
fornia and  Colorado.  The  gradual  evolutionary  changes  caused  by  ox- 
perience  and  local  conditions  have  so  changed  and  modified  the  original 
mill,  so  that  to  the  casual  observer  it  has  but  little  resemblance  to  the 
mechanism  of  the  modern  stamp  mill  of  today.  The  common  operation 
or  construction  of  a  stamp  mill  do  not  necessarily  involve  a  fine  knowl- 
edge of  chemical  formula  or  complicated  mechanics.  A  good  millwright 
or  mill  man  has  that  common  sense  which  is  the  basis  of  all  true  science, 
and  has  won  a  knowledge  of  the  true  bed  rock  principles  of  stamp  mill 
construction  by  close  observation  and  experience,  which  no  book-knowl- 
edge can  give  him ;  always  remembering  never  to  use  a  new  device  or 
make  a  change  without  a  reason  for  it,  and  that  where  there  has  been  so 


International  Mining  Congress.  185 

many  great  improvements  in  the  past,  that  there  is  still  room  for  more 
in  the  future ;  for  no  stamp  mill  has  ever  yet  been  built  that  was  per- 
fect in  every  detail. 

One  of  the  great  axioms  of  successful  stamp  mill  construction  is  to 
adapt  the  construction  of  the  mill  and  reduction  process  to  the  character 
of  the  ore  to  be  treated/  This,  in  a  measure,  accounts  for  so  many 
variations  in  stamp  mill  construction. 

The  most  truly  scientific  method  in  the  reduction  of  any  ore  is  cer- 
tainly the  most  sensible,  and  it  is  one  of  the  duties  of  every  mill  con- 
structor or  mill  man  to  determine  what  are  the  exact  conditions  required 
and  then  arrange  his  mill  to  them.  If  a  stamp  mill  is  to  be  the  process- 
employed  in  the  treatment  or  reduction  of  a  particular  kind  of  ore,  the 
first  consideration  in  constructing  that  mill  should  be  the  arrangement 
and  design  of  the  process  best  suited  to  saving  the  values  in  the  ore.  It 
is  the  adaptability  of  the  stamp  mill  to  the  ores  of  a  great  diversity  of 
character  which  enables  it  to  hold  its  own  in  the  wake  of  the  ever-com- 
ing new  devices  continually  offered  by  tlie  inventive  genius  of  this  gent-ra- 
tion ;  it  is  this  distinctive  feature  of  combination  that  enables  the  stamp 
mill  to  compete  successfully ;  for  it  is  a  crushing,  amalgamation,  reduc- 
ing and  extracting  device  combined,  and  despite  these  new  inventions  with 
the  encroachments  of  the  smelter  on  one  side,  and  the  leaching  process 
on  the  other,  the  stamp  mill  still  continues  to  be  the  simplest  and  best 
way  of  extracting  the  hidden  gold  yet  invented  by  the  ingenuity  of  man. 
It  is  probably  true  that  the  ores  of  Gillipin  County,  Colorado,  contain 
a  higher  percentage  of  sulphurets  than  any  other  gold-bearing  mill  ore 
treated  by  amalgamation  at  any  of  the  chief  milling  centers  of  the  world 
today.  The  fact  that  they  make  a  higher  percentage  of  extraction  from 
these  pyritic  ores  is  evidence  that  their  system  of  mill  construction  and 
milling  is  second  to  none. 

If  this  be  true  it  is  due  to  the  proper  recognition  of  the  necessity 
for  changing  the  modes  of  treatment  and  mill  construction  to  conform 
to  the  different  character  of  the  ore.  These  changes  did  not  take  place 
in  a  day,  but  are  the  outgrowth  of  years  of  hard  work  and  observation. 
The  mill  men  of  Colorado  have  been  trained  in  the  best  of  schools,  that  of 
experience. 

The  mine  owner  should  not  consider  the  work  finished  when  The  ore 
is  hoisted  to  the  collar  of  the  shaft,  but  on  the  contrary,  the  mill  de- 
mands the  greater  experience  and  attention,  and  no  management  can  be 
too  careful  in  placing  competent  men  in  charge  of  the  plant.  It  is  one  of 
the  faults  of  mill  construction  today  that  the  building  of  mills  has  not 
been  left  to  the  direction  of  technically  trained  engineers.  The  design 
and  mode  of  construction  of  stamp  mills  is  usually  left  almost  cntb  ely  to' 
the  judgment  of  the  foundry  man.  The  millwright,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
look  after  these  things,  seldom  ever  concerns  himself  with  the  details 
of  the  design  of  the  machine  which  is  intended  to  do  the  work.  The 
factory  very  naturally  changes  their  patterns  as  little  as  possible.  There 
seems  to  be  an  unexpressed  sentiment  that  the  ores  must  suit  them- 
selves to  the  mills,  rather  than  design  the  mill  to  comply  with  the  char- 
acter of  the  ore. 

While  it  is  not  possible  to  go  into  all  the  details  of  stamp  mill  con- 
struction in  a  few  brief  paragraphs,  yet  there  are  always  certain  princi- 
ples that  must  be  considered.  In  the  construction  of  the  mill  building 
there  are  three  important  factors  to  be  observed ;  light,  heat  and  room. 
Nearly  all  our  large  mills  are  dark  in  the  middle ;  none  should  be 
that  way :  builders  depend  too  much  upon  the  side  wall  windows  for  light ; 
if  the  mill  is  not  built  in  elevated  sections  so  that  each  department  can 
have  its  own  system  of  lighting,  it  is  better  to  place  skylights  in  the 
roof,  for  one  skylight  will  give  more  light  than  four  windows  in  the  wall 
of  the  building.  Whitewashed  walls  and  ceiling  will  aid  in  producing 
better  light.  The  amalgamation  and  concentration  departments  should 
be  warm  in  winter.  It  is  best  to  build  this  part  of  the  building  double 
board,  with  building  paper  between  and  battings  on  the  outside.  If  the 
mill  has  steam  power,  a  very  good  system  of  heating  can  be  arranged 
from  the  exhaust  steam  from  the  engine.  If  the  mill  is  not  equipped  with 
steam  power,  a  good  stove  or  two  with  large  hot  air  drums  will  prove 
economical  of  fuel  and  keep  a  thirty-stamp  mill  sufficiently  warm  for 
operations.  Avoid'  cold  draughts  of  air,  for  icicles,  plate  amalgamation 
and  concentration  will  not  work  together. 


186  Official  Proceedings 

In  the  matter  of  room  or  space  no  millwright  should  try  to  economize 
in  this  particular.  Have  plenty  of  elevation  between  the  different  de- 
partments of  the  mill,  plenty  of  room  around  the  batteries  and  the 
concentrating  machines. 

These  three  factors,  light,  heat  and  space,  are  not  luxuries  ;  they  are 
necessities  in  every  well-regulated  mill. 

Next  we  come  to  the  battery  foundation.  Nearly  all  stamp  mill  con- 
structors seem  to  think  that  the  mortar  blocks  must  be  set  on  solid  rock, 
or  rather  that  mill  sites  must  be  chosen  with  reference  to  the  founda- 
tion for  the  mortars.  While  it  is  probably  true  that  natural  rock  founda- 
tion is  better  for  any  machinery,  yet  it  cannot  always  be  secured,  and 
a  better  rule  would  be  to  locate  the  mill  in  the  most  convenient  place 
with  reference  to  the  mine  and  other  surrounding  conditions,  and  if 
there  is  no  rock  foundation,  construct  one.  This  may  be  a  violation  of 
all  rules  of  battery  foundation,  but  like  many  other  rules  there  some- 
times must  be  exceptions.  If  a  natural  foundation  cannot  be  secured, 
make  an  excavation  deep  enough  so  that  the  bottom  is  of  a  homogeneous 
character.  A  foundation  partly  on  rock  and  partly  on  sand  can  never 
last.  A  space  of  72  square  feet  or  about  6x12  feet  will  be  large  enough 
for  a  ten-stamp  battery ;  on  the  bottom  of  the  excavation  build  a  cement 
concrete  three  feet  high,  using  about  three  parts  of  sand,  three  parts 
of  broken  rubble  and  three  parts  of  Portland  cement ;  a  coping  of  about 
two  inches  on  this  concrete,  consisting  of  equal  parts  of  sharp  sand  and 
cement  will  give  a  smoother  level  surface.  After  this  concrete  founda- 
tion has  thoroughly  set  it  is  ready  for  either  an  iron  or  wood  mortar 
block.  In  a  like  manner  concrete  piers  can  be  built  for  the  mudsills  and 
battery  posts.  Anchor  bolts  should  be  built  in  concrete  work  for  holding 
the  mudsills  and  mortar  blocks. 

The  back  knee  frame,  while  it  has  some  objections  is  considered  best 
for  a  battery  frame,  it  gives  a  solid  support  to  the  ore  bins,  and  the 
pull  of  the  belt  to  the  cam  shaft  is  downward.  However,  there  seems 
to  be  a  considerable  difference  of  opinion  among  mill  men  as  to  just 
where  the  driving  shaft  for  the  batteries  should  be  placed.  Many  in- 
sist that  the  shafting  be  placed  on  the  battery  sills,  while  others  main- 
tain that  it  is  better  to  place  this  shaft  on  an  approximate  level  with 
the  cam  shaft.  This  last  arrangement  has  two  or  three  advantages 
over  the  first.  There  is  less  vibration  at  this  point  than  on  the  battery 
sills,  less  dust  and  dirt,  and  the  use  of  the  belt-tightener  is  not  re- 
quired. The  life  of  the  belt  in  this  portion  is  much  longer,  as  has  been 
demonstrated  in  the  mills  of  South  Dakota,  where  the  two  arrangements 
have  been  used.  The  iron  battery  frame  has  gradually  come  into  use  in 
Austi  alia  :  this  has  added  much  to  the  appearance  of  the  stamp  mill,  but 
the  question  is  often  asked,  does  not  the  iron  frame  increase  the  vibra- 
tion produced  by  the  fall  of  the  stamp?  It  is  generally  supposed  that 
the  wood  frame  takes  up  this  vibration  better  than  iron  and  prevents  a 
crystallization  of  the  iron  work  of  the  battery.  This  question  is  often 
a  matter  of  controversy  between  mill  men,  but  the  experience  of  the 
Australian  mill  man  does  not  sustain  the  idea  of  crystallization,  for  many 
of  the  iron  frame  batteries  in  that  region  have  been  running  for  many 
years  without  any  serious  results.  The  design  of  the  mortar,  which  is 
seldom  ever  left  to  the  millwright  or  the  amalgamator,  becomes  an  inter- 
esting question,  for  the  character  of  the  ore  may  require  that  the  mortar 
be  made  an  amalgamating  machine  as  well  as  crushing;  in  that  case  the 
mortar  should  be  built  wide  and  deep,  after  the  fashion  of  the  Colorado 
or  Black  Hawk  mortar,  which  gives  room  for  both  back  and  front  in- 
side plates.  On  the  other  hand,  the  ore  may  be  of  such  a  class  that  in- 
side amalgamation  cannot  be  affected.  Notable  among  this  class  are 
milling  ores  of  Ouster  County,  Idaho.  Every  attempt  at  inside  amalgama- 
tion of  these  ores  has  reduced  the  percentage  of  extraction.  From  this 
experience  the  mill  men  of  this  district  have  learned  to  design  their 
mortar  as  a  crushing  machine ;  narrow,  with  a  shallow  discharge.  Again, 
we  may  bridge  between  these  two  extremes  and  design  a  mortar  with 
chuck  block  and  front  plate  only.  This  modification  is  to  be  recommended 
when  both  back  and  front  plates  cannot  be  used,  for  the  sooner  we  catch 
our  gold  the  less  chance  there  is  to  lose  it.  If  it  can  be  recovered  in 
the  mortar,  it  is  better  not  to  let  it  pass  out  in  order  to  catch  it  on  the 
table  outside ;  finally  these  different  modifications  become  a  business 
proposition  to  be  carefully  weighed  by  the  mill  manager,  as  to  whether  the 


International  Mining  Congress.  187 

increased  extraction  inside  the  mortar  will  make  up  for  the  loss  in  tonage 
by  inside  amalgamation. 

The  depth  of  discharge  or  the  distance  from  the  level  of  the  issue 
from  the  top  of  the  die  is  a  very  important  factor,  the  importance  of 
which  is  usually  underestimated.  In  the  deep  discharge  mills  of  Colorado 
the  distance  from  the  top  of  the  dies  to  issue  is  from  14  to  16  inches, 
while  in  many  other  milling  centers  the  discharge  is  less  than  2  inches. 
These  varying  conditions  usually  come  from  arranging  the  mortar  to  suit 
the  requirements  of  the  different  kinds  of  ores.  In  any  case  the  dis- 
charge should  be  kept  as  constant  as  possible.  It  is  better  to  put  more 
metal  in  the  stem  and  less  in  the  bosshead.  With  a  light  steel  tappit 
there  is  less  vibration  in  the  stem  and  consequently  longer  life.  With 
a  steel  tappit  and  the  end  of  the  cam  chilled  there  will  be  less  fric- 
tion and  little  wearing  of  cams. 

Shoes  and  dies  should  not  be  of  the  same  hardness ;  better  have  the 
shoes  of  steel  and  the  dies  of  cast  iron.  Use  the  individual  iron  guide ; 
it  is  preferable  to  any  wooden  guide. 

Tables  for  the  apron  plates  should  be  made  heavy  and  solid  and  of 
the  best  material ;  usually  3x5-inch  pipes  spiked  together  and  dressed  to 
an  even  surface  on  the  top  side,  1-6-inch  lower  in  the  center,  with  a  side 
rail  on  either  side  1^x10  inches.  This  will  make  a  solid  bed  for  the 
plates.  If  the  tables  are  long,  12  or  16  feet,  it  is  better  to  divide  them  into 
two  sections  of  6  to  8  feet  each,  with  a  drop  of  2  inches  between  the 
two.  The  pitch  of  the  tables  is  another  question  that  mill  men  do  not  al- 
w^ays  agree  upon.  The  tendency  in  later  years  is  to  give  the  plates  more 
pitch.  The  pulp  in  this  case  requires  less  water  and  gives  it  more  of  a 
rolling  motion ;  a  2  or  2^-inch  grade  seems  to  give  the  best  results. 

The  weight  of  the  stamp  varies  from  500  pounds  to  the  heavy  stamp 
of  1,250  pounds  or  more ;  only  the  prospecting  mills  have  lighter  weight. 
The  most  desirable  weight  for  a  given  ore  depends  much  more  than  is 
usually  supposed  upon  the  required  conditions  favorable  to  amalgama- 
tion. The  light  stamp  of  Colorado  is  an  outgrowth  of  one  of  the  condi- 
tions ;  while  on  the  other  extreme,  the  heavy,  quick  drop  of  California, 
is  desirable  on  account  of  its  great  crushing  capacity.  A  series  of  ex- 
periments carried  out  by  the  Alaska-Treadwell  Company,  among  others 
demonstrated,  was  that  a  stamp  heavier  than  1,000  pounds  was  a  good 
pulverizer,  but  not  a  good  amalgamator.  Likewise  the  same  conditions 
have  been  found  to  prevail  with  the  heavy  steam  stamp  on  gold  ores  of  the 
Black  Hills.  The  arrangement  in  the  order  of  drop  of  the  stamps  in  a 
battery  must  be  arranged  according  to  the  rock  required;  for  rapid  crush- 
ing order,  1,  5,  2,  4  and  3,  will  work  well,  while  for  the  long  slow  drop 
of  the  Colorado  mill  the  order  1,  5,  3,  2  and  4,  will  give  an  even  distribu- 
tion of  the  ore  in  the  battery.  The  order  1,  4,  2,  5  and  3,  for  heavy 
stamps  and  inside  plate,  amalgamation  will  give  good  results.  The  order 
5,  1,  3,  4  and  2,  commonly  used  in  Australia,  is  a  very  good  system,  but 
the  order  of  drop  is  more  a  fancy  of  the  mill  man,  rarely  any  two  men 
using  the  same  drop. 

We  find  in  general  stamp  mill  practice  three  classes  of  plates  in  use, 
the  plane  copper,  the  silver-plated  copper  and  the  Mutz  metal,  a  com- 
position plate,  60  per  cent  copper  and  40  per  cent  zinc;  while  the  plane 
copper  is  used  in  many  mills  it  is  not  to  be  recommended  in  any  instance ; 
although  its  first  cost  is  less,  it  will  not  compare  with  the  many  advant- 
ages that  the  heavy  silver-plated  plate  has  over  it ;  while  it  is  true  that 
in  time  the  silver-plating  will  wear  off  and  expose  the  copper,  and  in 
that  case  lose  some  of  its  efficiency,  it  still  can  be  plated  again,  for  no  large 
stamp  mill  is  complete  without  a  plating  arrangement.  Again,  an  old 
plate  will  always  buy  a  new  plated  one.  The  Mutz  metal  plate  used  in 
Australia,  in  some  instances  is  superior  to  the  silver-plated  copper;  its 
absorbing  power  for  mercury  is  limited,  and  is  much  more  easily  cleaned 
up  than  either  of  the  other  plates,  which  makes  it  better  for  test  runs 
or  custom  mills.  When  the  ores  contain  compounds  of  other  elements, 
which  will  cut  up  the  mercury,  the  composition  plate  is  preferable.  Again, 
it  is  said  that  the  zinc  in  Mutz  plates  sets  up  a  kind  of  galvanic  action 
which  has  a  tendency  to  purify  quicksilver.  The  "verdigris,"  so  annoy- 
ing to  the  mill  man,  never  forms  on  the  composition  plate,  but  all  con- 
ditions the  silver-plated  plate  is  superior  to  all  others.  The  sluice  plates 
should  be  made  at  least  as  wide  as  the  plates  above  instead  of  narrower, 
which  is  the  common  practice;  the  same  amount  of  pulp  and  water  must 


188  Official  Proceedings 

necessarily  pass  over  them  as  over  the  upper  plates,  and  the  gold  ex- 
pected to  be  caught  by  the  sluice  plate  is  finer  and  more  difficult  to  catch 
than  that  which  has  been  caught  on  the  plate  above ;  but  the  reverse  of 
this  is  generally  the  case.  In  most  mills  the  sluice  plates  are  much 
narrower,  sometimes  only  20  inches  wide  and  s-et  with  a  greater  angle  and 
the  little  gold  caught  is  more  by  accident  than  by  reason  of  design. 

It  occurs  to  me  that  they  are  excellently  devised  for  carrying  off  the 
mercury,  the  gold  and  everything  else  rather  than  arresting  what  has 
already  passed  the  tables  above.  The  quantity  of  water  used  is  usually 
about  750  gallons  per  ton  or  ofe  crushed ;  this  amount  is  sometimes 
varied  to  suit  the  specific  gravity  of  the  pulps ;  the  intention  being  to 
regulate  this  factor,  so  as  to  produce  a  slow  wave-like  motion  as  the 
pulp  passes  down  over  the  tables,  using  sufficient  water  to  prevent  the 
heavy  particles  of  ore  from  banking  on  the  place.  Warming  the  water 
for  amalgamation  and  concentration  in  winter  is  a  point  to  which  too 
little  attention  is  given.  This  can  be  accomplished  where  steam  power  is 
used  by  passing  the  exhaust  steam  through  a  coil  of  pipe  in  the  water 
tank.  Never  turn  the  exhaust  steam  into  the  water  tank.  The  water 
should  be  kept  at  an  even  temperature,  never  exceeding  70  degrees ;  fre- 
quently a  lower  temperature  will  do  better  work.  The  water  tanks 
should  be  so  arranged  as  to  give  a  constant  pressure  at  the  batteries, 
hydraulic  sizers  and  concentrators.  Every  stamp  mill,  no  matter  how 
small,  should  be  equipped  with  sizing  bars,  rock  breakers  and  automatic 
feeders ;  better  to  have  two  rock  breakers,  one  for  the  coarse  and  a 
smaller  one  for  the  fine  ore.  Uneven  ore,  sizing  and  irregular  feeding 
add  very  much  to  the  wear  and  tear  of  a  stamp  mill.  Do  not  try  to 
make  a  rock  breaker  out  of  your  mortar,  if  it  pulverizes  and  amalgamates 
your  ore  that  is  all  that  is  required.  It  has  been  thoroughly  demonstrated 
that  the  rock-breaker  is  a  great  saver  of  mortars,  shoes,  dies,  boss-heads, 
screens  and  so  forth.  The  time  lost  in  a  year  by  the  frequent  stoppage 
of  the  mill  in  order  to  replace  and  make  these  repairs  at  once  becomes  a 
monetary  question  which  must  be  added  to  the  cost  of  these  excessive 
repairs. 

A  stamp  mill  can  reach  maximum  capacity  only  through  the  aid  of  a 
perfect  system  of  rock-breaking,  sizing  and  automatic  feeding ;  besides, 
these  factors  are  an  efficient  aid  in  the  matter  of  amalgamation  and  con- 
centration. 

In  the  matter  of  machine  feeding,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  automatic 
feeder  is  superior  in  every  way  to  the  shovel,  for  man  is  human,  and  the 
temptations  known  to  stamp  mill  feeders  as  other  men  cause  them  occas- 
ionally to  neglect  their  duty.  Every  mill  should  have  an  automatic 
sampler  for  tailings.  This  is  an  apparatus  too  frequently  left  out  of  the 
mill  entirely.  The  lack  of  proper  tailing  samples  is  one  of  the  consequent 
losses  of  gold  due  toi  bad  milling,  which  is  the  result  of  ignorance  on  the 
part  of  the  mill  man  as  to  what  he  is  doing.  It  is  to  the  mill  owner's 
interest  to  know  just  what  is  being  lost  in  the  tailings.  It  is  to  the 
mill  man's  interest  to  have  the  tailings  run  low,  the  hand  sampler  will 
soon  learn  to  sample  an  idea  of  his  own,  while  an  automatic  sampling 
machine  cannot  be  coached.  The  grinding  pan  or  clean-up  barrel  is  another 
machine  frequently  left  out  in  the  construction  of  mills ;  many  mill  men 
object  to  these  as  an  aid  in  cleaning  the  residue  from  the  mortars  after 
taking  out  old  shoes  and  dies ;  they  claim  that  the  grinding  process  of 
the  machine  causes  the  mercury  to  flour  and  a  loss  is  sustained.  This 
loss  can  generally  be  prevented  by  giving  the  barrel  a  slower  motion  and 
adding  a  small  amount  of  perchloride  of  iron  to  the  contents  to  be  ground. 
Mercury  traps  should  not  be  discarded  where  amalgamation  is  carried  on 
by  stamp  mills.  The  arrangements  of  the  stamps  depends  somewhat  upon 
the  location  of  the  mill  site ;  if  the  site  is  level  and  the  mill  large,  it 
is  better  to  arrange  the  battery  in  two  rows  back  to  back ;  when  a  graded 
mill  site  is  used  on  a  sloping  hillside  the  batteries  are  arranged  in  one 
single  row ;  this  is  a  better  arrangement,  as  the  hillside  gives  the  desired 
elevation  for  the  different  departments  of  the  mill  and  makes  a  better 
condition,  for  lighting  the  building. 

The  stamp  mill  of  late  has  suffered}  much  in  reputation  from  the  fre- 
quent failure  of  the  designer  or  the  constructor  who  adopts  the  arrange- 
ment and  construction  of  his  mill  to  the  character  of  the  ore  to  be  treated. 
The  mine  owner  orders  his  reduction  plant  about  the  same  as  a  man  orders 


International  Mining  Congress.  189 

his  dinner ;  he  goes  to  the  agent  of  a  well-known  manufacturer  of  ma- 
chinery and  tells  him  about  the  mine  and  the  probable  character  of  the 
ore  and  then  leaves  the  plan  and  arrangement  of  the  mill  to  him,  the  same 
as  a  man  enters  a  restaurant  and  directs  the  head  waiter  to  serve  him  with 
a  good  lunch.  Mine  owners  do  not  like  to  spend  a  few  hundred  dollars  in 
advice  or  experiment  previous  to  the  construction  of  a  milling  plant ; 
but  actually  enjoy  ordering  a  $150,000  mill,  which  too  frequently 
after  being  completed  and  put  in  operation  thev  find  that  the  plant  or  pro- 
cess is  not  adapted  to  the  character  of  the  ore,  and  from  this 
frequent  haste  and  ill  judgment  we  find  so  many  failures  in 
our  mining  camp  which  are  monuments  to  folly,  and  the  hillsides  are 
dotted  with  the  silent  mill.  Only  recently  an  instance  of  this  kind  came 
under  my  observation;  a  supei intendent  of  a  mine  in  one  of  the  remote 
mining  districts  of  Idaho  wanted  a  fifty-ton  reduction  plant  for  his  mine. 
The  ore  was  of  the  hardest  kind  of  silicious  quartz.  An  agent  of  a  min- 
ing machinery  firm  recommended  that  Bryan  mills  would  be  about  the  thing 
for  this  ore ;  accordingly  a  pair  of  mills  were  ordered  with  a  complete  plant 
of  machinery ;  a  large  excavation  was  made  in  the  Mllside  and  without 
foundation  or  retaining  walls  a  building  was  erected,  the  machinery  in- 
stalled and  the  mill  started  up.  After  running  a  few  days  it  was  discovered 
that  instead  of  a  fifty-ton  plant  the  mill  would  treat  but  fifteen  tons,  after 
a  continued  run  of  a  few  days  longer  the  excavated  embankment  gave 
way,  carrying,  the  whole  building-  down  the  Mil,  throwing  the  shafting  out 
of  line,  leaving  the  engine  and  other  machinery  without  foundation ;  thus 
adding  another  silent  mill  to  the  already  increasing  number.  Among* 
these  many  failures  the  questions  often  come  up,  "Will  the  stamp  mill  con- 
tinue to  survive  amfid  the  many  inventions  daily  made ;  will  it  continue 
to  compete  successfully  with  the  unending  number  of  pulverizers  and  amal- 
gamators, together  with  the  array  of  new  processes  which  the  active  brain 
of  man  brings  forth  from  time  to  time?"  Looking  over  the  field  of  competi- 
tion and  the  continued  failure  of  the  army  of  ill-devised  machines  which 
their  originators  fondly  believed  would  revolutionize  the  reduction  of  ores 
there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  stamp  mills  will  continue  to  sur 
vive  amid  all  these  new  iinventions  and  enjoy  a  career  of  further  usefulness. 
In  conclusion,  to  mine  owners  and  millwrights  who  intend  to  build 
stamp  mills  ;  first  study  the  character  and  requirements  of  the  ore  to  be 
treated  and,  if  necessary,  go  to  some  expense  in  experimenting  to  find  out 
the  true  process  for  your  ore,  or,  better  still,  'employ  a  competent  ex- 
pert in  that  line  who  is  able  to  judge  which  is  the  r'eal  system  by  which  to 
treat  your  ore ;  that  done,  design  your  mill  according  to  these  conclusions ; 
employ  £he  most  competent  millwright  to  superintend  the  construction  of 
your  plant,  a  man*  who  can  run  the  mill  after  he  has  built  it,  and  under- 
stands every  detail  of  its  operations;  use  your  stamp  mill  intelligently 
and  observe  each  and  every  one  of  its  continued  operations ;  take  advant- 
age of  every  occasion  to  use  any  new  contrivance,  or  change,  which  ex- 
periment and  common  sense  may  sanction;  and  in  due  time  the  inventive 
genius  of  this  great  age  of  progress  may  produce  something  better  than 
the  stamp  mill  to  extract  from  its  hidden  recesses  the  yellow  metal,  the 
constant  want  of  which  is  the  continued  pain  of  many  and  its  abundance 
the  curse  of  others. 

MR.  FELTHAM,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  permit  me  to  ask 
the  gentleman,  do  we  understand  that  he  contends  that  the  stamp  mill 
at  the  present  time  is  the  most  perfect  system  of  reducing  ores  for  con- 
centration purposes,  or  does  he  apply  it  only  to  what  are  classed  as  free- 
milling  ores? 

MR.  DEMMING:  It  applies  to  free-milling  and  concentrates,  but 
not  for  all  concentrating*  ores. 

MR.  FELTHAM:  Your  paper,  then,  applied  only  to  that  class  of 
ores  that  carry  both  free  values  and  concentrates? 

MR.   DEMMING:     Yes. 

MR.  FELTHAM:  But  not  to  that  class  of  ores  that  are  in  fact 
concentrates,  such  as  the  lead  ores  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  district,  and  the 


190  Official  Proceedings 

sulphurets  of  these  campa  that  only  carry  free  gold  values  in  the  oxidized 
surface  ores. 

MR.  DEMMING :  Yes ;  I  do  not  refer  to  the  purely  concentrating 
ores. 

MR.  FELTHAM :  You  do  not  contend,  then,  that  the  stamp  mill  is  the 
proper  means  of  reduction  of  concentration  ores? 

MR.  DEMMING :     Not  for  all  ores,  I  do  not ;  no,  sir. 

MR.  FELTHAM:  I  would  like  to  hear  from  other  members  of  the 
Congress  on  this  question,  for  it  is  a  live  question  to  those  who  are  in- 
terested in  milling-  in  this  country.  This  part  of  the  world  is  very  largely 
a  base  ore  district.  There  is  very  little  free  gold  here  outside  of  the 
placers ;  and  this  question  of  reduction  for  concentration  purposes  is  one 
of  vital  importance  to  us. 

MR.  VOSS,  OF  OREGON :  Mr.  President,  in  reply  to  the  gentleman's 
question,  what  little  I  have  to  say  is  this: 

There  is  only  one  mill  built  in  the  world,  and  that  is  the  stamp 
mill ;  but  it  must  be  fully  equipped  for  the  treatment  of  all  kinds  of  ores. 
Where  you  have  ores  that  are  to  some  extent  refractory  but  carry  fre 
^values  you  can  amalgamate  them  first,  and  then  concentrate  them.  There 
are  many  mills  that  are  used  for  concentrating  purposes,  such  as  the 
Bryan,  Huntington,  and  various  others,  but  they  use  them  principally 
after  the  ores  have  gone  through  the  stamp  mill.  All  other  mills  par- 
take of  the  principle  of  the  stamp  mill.  With  the  exception  of  the  con- 
centrators only  minor  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  stamp  mill.' 

MR.  MULLEN,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  I  have  been  listening 
to  the  statements  about  stamp  mills,  and  I  want  to  say  that  for  about 
35  or  40  years  I  have  been  using  my  own.  I  own  them,  and  there- 
fore have  had  a  chance  to  experiment  with  different  processes  for  the  pul- 
verization of  ores.  I  want  to  ask  the  advocates  of  the  stamp  mill  if  there 
is  a  single  stamp  in  Nature's  pulverization?  Wasn't  it  all  by  attrition? 
The  beauty  of  the  stamp  mill  is  that  you  can't  injure  it.  You  can  teach 
a  man  to  feed  the  stamps,  and  he  can't  injure  it  by  his  own  carelessness. 
But  there  is  a  large  amount  of  lost  energy  every  time  the  stamps  are 
lifted.  The  only  'execution  it  does  is  at  the  moment  of  concussion. 

I  don't  condemn  stamp  mills,  but  I  do  say  that  there  are  other  mills 
that  are  superior;  to  the  stamp  mill  for  many  of  the  ores  of  different  dis- 
tricts. The  best  way  to  learn  the  value  of  a  stamp  mill,  or  other  mills, 
Huntingtons,  Ball  Roller  mills,  crushers  and  everything  else,  is  to  go  and 
find  a  mine,  and  then  get  different  kinds  of  mills,  and  go  broke  about 
fifteen  or  twenty  times,  as  1  have.  Then  you  will  know  more  about 
stamp  mills  than  you  can  eve'r  learn  from  a  paper. 

It  has  been  a  long  study  of  inventors  to  improve  stamp  mills,  so  that 
their  lost  energy  can  be  utilized,  but  they  haven't  done  it. 

All  machinery  needs  good,  common  sense  to  be  exercised  in  the  handling 
of  it  in  order  to  make  it  successful. 

MR.  STEPHENS,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  President,  I  would  like  to 
know  if  a  person  can  bring  up  a  subject  here  for  discussion  without  reading 
a  formal  paper  upon  this  subject?  Is  it  necessary  to  read  a  formal  paper 
in  oryler  to  bring  up  any  subject  for  discussion  before  this  Congress? 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  Not  at  all,  sir.  The  ordinary  method,  if 
a  desire  is  to  bring  up  a  subject,  would  be  to  introduce  a  resolution  on  that 


International  Mining  Congress.  191 

subject,  and  upon  the  incoming  of  the  report  of  the  committee  on  reso- 
lutions it  could  be  discussed. 

MR.  STEPHENS,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  President,  I  move  that  a 
committee  be  appointed  to  examine  the  laws  relating  to  the  creation  of 
the  mineral  land  commissioners,  for  the  purpose  of  proposing  amend- 
ments to  those  laws,  as  they  may  find  it  necessary.  Motion  seconded. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  subject  to  be  referred  to  the  Committee 
on  Resolutions? 

MR.  STEPHENS :     To  the  Committee  on  Resolutions. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  I  would  suggest  that  the  gentleman  put 
it  in  somewhat  this  form:  That  the  subject  that  he  indicates  be  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions,  with  the  request  that  they  formulale 
a  resolution  on  the  subject. 

MR.  STEPHENS:  I  think  that  is  very  elegantly  expressed  by  the 
chair.  I  will  adopt  that. 

The  particular  thing  that  I  am  interested  in  is  to  get  that  subject 
beforer  the  Congress,  as  we  are  a  mining  congress,  and  as  I  believe  it  Is  a 
good  thing  in  its  character. 

If  the  mineral  land  commissioners  are  not  acting  under  a  proper  law 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  the  mining  country  here  that  the  miners  will 
never  be  able  to  get  hold  of  for  any  particular  purpose.  You  can't  put 
stamps  on  them  or  anything  else.  There  was  a  law,  the  act  of  1895,  which 
takes  in  Telegragh  and  Missoula  Creeks  in  Montana,  and  it  takes  in  the 
Coeur  d'Alene  district  in  Idaho. 

MR.  FELTHAM,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  I  move  to  amend 
the  motion  to  the  effect  that  the  gentleman  from  Montana  be  requested  to 
formulate  his  ideas  in  the  form  of  a  resolution,  and  present  it  to  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions,  and  let  it  take  its  regular  course. 

Motion  seconded. 

MR.  STEPHENS  :     Very  well ;  I  will  be  glad  to  put  it  in  writing. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  chair  understands  that  the  gentleman 
from  Montana  intends  to  pursue  that  course,  without  the  necessity  of  put- 
ting the  motion.  Is  the  understanding  of  the  chair  correct? 

MR.  STEPHENS:     Yes,  sir. 

The  secretary  Tead  the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  we,  the  members  of  the  fourth  International  Mining 
Congress  do  most  heartily  'endorse  the  proposed  Lewis  and  Clark  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  to  be  held  in  Portland,  Oregon,  in  1905;  and  that  we 
especially  urge  upon  all  mining  corporations  and  individuals  interested  in 
mining  that  they  begin  at  once  to  collect  specimens,  to  the  end  that  the 
mining  exhibit  at  this  exposition  shall  be  the  most  complete  in  every  de- 
partment that'  the  world  has  eveT  s'een. 

Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  Committee  on  Permanent  Organiza- 
tion sends  the  following  communication,  and  asks  that  it  be  read : 

The  resolution  was  read  by  the  secretary,  as  follows: 

The  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization  upon  motion,  duly  made 
and  seconded,  has  resolved  to  recommend  to  the  Congress  at  its  forenoon 
session,  July  25th,  that  the  chair  announce  to  the  Congress  assembled, 
that  all  wishing  to  become  members  for  the  ensuing  year  give 
their  names  to  the  recording  secretaries  to  be  appointed  for  that  purpose 


192  Official  Proceedings 

and  pay  the  membership  fee  of  $5  to  such  secretaries,  who  will  issue  a 
receipt  for  such  sum,  to  be  later  on  substituted  by  certificates  of  mem- 
bership. 

The  two  secretaries  so  appointed  shall  take  their  positions  at  the 
door,  and,  as  the  Congress  passes  out,  or  before,  any  one  wishing  to  get 
his  receipt  may  do  so.  All  the  members  on  the  permanent  organization 
have  paid  their  dues  for  the  ensuing  year. 

V.   G.  HILLS,   Secretary. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  next  order  of  business  is  a  paper  by 
Mr.  W.  R.  Everett,  of  Chicago;  subject,  "Honest  Methods  of  Promotion.' 

Mr.  Everett  read  the  following  paper: 

HONEST  METHODS  IN  MINE  PROMOTING. 

The  importance  of  the  mining  industry  in  advancing  the  wealth  and 
power  of  the  nation  and  the  welfare  of  the  people  can  scarcely  be  over- 
estimated. 

In  the  year  1900  this  industry  contributed  nearly  $115,000,000  in  divi- 
dends to  the  nation's  wealth.  Nearly  30  per  cent,  of  the  people  of  this 
country  are/  dependent  directly  or  indirectly  upon  it.  It  affects  the  entire 
community  more  largely  than  any  other  and  more  directly  than  any  other 
excepting-  only  the  production  of  food  stuffs.  '. 

But,  while  the  welfare  of  the  public  is  largely  dependent  upon  mining 
and  its  allied  and  kindred  interests,  the  industry,  for  its  advancement,  at 
least,  is  dependent  upon  the  public. 

A  mine  begins  as  a  prospect ;  a  potential  source  of  wealth.  It  needs  the 
power  of  capital  to  delve  into  the  mountains  and  to  uncover  and  extract 
the  precious  values.  The  great  mass  of  the  people  are,  generally  speak- 
ing, the  source  of  this  necessary  capital. 

While  this  Congress  properly  should  and,  indeed,  has  considered  the 
industry  from  many  standpoints,  and  has  considered  technically  the  proper 
treatment  of  ores,  the  prospector,  it  ought  to  devote  some  time 
to  a  consideration  of  the  proper  treatment  of  the  public  which  is  so  very 
directly  interested  in  the  industry,  and  in  which  the  industry  is  so  directly 
interested.  Indeed,  the  public  is  as  important  a  factor  in  the  future  of 
a  property  as  is  its  hidden  values.  Once  found,  the  proper  development  and 
the  proper  treatment  of  both  are  equally  important. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  mining  is  a  legitimate  undertaking, 
as  legitimate  as  any  business  venture.  In  fact,  the  chances 
of  success  in  the  mining  industry  are  probably  better  than 
the  chances  offered  by  any  other  business.  Statistics  demonstrate  that 
above  90  per  cent,  of  commercial  ventures  result  'in  failure ;  a  record  that 
the  mining  industry  does  not  approach.  There  is  less  competition ;  there 
is  always  a  market  for  the  output  and  comparatively  small  capital  is  re- 
quired. A  mine,  like  a  grocery  store,  must  be  run  on  business  principles. 
A  business  will  not  run  itself  except  into  failure. 

There  are  many  instances  where  mining  properties  have,  proven  un- 
profitable to  the  owners  solely  because  of  in  competency  in  the  manage- 
ment. The  same  incompetency  in  the  mercantile  field  would  inevitably 
result  in  loss.  In  any  business  there  is  a  close  relationship  between  ex- 
penditure and  income.  A  proper  harmonious  balance  results  in  success ;  a 
disregard  of  such  balance  results  in  failure. 

Properly  conducted,  assuming  the  possession  of  a  mine  to  begin  with, 
mining  is  more  universally  profitable  for  the  invested  capital  than  any 
other  industry.  There  are  so  manv  unknowable  conditions  absent  in  prac- 
tical mining  which  are  only  too  apparent  in  many  other  lines ;  fluctuations 
both  of  raw  material  and  finished  product,  overproduction  and  changeable 
and  fickle  markets  cause  the  miner  comparatively  no  uneasiness ;  while 
and  fickle  markets  cause  the  miner  comparatively  no  uneasiness,  while 
driving  the  merchant  and  manufacturer  to  despair.  If  the  figures  were 
available  they  would  demonstrate  this ;  considering  on  both  sides  only  in- 
vestments made  with  judgment  and  discrimination  and  confining  the  test 
to  enterprises  conducted  on  thorough  business  principles. 


International  Mining  Congress.  193 

Our  coal  and  oil  barons  and  our  gold,  silver  and  copper  kings  are 
independent,  practically,  of  all  outside  conditions.  Their  market  is  se- 
cuie.  The  demand  for  their  product  is  always  pressing.  Their  wealth 
is  inexhaustible.  More  safely  invested  than  in  bonds ;  more  securely 
kept  than  in  banks.  When  they  need  cash  they  simply  go  to  the  bowels  of 
the  earth  and  bring  it  forth. 

Any  mine,  of  whatever  nature,  begins  with  the  discovery  of  certain 
surface  indications.  And,  of  course,  there  is  much  question  as  to  the 
future  of  any  mere  prospect,  but  Nature  seldom  works  hap-hazard.  Though 
her  laws  seem  intricate  and  many,  they  are  sample  and  few. 

Under  natural  conditions  the  geologist  can  read  the  story  of  her  work- 
ings through  past  ages.  The  history  of  the  planet  has  been  found  and 
translated  in  the,  sequence  of  conditions  preserved  in  the  regularity  of 
deposits  and  formations.  It  is  all  comparatively  plain  to  the  trained 
student. 

True,  great  cataclysms,  upheavals  and  slides  have  occurred  and  in 
their  effects  present  many  and  new  conditions.  But  th'ese  unnatural  con- 
ditions can  be  discovered,  known  and  understood.  The  rocks  are  open 
books  to  him  who  will  only  investigate  sufficiently.  It  is  not  the  unkn  w- 
able  conditions  that  render  hazardous,  but  rather  the  unnoticed  surround- 
ings. 

The  diamond  drill  spreads  before  the  Investigators'  eyes  the  pages  of 
the  book  which  lie  far  beneath  the  surface,  and  together  with  the  surface 
surroundings  give  incontrovertible  evidence  of  the  value  of  the  property. 
Where  formerly  we  depended  on  indications  and  guess  work,  now  we  can 
examine  conditions  and  know. 

There  is  no  'room  for  chance  in  successful  mining.  It  must  be  elimi- 
nated. A  careful  estimate  of  the  wealth  of  mining  men  in  the  United 
States  demonstrates  that  for  every  $4  made  in  the  industry  $3  is  the 
result  of  hard  work,  thorough  investigation  of  all  conditions,  study,  care 
and  shrewdness  in  business  methods. 

Chance  may  be  a  factor  in  tihe  procuring  of  a  property,  but  there  its 
operation  ceases.  The  success  of  failure  which  follows  depends  on  busi- 
ness ability  and  judgment.  The  odds  are  3  to  1  in  favor  of  work  and 
ability  against  chance  and  luck. 

Chance  always  has  and  always  will  play  an  important  part  in  the  orig- 
inal discovery.  The  records  of  the  West  are  full  of  romantic  discoveries, 
lucky  chances  and  even  ludicrous  and  ridiculous  events  leading  to  the  loca- 
tion of  rich  strikes. 

There  is  the  story  of  the  Bunker  Hill  mine,  which  received  attention 
at  the  hands  of  the  District  Court  at  Murray,  Idaho.  The  facts  briefly 
are  that  back  in  '85  Cooper  &  Peck,  of  Murray,  Idaho,  grub-staked  on  Kel- 
logg, and  part  of  the  outfit  was  a  burro.  Making  the  story  brief,  the  trip 
was  unproductive  and  the  partnership  dissolved.  Sometime  afterward  the 
prospector  and  a  partner  went  back  into  the  hills,  where  he  discovered 
his  former  companion,  the  burro.  One  night  the  burro  broke  loose,  and 
in  the  morning  when  the  two  men  found  the  animal  he  was  standing 
on  an  outcropping  mineral  vein,  and  the  while  gazing  at  a  spot  where 
was  found  another  outcrop.  The  property  was  afterwards  sold  for  $1,500,- 
000.  Cooper  &  Peck  started  legal  proceedings,  asking  for  an  interest  in 
the  mine  on  the  ground  that  the  burro  they  had  furnished  was  the  real 
discoverer  of  the  property.  Judge  Henry  Bnck,  in  his  decision,  stated, 
"That  the  Court  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  Bunker  Hill  mine  was  dis- 
covered by  the  jackasses  O'Rourke  and  Kellog,"  and  inasmuch  as  the 
learned  judge  finally  gave  a  half  interest  in  the  property  to  the  claimants, 
he  must  have  considered  that  the  brain  power  demonstrated  by  the  jack- 
ass equaled  that  of  the  two  prospectors.  While  it  is  true  that  some  jack- 
asses are  successful  prospectors,  or  even  the  converse,  it  would  be  unsafe, 
however,  to  always  depend  on  the  discoveries  of  jackass  prospectors. 

After  the  discovery  chance  must  be  absolutely  eliminated  for  knowl- 
edge and  ability  in  all  future  operations.  As  I  have  said  the  mining 
industry  needs  the  public,  because,  generally  speaking,  every  mine  is  dis- 
covered by  a  prospector.  If  there  'is  any  one  thing  a  prospector  has  not 
got,  it  is  capital  to  investigate  and  develop  his  find. 

In  mining  as  elsewhere,  it  takes  money  to  make  money.  Now  it  is 
comparatively  easy  to  get  money  for  mining  ventures.  In  fact,  statistics 
demonstrate  that  $2  has  gone  into  mining  for  every  $1  taken  out. 


194  Official  Proceedings 

It  is  human  nature  to  want  something  for  nothing.  It  is  enticing 
to  dream  of  large  returns  from  insignificant  investments.  It  is  positively 
hypnotic  to  think  of  finding  precious  metal,  coal  or  oil,  a  cornucopia,  flow- 
ing streams  of  plenty,  of  affluence  right  from  the  ground.  No  work  nor 
worry.  It  is  there  in  the  ground  beneath  one's  foot.  The  wealth  of  Midas 
waiting  for  the  stroke  of  the  Miner  Moses  to  gush  forth  in  overwhelming 
quantities.  The  shrewd  promoter  takes  advantage  of  the  cupidity  and 
avarice  of  the  people  and  money  flows  in  streams  from  the  public  into  the 
widely-advertised  new  camps,  and  from  that  portion  least  able  to  lose, 
except,  having  but  litfle  to  lose,  in  losing  all  they  lose  only  a  little.  Un- 
fortunately, most  of  this  money  sinks  like  water  into  the  desert  sands, 
and  is  lost  so  far  as  its  intended  usefulness  is  concerned.  Of  all  the 
money  put  by  a  trustful  public  into  mining  ventures  but  a  small  propor- 
tion goes  into  mining.  The  mine  promoter  grows  richer,  but  the  mining 
business  and  the  mines  suffer.  The  mining  promoter  today,  in  many  s'ec- 
tions,  is  considered  but  little  better  than  a  criminal,  a  confidence  man, 
and,  in  many  instances,  rightly  so. 

In  Minneapolis,  just  last  month,  another  mining  bubble  exploded. 
Th'e  American  Mining  &  Investment  Co.,  with  assets  consisting  of  a 
capital  of  $1,000,  aside  from  its  chief  resource,  which  was  a  conscienceless 
rogue  with  ability  and  nerve  to  write  a  lying  prospectus,  sold  stock  in  a 
number  of  so-called  mines,  with  pleasing  names,  and  realized  upwards 
of  $300,000,  perhaps  more.  This  was  money  which  went  into  mining 
companies,  but  not  into  mines,  and  was  lost. 

It  is  difficult  to  find  words  in  which  to  properly  characterize  acts 
of  this  kind1  of  brokerage.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  highway  rob- 
bery and  burglary  become  commonplace  as  compared  with  the  enormity 
of  such  fraud  and  deceit  as  appear  to  have  been  practiced  by  this  concern. 
Yet  it  is  questionable  if  the  laws  of  Minnesota  or  any  other  State  can 
properly  reach  thes'e  men. 

If  they  do  escape  punishment,  then  surely  there  is  need  for  an 
active  and  influential  committee  of  this  assemblage  on  revision  of  the  Crim- 
inal Code;  to  make  the  laws  specially  potent  in  punishing  swiftly  and 
surely  all  such  practices  ;  "to  make  the  punishment  fit  the  crime." 

Overcapitalization  in  mining  properties  is  a  great  and  widespread 
mistake.  No  other  legitimate  industry  ia  so  afflicted.  Things  in  this 
world  usually  cost  just  about  what  they  are  worth,  or,  perhaps,  a  little 
more.  Stock  in  a  million-dollar  mining  proposition  selling  for  one  cent 
per  share  is  usually  a  little  high.  Why  not  incorporate  for  a  reasonable 
figure  and  sell  the  stock  at  only  a  slight  discount? 

Of  course,  overcapitalization  has  been  long  practiced  and,  of  course, 
the  laws  of  the  mining  States  sanction  it.  But  neither  the  sanction  of 
usage  nor  of  absolute  law  make  the  practice  either  good  morals  or  good 
policy.  It  is  not  an  evidence  of  the  knowledge  nor  even  the  faith  of  the 
incorporators.  as  to  the  merit  of  the  property,  but  simply  of  their  fancy, 
even  when  it  is  honestly  or  mistakenly  done.  Usually  it  is  done  with  no 
further  or  more  honorable  purpose  than  to  mine  the  pubKc.  If  mining 
ventures  were  taxed  on  their  capitalization  it  would  discourage  the  practice. 
And  why  not? 

The  incorporators  sell  a  prospect  to  a  company  for  $1,000,000  in  stock. 
Surely  this  means  that  the  property,  potentially,  is  worth  the  price.  The 
stock  is  offered  to  the  public  on  that  supposition,  to-wit :  Some  day.  with 
development,  this  stock  will  be  worth  par  and  in  that  hope,  if  not  belief, 
the  public  buys.  The  public  ought  to  know  it  is  being  swindled.  I  say  swin- 
dled because  the  statistics  demonstrate  that  $2  goes  into  mining  ventures 
for  every  $1  that  comes  out,  which  proves  that  some  one  has  been  mis- 
representing the  facts  as  to  the  large  majority  of  the  ventures. 

If  the  State  would  say  to  the  incorporators,  you  can  fix  the  values  of 
your  property  as  you  please,  but  you  will  be  taxed  on  that  valuation, 
this  species  of  frauds  would  cease ;  or,  supposing  the  taxation  was;  limited 
to  stock  issued,  a  very  modest  tax  would  suffice.  For  development  fund* 
treasury  stock  could  be  issued  at  par  or  a  slight  discount.  The  net  re- 
turns to  the  public  would  be  as  large  as  under  the  present  system,  but 
the  promoter  would  get  less.  One  one-hundredth  of  the  capital  stock  of 
any  honestly  administered  corporation  will  receive  1-100  of  the  profits, 
so  that  having  a  single  $10  share  of  stock  in  a  $1,000  corporation  is 
exactly  the  same  as  having  10,000  shares  in  a  $1,000.000  corporation  : 


International  Mining  Congress.  195 

but  the  public  doesn't  understand  these  mathematics.  The  promoter  finds 
it  easier  to  sell  the  10,000  shares  at  10  per  cent,  than  to  sell  100  at}  par. 

Misrepresentation  is  another  evil.  I  recently  read  a  mining  pros-*- 
pectus  which  was  a  work  of  art.  It  graphically  described  a  magnificent 
property  with  a  shaft  down  eight  feet  and  a  tunnel  in  12  feet.  A  second 
shaft  had  been  sunk  something  over  six  feet,  and  the  ore  was\  so  valuable 
that  She  shaft  had  been  refilled.  This  bonanza  vein  was  to  be  saved  for1 
the  benefit  of  the  stockholders,  which  closely  approaches  philanthropy  on 
the  part  of  the  originators  of  the  enterprise.  Most  mining  men  are  selfish ; 
when  they  find  a  great  body  of  ore  averaging  up  in  the  thousands  they 
keep  it  all.  They  don't  let  the  public  in. 

Now,  if  the  law  will  prevent  oleomargarine  being  sold  as  butter, 
why  not  prohibit  selling  prospects  as  mines?  Or,  as  a  prospect  may  some 
day  become  a  mine,  if  the  law  prohibits  the  sale  of  "bob1"  veal,  which,  in 
due  course,  might  become  beef,  why  not  insist  that  a  prospect  must  stay 
a  prospect  and  be  called  a  prospect  until  its  youth  is  passed?  No  absolute 
rule  can  be  fashioned,  but  surely  an  eight-foot  shaft  and  a  twelve-foot 
tunnel  could  be  put  into  the  prospect  class. 

Just  recently  I  read  of  a  billion-  dollar  mining  incorporation  in 
New  York,  and  Morgan  wasn't  in  it,  either.  Two  women  in  New  York 
and  some  prospect  holes  in  Nevada  made  up  this  combination.  I  presume 
the  stock  will  be  offered  below  par  to  the  first  subscribers  as  an  incentive 
to  purchase  early  and  avoid  the  rush.  I  think  the  company  is  overcapital- 
ized and  possibly  will  make  some  misrepresentations  'in  its  prospectus  of 
important  details  concerning  its  properties,  but  the  pictures  and  promises 
will  undoubtedly  be  glorious. 

The  total  capitalization  of  the  various  companies  operating  in  Texas  oil- 
fields is  probably  several  billions.  This  stock  is  now  being  sold  broad- 
cast at  prices  from  1  to  25  per  cent.  I  judge  it  costs  about  50  per  cent, 
of  the  receipts  to  meet  the  selling  expense,  to  which  must  be  added  commis- 
sions. The  amount  of  money  going  into  "mining  companies"  might  toe 
estimated,  but  that  going  into  mining  can  only  be  guessed  at. 

It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  where  one  mine  so  capitalized  and  pro- 
noted  with  the  public  has  proven  successful,  probably  20  have  failed. 
Some  of  them,  perhaps,  for  lack  of  proper  management,  but  most  of  them 
surrounded  by  such  circumstances  as  amounts  to  nothing  but  fraud  on 
the  public.  This  principle  that  "the  public  be  damned"  is  wrong.,  The 
confidence  of  the  public  in  the  mining  industry  must  be  preserved;  I  had 
well  nigh  said  restored.  But,  unfortunately,  "a  sucker  is  born  every 
minute,"  as  the  saying  goes,  and,  unfortunately,  easy  money,  money  without 
work,  is  so  tempting,  and,  unfortunately,  it  is  so  'easy  to  tempt  the  public. 
But,  fortunately,  and,  in  spite  of  it  all,  the  mining  industry  can  still 
place  some  reliance  in  the  public. 

The  remedy  for  past  mistakes  and  the  safeguard  for  the  future  is 
simply  that  ordinary  business  practices  be  applied  to  the  promotion  and 
conduct  of  the  mining  industry.  In  business  "Honesty  is  th"e  best  policy;*' 
why  not  in  mining?  With  modern  methods  of  expert  investigation  min- 
ing enterprises  can  be  demonstrated  within  the  limits  of  the  examination; 
at  least  with  as  much  certainty  as  can  any  business  enterprise.  Hence 
a  meritorious  proposition  can  be  offered  the  public  as  an  investment  and 
not  as  a  gamble. 

Why  offer  a  gamble  when  a  business  proposition  is  possible?  Or 
if  it  is  a  gamble,  let  us  call  it  that.  There  are  many  people  who  like 
to  gamble,  but  don't  get  the  innocent  'into  a  shell  game  when  he  thinks 
it's  some  other  kind  of  a  game. 

There  is  no  difficulty  in  selling  a  demonstrated  mine,  individual 
purchasers  are  always  ready.  But  in  dealing  with  an  individual  the  broker 
must  show  the  goods ;  in  dealing  with  the  public  pictures  and  promises 
seem  to  answer. 

The  mine  broker  who  sells  as  distinguished  from  him  who  "promotes" 
deserves  some  attention.  He  is  of  a  more  honorable  class  than  tha^ 
above  referred  to,  but  too  often  he,  too,  is  a  parasite. 

In  Salt  Lake  recently  I  heard  of  this  case:  A  prospector  optioned 
his  claim  to  broker  No.  1  for  $40,000.  No.  1  turns  it  over  to^  No.  2,  and 
adds  $10,000  to  the  price.  No.  2  passes  it  to  No.  3,  3  to  4,and  sq 
on;  finally  the  property  was  sold  in  New  York  for  .$175,000.  The 
owner  probably  asked  all  the  property  \vas  reasonably  worth,  but 


196  Official  Proceedings 

suppose  the  brokers  needed  the  money.  However,  such  deals  do  not  add 
materially  to  the  standing  of  mining  brokerage  as  a  business. 

It  has  seemed  to  me  that  this  entire  subject  should  receive  careful 
and  considerable  attention  at  the  hands  of  this  Congress.  I  would  suggest 
the  establishment  of  a  permanent  committee  of  this  association  to  con- 
duct a  bureau  of  infoimation.  The  members  would  gladly,  I  think,  rep- 
resent tEe  bureau  in  their  several  communities  and  furnish  information 
concerning  mines,  etc.,  located  in  their  vicinity.  A  very  small  fee  per 
inquiry  would  maintain  the  bureau.  There  are  several  such  institutions, 
but,  being  individual  enterprises  or  conducted  as  an  adjunct  to  news- 
papers or  journals,  they  are  open  to  the  suspicion  of  ulterior  motives.  Such 
a  bu'reau  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  this  Congress  would  be  above 
all  suspicion. 

There  should  be  uniformity  amongsjt  all  mining  exchanges  as  to  the 
rules  governing  the  listing  of  properties,  uniformity  as  to  the  classes  of 
prospects  and  mines.  All  mining  stocks  should  be  registered  and  trans- 
ferred by  responsible  agents.  Over  issue  of  stock  is  not  an  infrequent 
crime.  It  can  and  should  be  prevented.  Real  estate  exchanges  assume 
the  control  of  'real  estate  agents  and  brokers.  Their  commissions  and 
charges  for  various  services  are  fixed  by  these  exchanges  with  no  war- 
rant of  law,  but  nevertheless  are  adopted  as  law  by  the  courts.  With 
perfect  propriety  this  Congress  might  assume  a  similar  prerogative ;  it 
should,  at  least,  in  strong  language  recommend  all  these  protective  meas- 
ures to  those  interested — mining  exchanges,  brokers  and  the  public.  A 
permanent  committee  should  continue  the  matter  if  no  other  definite 
action  is  now  taken.  By  another  year  the  method  of  eliminating  many 
of  the  present  evils  can  be  determined.  An  association  such  as  this  In- 
ternational Mining  Congress  possesses  great  moral  power.  Properly  di- 
rected this  association  by  moral  force  can  accomplish  the  correction  of 
the  most  crying  evils  at  least. 

To  sum  up  I  would  suggest  that  we  discard  old  methods.  That  the 
confidence  of  the  public  is  too  important  a  factor  in  the  success  of  the 
mining  industry  to  be  destroyed  for  the  benefit  of  the  few ;  that  this 
Congress  take  measures  to  protect  the  public1  for  the  benefit  of  the  mining 
Industry ;  that  by  means  of  a  bureau  of  information  these  brokers  and 
promoters  who  will  not  deal  honestly  and  fairly  with  the  public  be  made 
so  to  do;  that  by  means  of  a  committee  on  laws  this  Congress 
endeavor  to  procure  legislation  that  will  especially  punish  fraud  and 
deceit  in  mining  practices,  and  that  we  bend  every  effort  to  secure  and 
enforce  honest  methods  in  promotion,  and  thus  try  to  achieve  the  greatest 
good  to  the  greatest  number. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  The  next  order  of  business  is>  the  reading 
of  a  paper  by  Prof.  E.  Howorth,  of  Lawrence,  Kansas,  on  the  subject 
of  "Geology  of  Kansas." 

PROF.  HOWORTH,  OF  KANSAS :  Mr.  President,  I  have  a  paper 
here,  but  nobody  wants  to  hetvr  long  papers  at  this  late  stage  of  the 
proceedings.  Therefore,  I  will  not  read  it,  but  ask  that  it  be  pub- 
lished! in  the  proceedings  of  the  Congress.  (Applause.) 

Prof.  Howorth's  paper  is  as  follows: 

GEOLOGY  AND  MINING  INTERESTS  OF  KANSAS. 

A  few  weeks  ago  His  Excellency,  the  Governor  of  Kansas,  in  ac- 
cordance "with  a  letter  sent  him  by  the  honorable  secretary  of  this  Con- 
gress, requested  me  to  prepare  a  paper  on  the  geology  and  mining  inter- 
ests of  Kansas. 

GENERAL  GEOLOGY.— The  general  geology  of  Kansas  is  quite  well 
known  as  accounts  of  it  have  been  published  from  time  to  time  during 
the  last  20  years.  The  State  is,  approximately.  400  miles  long  and  200 
miles  wide.  The  oldest  formations  lie  to  the  east  and  southeast,  with 
newer  ones  continuously  coming  in  as  one  passes  westward.  In  the 
extreme  southeast  the  sub-carboniferous,  or  Mississippian,  limestones  and 
shales  cover  an  area  not  exceeding  30  square  miles.  These  are  the  pro- 
ducers of  lead  and  zinc  ores  and  the  only  rocks  thus  far  known  to  carry 


International  Mining  Congress.  197 

enough  lead  and  zinc  to  be  of  any  practical  importance  to  commerce,  al- 
though traces  of  such  ores  have  been  found,  here  and  there,  almost  all 
over  the  eastern  fourth  of  the  State.  The  sub -carboniferous  rocks  dip 
westward  and  soon  pass  hundreds  of  feet  beneath  the  overlying  forma- 
tions. 

THE  COAL  MEASURES.— Immediately  above  the  sub-carboniferous 
rocks  may  be  found  the  coal  measures.  This  formation  covers  about  2,000 
square  miles,  extending  entirely  across  the  State  from  north  to  south 
and  from  the  eastern  line  westward  to  its  junction  with  the  overlying 
Permian.  They  have  a  maximum  thickness  of  not  less  than  3,500  feet; 
they  produce  all  the  coal  marketed  from  the  State,  except  a  small  amount 
from  the  cretaceous  beds  farther  west.  They  also  are  the  only  oil  and 
gas  producers  thus  far  known,  although  recent  prospecting  gives  great 
hope  of  heavy  productions  from  the  cretaceous  shales. 

THE  PERMIAN. — Above  the  coal  measure  and  overlying  them,  is 
a  heavy  mass  of  limestone  and  shales,  commonly  called  Permian.  This 
formation  occupies  a  zone  from  50  to  75  miles  wide,  extending  across 
the  State  from  north  to  south.  On  the  south  it  joins  the  so-called  red 
beds,  extending  west  almost  to  the  southwest  corner  of  the  State.  It 
seems  the  lower  part  of  the  red  beds  are  Permian,  while  the  upper  part 
appears  to  be  Triassic  and  possibly  is  the  continuation  of  the  red  Triassic 
formation  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  Farther  north  the  Permian  is 
immediately  overlaid  by  the  Dakota  Cretaceous. 

THE  CRETACEOUS. — The  cretaceous  rocks  cover  all  the  State  ly- 
ing wesit  of  the  Permian  and  the  red  beds.  They  may  be  divided  into 
five  parts,  which  are,  from  the  base  upwards,  the  Caminayche,  Dakota, 
Benton,  Niobrara  and  Fort  Pierre.  Above  the  western  part  of  the  creta- 
ceous is  a  thin  cover  of  alluvial  deposits,  known  as  the  Tertiary.  This 
is  a  portion  of  the  sand  and  silt  and  gravel  deposits  covering  practically 
all  of  the  great  plains  from  Mexico  to  Canada  and  beyond,  known  in  the 
north)  asi  the  Bad  Lands  and  by  different  names  in  other  parts  of  the 
plains  area.  It  reaches  a  maximum  thickness  in  Kansas  of  about  250 
to  300  feet  and  covers  approximately  to  the  western  fourth  of  the  State. 
The  rings  and  lesser  streams  almost  invariably  cut  through  it,  reveal- 
ing cretaceous  rocks  along  their  banks  and  bluffs.  This  is  particularly 
true  of  the  Arkansas  and  the  Smoky  Hill,  each  of  which  has  cut  out  its 
channel  down  into  the  cretaceous,  leaving  the  Tertiary  sands  covering  the 
high  upland  on  the  other  side. 

Thus  far  the  Tertiary  has  produced  nothing  of  commercial  value, 
excepting  some  valuable  fossils  for  which  paleontologists  occasionally  pay 
exorbitant  prices. 

MINING. — The  mining  products  of  Kansas  are  not  as  varied  as 
those  in  some  other  States.  They  are :  lead,  zinc,  coal,  oil  and  gas,  sal- 
gypsum,  clay,  building  stone  and  sand.  They  will  be  discussed  briefly 
in  the  order  named. 

LEAD  AND  ZINC. — The  lead  and  zinc  ores  of  Kansas,  so  far  aa 
development  has  yet  shown,  lie  in  the  sub-carboniferous  or  Mississippian 
rocks  in  the  southeast  part  of  the  State.  Mining  operations  were  begun 
here  in  the  spring  of  1876  by  the  discovery  of  lead  ore  in  Short  Creek 
valley.  About  a  year  later,  however,  before  much  mining  was  done, 
unusually  rich  deposits  of  ore  were  found  where  the  town  of  Galena  now 
stands.  In  three  months  time  a  mining  camp  of  5,000  people  had  sprung 
up  carrying  with  it  the  usual  accompaniments  of  mining  camps  in  the 
West.  The  mines  about  Joplin,  Missouri,  had  been  in  operation  for  some 
years  before  and  a  zinc  smelter  had  been  established  at  Wier  City  for 
nearly  four  years.  At  that  time  lead  ore  was  selling  at  nearly  double 
the  price  it  now  brings,  while  zinc  ore  was  less  valuable  than  at  present. 
On  this  account  the  zinc  ore  was  largely  neglected  and  many  old  dump 
piles  produced  in  those  early  days  have  since  been  worked  over  for  the 
zinc  they  contain. 

The  ores  occurring  at  this  place  are  almost  entirely  galena,  or  the 
sulphide  of  lead,  and  zinc  blende,  or  the  sulphide  of  zinc.  A  small 
amount  of  secondary  ores,  sulphates  and  carbonates  produced  by  weather- 
ing are  sometimes  found.  The  ores  occur  principally  in  flint  rock  or 
chert,  yet  they  are  found  sometimes  in  fractured  limestone  and  occasion- 
ally in  less  amounts  in  large  fissures  which  have  been  almost  entirely  filled 


i98  Official  Proceedings 

with  the  one  time  overlying  coal  measure  shales.  The  flint  is  exceed- 
jngly  abundant  and  very  interesting  in  its  manner  of  occurrence.  It 
abounds  throughout  the  whole  of  the  southwest  mining  territory,  but  per- 
haps is  more  concentrated  at  Galena  than  any  other  one  place.  It  is 
so  intimately  associated  and  interbedded  with  limestone  that  the  two 
seem  to  have  had  a  synchronous  origin.  It  is  full  of  fracture  seams  of 
great  variety  and  form,  producing  endless  variations  in  the  character  of 
openings1.  Doubtless  much  of  the  limestone  has  been  dissolved  out  through 
weathering  "agencies,  which  likewise  has  helped  in  the  production  of 
ground  openings.  The  ores  are  found  in  such  cavities  almost  infinitely 
more  irregular  in  details  than  the  human  mind  can  conceive,  yet  always 
fully  within  this  scope  of  conditions  produced  by  earth  tremors  and  the 
solvent  action  of  water. 

There  is  such  an  intimate  relation  between  the  occurrence  of  ore 
and  the  presence  of  flint  rock  that  the  miners  about  Galena  almost  in- 
variably stop  when  they  pass  from  flint  rock  into  limestone.  Whether 
pr  not  this  is  a  correct  method  of  procedure  may  be  questioned,  but  it 
is  given  simply  as  a  matter  of  hi&tory. 

It  may  be  well  doubted  if  another  place  can  be  found  in  the  world 
where  lead  and  zinc  ores  are  mined,  unassociated  with  the  precious  metals, 
that  will  surpass  in  richness  the  Galena  area.  Here  we  find  that  practi- 
cally from  four  square  miles,  and  through  a  period  of  almost  unprece- 
dentedly  low  prices  for  ore  Kansas  has  produced  in  about  20  years' 
time  lead  and  zinc  ores  aggregating  nearly  $33,000,000  in  value.  Her 
greatest  production  was  in  1809,  when  it  surpassed  two  and  one-half 
millions  in  value.  This  represents  the  value  of  the  ore  at  the  mines  and 
not  of  the  metal  contents;  should  the  latter  be  given  the  figures  would  be 
carried  well  up  towards  the  fifty  million  mark. 

Kansas  has  in  her  territories  extensive  zinc  smelters  and,  from 
time  to  time,  has  likewise  operated  lead  smelters.  The  first  zinc  smelter 
in  the  State  was  established  at  Wier  City,  in  the  southwest  corner 
county,  in  1873.  From  this  little  beginning,  the  zinc  smelting  industry 
has  developed  into  one  of  the  great  productions,  particularly  since  natural 
gas  has  come  into  use  as  a  fuel.  The  first  smelters  were  located  in  th« 
coal  fields  near  the  ore  mines.  A  few  years  ago,  when  natural  gas  was 
found  in  large  quantity  50  or  60  miles  farther  west  at  lola  and  Cherry- 
ville,  the  zinc  smelters  were  gradually  moved  to  the  gas  fields,  so  that  for 
the  last  18  months  the  gas  smelters  have  been  about  the  only  ones  in 
operation.  We  are  now  producing  60,000  or  70,000  tons  of  smelter  a 
year  with  gas  furnaces  which  are  still  being  enlarged;  other  industries, 
such  as  sulphuric  acid  factories  are  turning  out  in  connection  with  the 
smelters.  Our  metallurgical  business,  therefore,  aggregates  from  five  to 
eight  millions  annually. 

COAL/. — Kansas  produces  a  fair  amount  of  good  bituminous  coal. 
The  20,000  square  miles  of  coal  measures,  already  mentioned,  have 
traces  of  coal  here  and  there,  all  through  them.  But  the  most  valuable 
coal  is  confined  principally  in  two  horizons.  The  first  and  most  import- 
ant lies  at  the  base  of  the  coal  measures  in  the  Cherokee  shales.  These 
shales  carry  the  Pittsburg-Wier  lower  and  upper  coal,  the  Fort  Scott 
coal,  the  Leavenworth  coal  and  a  considerable  amount  of  coal  mined  else- 
where on  a  small  scale.  During  the  last  ten  years  they  have  aggregated 
from  80  to  90  per  cent  of  the  .total  production.  The  next  most  import- 
ant coal-bearing  horizon  is  the  Osage  shale,  producing  the  coal  of  Osage 
Gity,  Scranton,  Burlingame,  etc.,  averaging  about  10  per  cent  of  the 
State's  productions.  This  horizon  lies,  geologically,  about  2,300  feet 
above  the  rich  coal  beds  of  the  Cherokee  shales,  which  carries  its  crop- 
pings  a  hundred  miles  or  more  farther  west,  and  therefore  away  from 
competition  with  the  better  coal.  As  a  result,  we  have  a  somewhat 
anomalous  condition  of  an  inferior  coal,  selling  at  the  mines  for  a  higher 
price  than  is  obtained  for  a  superior  one. 

The  total  annual  production  of  coal  in  the  State  varies  from  three 
and  a  half  to  four  and  a  quarter  million  tons,  wit'h  an  aggregate  value  of 
from  $4.000,000  to  $5,500,000. 

OIL  AND  GAS. — Oil  and  gas  have  been  known  in  the  State  for 
more  than  20  years.  It  is  within  the  last  ten  years,  however,  that  their 
development  has  reached  any  considerable  proportion.  There  is  now  a 


International  fining  Congress.  199 

refinery  for  oil  at  Neodesha,  while  the  gas  fields  are  rapidly  becoming  a 
great  manufacturing  center. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  extensive  zinc  smeltering 
factories  operated  by  natural  gas,  to  which  should  be  added  a  large 
Portland  cement  factory  with  a  daily  capacity  of  25,000  barrels ;  the 
brick  factories  aggregating  .$500,000  of  business  per  annum,  and  many 
other  lesser  manufacturing  enterprises,  greatly  increasing  the  total  con- 
sumption of  natural  gas.  With  such  a  rapidly  increasing  consumption  it 
is  difficult  to  estimate  the  value  of  the  annual  production.  It  reached 
about  $1,000,000  in  1900,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  for  the  present  year 
the  figures  will  be  much  larger. 

Both  the  oil  and  gas  are  found  principally  in  the  Cherokee  shales 
at  the  base  of  the  coal  measure.  In  the  vicinity  of  lola,  Independence  and 
Neodesha  the  depth  most  commonly  reached  by  drilling  is  from  750  to 
1,100  feet,  with  a  few  wells  passing  even  to  a  greater  depth.  The  press- 
ure varies  from  100  pounds,  or  less  in  some  of  the  shallow  wells,  to  a 
maximum  of  425  pounds  for  the  deeper  ones.  The  daily  flow  capacity  of 
the  strongest  wells  is  about  10,000,000  cubic  feet,  measured  by  the  pitot 
instrument,  and  calculated  by  the  Robinson  tables. 

Since  the  extensive  use  of  gas  in  the  vicinity  of  lola  the  pressure  is 
slightly  decreased,  falling  from  325  pounds  to  about  275,  but  the  pressure 
flowage  capacity  has  not  yet  been  altered  sufficiently  to  permit  a  de- 
crease perceptible  at  the  large  zinc  smelter  and  cement  factory. 

Recently  considerable  interest  has  been  shown  in  the  probable  devel- 
opment of  oil  fields  in  the  cretaceous  shales  of  Central  and  Western 
Kansas.  It  has  been  known  for  years  that  a  considerable  amount  of  oil 
existed  in  the  shales  near  the  surface,  but  as  no  prospecting  of  import- 
ance has  yet  been  done,  it  is  impossible  to  speak  definitely  on  the  sub- 
ject. Cretaceous  and  even  younger  rocks  produce  large  quantities  of 
oil  in  different  parts  of  America,  so  that  one  need  not  be  surprised  to 
learn  of  heavy  oil  producers  being  developed  in  the  near  future. 

SALT — Kansas  has  salt  enough  to  supply  the  world  for  thousands 
of  years,  and  then  hardly  miss  the  amount  taken.  The  coal  measure  shales 
produce  a  strong  brine  in  many  places  from  which  vast  quantities  of 
salt  could  be  made.  The  cretaceous  shales,  likewise,  in  some  places  are 
so  saturated  with  salt  that  salt  marshes  and  salt  springs  are  very  com- 
mon, but  it  is  to  the  Peimian  we  must  look  for  the  extensive  beds  of 
rock  salt  which  support  the  mines  and  manufacturing  plants  of  Hutch- 
inson,  Kingman,  Sterling,  Kanapolis  and  other  places.  Here  about  the 
middle  of  the  low'er  Permian  is  found  the  purest  of  rock  salt,  aggregating 
a  thickness  of  400  feet,  and  underlying  an  area  of  5,000  square  miles, 
with  the  limits  to  the  west  and  north  not  known,  making  it  possible, 
indeed,  probable,  that  the  area  is  much  larger. 

Kanas  salt  is  prepared  for  market  in  two  ways.  At  Lyons,  Kanap- 
olis and  Kingman  it  is  quarried,  crushed  and  graded,  sieved  and  sent 
into  the  market  as  rock  salt,  or  in  different  sized  grains  to  suit  the 
trade.  From  40,000  to  45,000  tons  of  rock  salt  are  thus  marketed  an- 
nually. At  Lyons  the  shaft  is  1,000  feet  deep,  ana  solid  masses  of  rock 
salt  are  quarried  like  building  stone,  hoisted  to  the  surface  and  sent 
to  mai  ket. 

At  Kingman  and  Kanapolis  the  mines  are  not  quite  so  deep,  but 
the  greater  proportion  of  Kansas  salt  is  prepared  by  the  evaporation 
process.  A  well  is  drilled  into  the  salt  beds,  two  pipes  are  inserted, 
one  within  the  other ;  fresh  water  is  pumped  down  one,  which  in  turn 
forces  brine  up  the  other.  This  strong  brine  is  piped  into  large  evapo- 
rators, from  which  the  salt  is  obtained  to  the  extent  of  1,500,000  to  2,250,- 
000  barrels  annually. 

For  quite  a  period  of  years  salt  was  very  low,  the  best  grades  selling 
at  the  factory  at  from  25  to  26  cents  per  barrel  for  the  salt  its'elf,  with 
the  cost  of  cooperage  added.  During  this  period  retailers  sold  the  best 
grade  of  evaporated  salt,  delivered  to  the  purchaser's  seller,  at  90  cents  a 
barrel.  Recently,  however,  prices  have  been  better,  ranging  from  50  to 
75  cents  per  barrel,  plus  the  cooperage,  at  the  factory. 

GYPSUM — During  recent  times  a  cement  plaster  made  from  gypsum 
is  extensively  used  for  plastering  walls  instead  of  the  old-fashioned  lime 
mortar.  This  has  created  a  market  for  one  of  our  greatest  natural  re- 
sources. Kansas  has  gypsum  in  almost  unlimited  quantities.  There  is  a 


200  Official  Proceedings 

zone  Teaching  across  the  state  which  has  rock  gypsum  interbedded  with 
limestones  and  shales  coming  to  the  surface  here  and  there  along  the 
river  banks  and  bluffs,  so  that  it  is  mined  by  tunneling  at  Blue  Rapids, 
or  lying  many  feet  beneath  the  surface  and  minied  by  the  shafting,  as  at 
Hope  and  other  places.  Still  further  to  the  southwest,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Medicine  Lodge,  about  th>e  middle  of  the  red  beds,  rock  gypsum  from 
20  to  30  feet  in  thickness  cap  the  hills  in  that  rugged  country  south 
of  Medicine  River.  Here  the  operator  quarries  it  like  stone  and  rolls 
it  down  the  hillside  to  the  factory,  where  a  grade  of  cement  is  made, 
competing  favorably  with  the  famous  Kings  Windsor  brand  of  New  York, 
Keel's  cement  of  England.  In  addition  to  this  rock  gypsum  we  have 
many  deposits  of  the  so-called  gypsum  dirt  or  gypsum  earth,  the  "gyp- 
s'erde"  of  the  germs,  which  is  in  gypsum  the  form  of  minute  crystals  al- 
most microscopic  in  size,  thoroughly  intermixed  with  a  small  per  cent,  of 
clay  or  salt  and  other  impurities,  serving  the  purpose  of  a  retarder  in 
the  manufactured  plaster,  adding  greatly  to  its  value. 

We  are  now  producing  from  $250,000  to  $300,000  worth  per  annum 
in  gypsum,  and  could  easily  produce  ten  times  as  much  if  the  markets 
demanded  it.  It  requires  no  prophetic  eye  to  s'ee  in  the  future  gypsum 
occupying  the  position  of  one  of  the  most  important  of  our  natural  re- 
sources. 

CLAYS — We  have  a  great  variety  of  clays  suitable  for  pottery  and 
brickmaking.  Our  most  extensive  clay  industry  is  located  in  the  gas  fields 
where  pressed  brick,  common .  brick  and  vitrified  brick  are  manufactured 
on  an  extensive  scale,  one  firm  alone  aggregating-  a  fourth  of  $1,000,000 
a  year.  In  1900  our  clay  goods  had  a  market  value  of  no  less  than 
$1,000,000.  with  a  fair  prospect  for  uie  output  being  greatly  increased. 

RESUME. 

In  summing  up  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  Kansas, 
although  pre-eminently  an  agricultural  and  stock-raising  State,  is  also 
a  mining  State  of  mean  proportion,  yielding  annually  an  output  of 
from  $20,000,000  to  $25,000,000  in  mineral  and  metallurgical  products, 
which  in  variety  and  general  usefulness  compare  favorably  with  those  pro- 
duced by  other  States. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  next  matter  on  the  program  is  the 
reading  of  a  paper  by  Dr4  George  A.  Louderbach,  of  Reno,  Nevada ;  sub- 
ject, ''Geology  of  Nevada." 

Dr.    Louderbach    read    the    following    paper : 

GENERAL  GEOLOGICAL  FEATURES  OF  NEVADA,  AND  THEIR 
RELATIONSHIPS  TO  THE  PREVAILING  ECO- 
NOMIC DEPOSITS. 

By  George  D.   Louderbach. 

In  approaching  the  study  of  the  geography  or  geology  of  Nevada,  what 
first  attracts  our  attention  is  the  fact  that  the  whole  State  is  made 
up  of  a  great  number  of  mountain  ridges,  more  or  less  parallel  to  each 
other,  and  running  in  a  general  northerly  an<}  southerly  direction — 
some,  indeed,  having  an  axis  almost  true  north  and  south. 

The  individual  ridges  are  not  continuous  from  the  northern  to  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  but  each  extends  perhaps  50  or  60  miles 
on  an  averag'e,  a  number  of  them  stretching  out  considerably  more  than 
100  miles :  and  when  any  one  ridge  terminates,  it  is  rarely  far1  to  another 
ridge  that  continues  the  march  to  the  north  or  the  south,  thus  extending 
the  structure  to  practically  all  parts  of  the  State.  A  line  drawn  through 
the  north-central  part  of  the  State,  between  the  great  desert  of  Utah  and 
the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains  of  California,  would  cut  through  nineteen 
distinct  and  important  mountains  ranges,  besides  several  more  limited 
mountain  groups.  As  the  total  number  of  mountain  ranges  in  the  State 
is  probably  between  three  and  four  times  that  amount,  it  is  evident 
that  it  would  be  impossible  to  present  here  even  a  most  limited  outline 
of  the  nature  of  each  range,  supposing  that  they  had  all  been  carefully 


International  Mining  Congress.  201 

studied — which  they  have  not — and  therefore  you  can  readily  see  that 
it  will  be  possible  for  me  to  give  you  but  a  meager  supply1  of  that  definite 
and  particular  information  which  the  miner  habitually  demands  of  the 
geologist  and  which,  unfortunately,  he,  too,  seldom  obtains.  I  shall  at- 
tempt, however,  to  present  systematically  and  make  clear  the  general  geo- 
logical features  and  their  general  distribution,  and  to  show  their  broader 
relationships  to  the  prevailing  economic  deposits. 

There  are  other  striking  characteristics  of  the  Nevada  ranges  besides 
their  abundance,  parallelism  and  general  north  and  south  trend.  They 
are  nearly  all  quite  narrow — say  from  six  to  ten  miles  in  width,  though 
occasionally  this  may  be  doubled1 — so  that  at  the  passes  one  may  generally 
cross  them  by  team  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  couple  of  hours.  On  their 
flanks  they  plunge  more  or  less  abruptly  beneath  the  surrounding  flat 
valleys  as  if  particularly  submerged  by  an  earthy  lake.  And  they  are 
literally  partly  submerged,  some  of  the  lower  ranges  being  apparently 
almost  entirely  covered  by  the  remarkable  accumulations  of  silt  and  other 
alluvial  material  of  the  intervening  valleys. 

These  valleys  generally  stretch  out  as  almost  perfectly  level  floors, 
treeless,  and  frequently  without  a  sign  of  water  or  of  vegetation  of  any 
kind,  and  they  have  been  found,  wherever  bored,  to  be  deeply  filled  with 
detritus.  As  they  are  determined  in  position  by  the  mountain  ranges, 
these  valleys  are  mostly  long  and1  narrow,  not  commonly  over  ten  or 
twelve  miles  in  width,  and  they  have  a  general  north  and  south  trend. 
They  may  extend  the  full  length  of  the  enclosing  mountain  ranges,  but 
are  sometimes  cut  off  and  closed  by  low,  oblique  ridges  of  sedimentary 
rocks,  or,  more  commonly,  by  masses  of  lava. 

With  the  exception  of  a  narrow  northern  belt  and  the  southeast 
corner,  all  of  Nevada  lies  in  the  Great  Basin  region,  which  means  that 
most  of  'its  streams  do  not  get  far  from  the  feet  of  their  parent  moun- 
tains, and  those  that  do  end  their  existence  in  the  so-called  sinks  or  in* 
more  or  less  alkaline  lakes,  which  are  occasionally  of  large  size — as,  for 
example,  Pyramid  Lake,  which  is  some  40  miles  long  and  varies  from 
five  to  ten  miles  in  width.  In  fact,  most  of  the  Interior  valleys  contain 
some  water  in  the  winter,  which  may  spread  out  as  a  shallow  playa,  a 
foot  or  even  only  a  few  inches  in  depth  for  miles,  it  may  be,  in  "either 
direction — but  those  same  valleys  are  as  dry  as  can  be  during  the  summer 
and  autumn. 

Of  that  part  of  Nevada  which  belongs  to  the  Great  Basin,  the  east- 
ern half  has  been  called  the  Nevada  Plateau,  and  the  western,  the  Nevada 
Basin.  In  the  plateau  region  the  valleys  from  which  the  mountains  rise 
are  notably  higher  than  in  the  basin  portion,  reaching  an  average  of  about 
5,000  or  6,000  feet;  while  in  the  west,  4,000  to  4,500  feet  prevails  as  an 
average,  going  as  low  as  3,800  on  the  Carson  desert.  The  mountains 
rise  from  2.000  to  6,000  feet  (rarely  8,000)  above  these  valleys,  or  from 
0,000  to  10,000  feet  (rarely  12,000  or  over)  above  the  sea  level. 

The  streams  of  the  State  are  generally  confined  to.  the  intermountain 
valleys,  into  which  they  flow  directly  from  the  mountain  ridges.  One 
notable  exception  to  this  is  Humbolt  River,  which  cuts  directly  across 
the  axis  of  eight  or  ten  mountain  ridges,  and  persists  in  this  course  for 
some  300  miles. 

Agriculture  generally  follows  the  valleys  of  the  main  rivers,  while 
small  streams  occasionally  allow  of  tire  cultivation  of  fractions  of  the 
other  valleys.  While  we  confidently  expect  our  agriculture  to  increase 
largely  with  the  aid  of  judicious  irrigation,  nevertheless  the  ultimate 
limits  are  not  very  broad,  and  we  know  that  the  State  must  depend  on 
the  mineral  industry  as  its  main  source  of  activity  and  wealth. 

But  the  question  of  climate,  water  supply  and  vegetation  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  the  miner,  especially  in  the  arid  region,  and  we 
know  that  many  a  locality  of  good  value  has  been  deserted  or  allowed 
to  He  untouched  because,  at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  water,  wood  and 
other  supplies  were  too  scarce  and  costly  to  pay  the  profits  at  that  time 
desired.  The  plateau  region  is  colder  in  winter,  gets  moire  snow  on 
the  mountains,  has  more  water  in  the  form  of  springs  and  mountain 
streams,  and  Supports  more  vegetation  than  the  western  region.  Never- 
theless, we  find,  even  in  the*  barren  basin  region  at  the  present  day,  small 
mills  in  side  canyons  successfully  working  With  a  carefully  sought-for 
and  cared-for,  though  small,  supply  of  water  under  conditions  which 


202  Official  Proceedings 

would  hav6  been  considered  most  unmanageable  during  the  bonanza  days 
of  the  west. 

As  regards  the  general  geological  structure,  the  Nevada  ranges  appear 
to  be  comparatively  simple.  Only  locally  are  complicated  foldings  or 
faultings  met  with,  each  mountain  range  having  generally  a  distinct  and 
dominating  structural  feature,  which  may  be  a  great  anticlinal  or  mono- 
clinal  fold,  generally  faulted  on  one  or  both  sides  by  simple  faults,  with 
throws  of  frequently  several  thousand  feet.  This  faulting  has  been  of 
such  recency  that  the  scarps  are  still  distinctly  visible — the  ranges  rising 
with  steep  grades  and  lowering  over  the  valleys.  If  the  faulting  is  con- 
fined to  one  side,  the  mountain  range  has  a  characteristic  cross-section, 
with  a  steep  slope  on  one  side  and  a  comparatively  gentle  slope  on  the 
other,  the  later  rocks,  if  any,  dipping  in  the  direction  of  the  gentler 
slope,  and  cut  off  abruptly  on  the  steep  slope. 

Besides  the  above  features,  great  and  irregular  masses  of  volcanic 
rocks  are  found  along  the  majority  of  the  ranges,  sometimes  spreading 
over  the  upper  portions  and  down  the  sides,  sometimes  only  at  the  feet 
of  the  mountains  and  flowing  out  to  some  extent  into  the  valleys,  and 
sometimes  flooding  the  whole  range  completely  for  many  mil'es,  so  that 
the  older  rocks  can  no  longer  be  seen  or  only,  perhaps,  in  small  patches. 
A  noteworthy  geological  characteristic  of  thes;e  volcanic  rocks  is  that 
they  are  distinctly  and  intimately  connected  in  their  distribution  with 
the  mountain  uplifts.  The  great  masses  uniformly  follow  the  lines  of 
the  ridges,  and  are  rarely,  if  ever,  found  in  prominent  groups  or  out- 
bursts transverse  to  the  general  mountain  system. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  greater  part  of  Nevada,  or  that  situated 
in  the  Great  Basin  region,  could  be  divided  geographically  into  two  distinct 
parts ;  but  it  can  also  be  divided  geologically  into  two  great  divisions. 
In  one,  the  bedrock  series  (that  is.  excluding  the  overlying  tertiary  sedi- 
ments and  lavas)  consists  entirely  of  ancient,  of  Paleozoic  sediments:  while 
in  the  other,  it  consists  entirely  of  Mesozoic  sediments.  The  line  separat- 
ing these  two  divisions,  running  roughly  north  and  south,  strikes  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railway  only  a  few  miles  west  of  a  line  dividing  Nevada 
into  -two  equal  parts.  From  here  it  runs  south  some  distance,  passing 
towards  the  west  into  California.  The  country  east  of  this  line  belongs 
to  the  Paleozoic  division,  all  west  of  it,  to  the  Mesozoic. 

It  seems  very  remarkable  that  these  two  areas  should  be  so  dis- 
tinctly and  completely  separated,  only  Paleozoic  rocks  occurring  in  one 
part  and  only  Mesozoic  in  the  other :  but  a  satisfactory  explanation  readily 
suggests  itself.  It  is  that,  during  the  Paleozoic  time.  Eastern  and  South- 
ern Nevada  was  covered  by  water — a  part  of  the  great  Paleozoic  Sea 
— while  Western  Nevada  was  dry  land,  contributing  sedimentary  material 
to  the  seas  of  that  period,  but  receiving-  no  deposits  over  its  own  sur- 
face. At  the  end  of  this  era.  when  the  whole  continent  was  undergoing 
active  changes,  the  eastern  and  southern  part  of  the  State  was  raised 
from  seat  bottom  to  dry  land,  while  the  former  land  was  submerged.  In 
this  way  the  eastern  and  southern  part  received  no  sediments,  while 
the  western  part  was  covered  with  the  great  thicknesses  which  we  now 
find  in  its  mountains.  At  the  end  of  this  era.  Western  Nevada  was  raised 
to  dry  land — coincidently  with  the  great  Sierra  Nevada  mountains  on 
its  west — and  never  since  has  any  part  of  the  State  been  invaded  by 
the  sea,  although"  immense  lakes  have  covered  large  parts  of  its  surface 
down  to  geologically  recent  times. 

Liet  us  now  take  up  the  more  general  geological  groups  of  formations, 
notic0  their  distribution  and  their  broader  relations  to  man. 

Granite,  generally  with  an  accompanying:  series  of  metamorphic  rocks, 
occurs  at  many  places  in  Nevada.  While  a  number  of  the  ranges  show 
no  sign  of  its  presence,  yet  in  the  majority  it  can  be  seen,  varying  from 
small  exposures  more  or  less  difficult  to  find,  as  in  the  mountains  of 
the  Washoe  and  Eureka  districts,  to  extensive  areas,  as  in  the  East  Hum- 
boldt  or  Ruby  range,  and  in  most  of  the  western  ranges  from  the  Oregon 
boundary,  south  through  Esmeralda  County.  In  their  nature  these  are 
generally  true  granites,  though  some  are  of  the  basic  or  grano-diorite 
type. 

In  a  number  of  ranges  in  the  eastern  and  central  part  of  the  State 
a  peculiar  structural  relationship  has  been  observed.  The  granites  and 
schists  appear  to  form  anticlinal  axes  which  cut  through  the  ranges 


International  Mining  Congress.  203 

obliquely  to  their  present  trend  and  axes,  as  if,  perhaps,  there  had  been 
original  uplifts  and  older  ranges  which  were  not  in  the  same  directions 
as  the  later  ones.  On  account  of  the  general  narrowness  of  the  present 
ranges,  it  results  that  the  granites  are  here  limited  in  extent,  and  do 
not  underlie  those  portions  of  the  ranges  north  or  south  of  where  they 
cut  across.  In  other  words,  they  do  not  form  granite  "cores"  or  axes, 
of  these  modern  mountain  ranges.  The  fact  that  the  general  direction  of 
these  older  axes  is  closely  parallel  to  the  direction  of  the  Humboldt 
River  as  it  sweeps  unceremoniously  across  the  trend  of  the  modern 
mountain  uplifts,  is  very  suggestive  of  the  origin  of  that  great  boon  to 
the  Nevada  people. 

During  the  history  of  Nevada  mining,  a  number  of  districts  have 
been  formed  to  work  deposits  in  the  granites.  The  veins  are  generally 
quite  distinct  in  structure,  have  a  quartz  gangue,  and  carry,  frequently, 
gold  as  well  as  silver  or  even  gold  only.  As  examples,  may  be  mentioned 
the  mines  of  the  Reese  River  district  and  of  several  districts  in  Esmer- 
alda  County.  In  the  vicinity  of  Austin,  very  rich  veins  containing  com- 
plex silver  sulphurets,  with  blende  and  pyrite,  and  a  gangue  of  quartz, 
were  at  one  time  extensively  mined  in  the  granites. 

Areas  of  other  pretertiary  eruptive  or  intrusive  rocks  occur  here 
and  there  throughout  the  State,  but  as  far  as  known  play  no  very  im- 
portant part  in  the  geology  and  affect  only  slightly  the  mineral  wealth 
of  the  State.  These  are  generally  diorites,  sometimes  diabases  or  ser- 
pentines. They  are  associated  with  precious  metals  in  some  of  the  Es- 
meralda  County  mines,  as  at  Candelaria,  and  contain  magnetic  iron  de- 
posits in  Humboldt  County.  I  shall  speak  of  the  quartz-porphyries  later. 

The  Paleozoic  sediments,  which,  as  already  said,  are  limited  to  the 
eastern  and  southern  part  of  the  State,  are  made  up  of  great  thicknesses 
of  limestones  with  quartzites  and  shales.  They  have  been  studied  most 
carefully  in  the  Eureka  district  by  Hague  and  Walcott.  They  were 
there  found  to  extend  from  the  Cambrian  to  the  Carboniferous,  and  to 
include  altogether  some  7.000  feet  of  quartzites  and  conglomerates,  4,000 
feet  of  shales,  and  19,000  feet  of  limestones.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
limestones  greatly  preponderate,  and  they  have  been  extremely  pro- 
ductive in  silver,  gold  and  lead,  in  importance  in  the  order  named.  The 
ores  occur  in  masses  or  chambers  scattered  through  the  limestone,  and 
connected,  it  may  be,  by  the  most  narrow  and  insignificant  cracks  or  fis- 
sures, and  are  generally  considered  to  be  replacement  deposits.  Some- 
times, however,  they  occur  in  distinct  veins.  The  Eureka  district  has! 
been  a  world-renowned  producer,  and  carried  large  and  important  values 
in  gol'l  besides  its  abundance  of  silver.  White  Pine  County  has  had  sev- 
eral active  districts  for  the  mining  of  ores  of  similar  occurrence,  especially 
in  the  White  Pine  mountains  near  Hamilton.  In  the  Eureka  district 
the  ore  is  depcsited  directly  in  the  crushed  limestone,  but  near  Hamil- 
ton it  is  generally  in  viens  associated  with  a  quartz  gangue.  Further 
south,  in  Lincoln  County,  similar  deposits  occur,  as  at  Half  Moon  and 
Jack  Rabbit  camps  near  Pioche,  and  in  the  Pahranagat  and  the  Tempiute 
mountains.  Like  deposits  have  also  been  worked  in  Elko  and  some 
of  the  central  counties.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that,  wherever  studied, 
the  above  group  of  deposits  has  been  found  to  occur  in  the  lower  lime- 
stones of  the  series,  rarely,  if  ever,  in  the  carboniferous.  At  several 
places  in  the  State  these  silver-lead  ores  are  characterized  by  the  oc- 
currence of  manganese  as  an  important  element  of  the  gangue,  most 
notably  to  the  south  of  Austin,  and  also  in  the  White  Pine  mountains, 
where  the  mineral  is  rhodochrosite  or  manganese  spar.  In  some  other 
localities  manganese  dioxide  appears.  The  ores  in  general  may  be  sul- 
phides— galena  and  the  silver  sulphur  or  sulph- antimony  compounds — ' 
or  they  may  be  the  oxidized  Ores — anglesite,  cerusslte  or  hornsilver — 
with,  in  many  places,  notable  amounts  of  the  lead  molybdate,  wulfenite. 

Throughout  the  same  region,  series  of  more  or  less  perfect  veins  are 
found  traversing  the  quartzites,  sometimes  the  shales  and  limestones,  and 
passing  over  into  the  granites  in  places.  While  they  generally  carry  ores 
of  silver  and  the  commonly  associated  metals,  copper-bearing-  veins 
are  not  uncommon.  Valuable  deposits  of  this  type  occur  in  the  vicinity 
of  Belmont,  in  Nye  County,  where  the  complex  silver  ores  associated 
wit  a  galena,  and  with  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  in  a  quartz  gangue,  are 
founl  as  veins  in  quartzites  and  slates.  Other  important  occurrences 
of  this  kind  are  in  Lander  County  north  of  Austin,  and  near  Battle 


204  Official  Proceedings 

Mountain:  also  at  Egan  canyon,  the  Ely  district  and  others  in  White 
Pine  Cci  nty ;  near  White  Rock  and  other  places  in  Elko  County ;  and 
Silver  Peak  and  neighboring  districts  in  Esmeralda  County. 

With  such  a  thickness  of  carboniferous  rocks  as  occurs  in  this  pro- 
vince (something:  over  9,000  feet),  some  hope  has  been  held  that  coal 
of  this  period  might  some\vhere  be  found  in  this  State  in  paying  quanti- 
ties, but  it  seems  to  be  practically  barren.  However,  anthracite,  gen- 
erally impure  and  in  small  quantities,  but  belonging  to  the  so-called  true 
coal  period,  has  been  reported  at  several  points ;  a  15-foot  bed  in  the 
Independence  mountains,  by  Emmons ;  in  the  Shoshone  mountains  near 
Argenta,  by  Hague ;  and  a  5  or  6-foot  bed  near  White  Pine,  by  Hoffman, 
who  says  that  it  was  sold  at  one  time  to  the  Eureka  Consolidated  Min- 
ing Company  for  from  $12  to  $15  a  ton. 

We  next  come  to  the  Mesozoic  formations,  which  are  limited  to  the 
northwest  third  of  the  State,  as  already  described.  These  also  consist 
of  slates,  quartzites  and  limestones,  but  unlike  the  Paleozoic,  the  slates 
are  the  most  abundant.  Just  west  of  the  line  separating  the  Mesozoic 
from  the  Paleozoic  province  the  tria,s  is  most  abundant,  and  in  it  the 
limestones  are  mote  or  less  prominent ;  but  throughout  the  western  part 
we  find  principally  the  Jurassic,  which  includes  some  2,000  feet  of  lime- 
stone overlain  by  some  6,000  feet  of  slate.  These  Mesozoic  rocks,  where- 
ever  their  base  is  exposed,  lie  directly  on  granites  or  on  certain  strongly 
metamorphosed  schists,  whose  relationships  have  not  been  satisfactorily 
determined  In  no  case  are  they  underlain  by  rocks  of  recognizable  age 
belonging  to  tho  Paleozoic. 

These  rocks  show  some  deposits  of  what  may  be  called  the  lime- 
stone replacement  type,  as  already  described,  but  they  have  never  as- 
sumed any  great  prominence  and  do  not  at  all  compare  with  the  corre- 
sponding Paleozoic  deposits. 

More  commonly  are  found  more  or  less  distinct  vein  systems,  travers- 
ing the  slate.s  and  passing  more  rarely  into  the  adjoining  limestones  or 
granites.  Here  again,  silver  sulph-antimony  compounds  are  the  more 
prominent  ores,  and  are  associated  commonly  with  quartz  gangues ; 
but  copper  veins  are  not  uncommon.  Union ville  and  Star  Canyon  dis- 
tricts and  the  vicinity  of  Golconda  may  be  given  as  examples,  but  a 
number  of  localities  are  known  especially  in  Humboldt  and  Washoe 
counties. 

We  may  note  here,  concerning  the  Paleozoic  and  Mesozoic  systems 
taken  together,  that  at  numerous  localities  we  find  rock  most  desirable 
for  structural  purposes :  granites,  limestones,  beautiful  white  and  colored 
marbles;  coarse  and  fine  grained,  and,  especially  in  the  Mesozoic,  good 
slates.  It  may  be  also  noted  that  many  of  the  limestones  have  been 
found  to  be  almost  pure  calcium  carbonates,  although  magnesian  lime- 
stones form  considerable  areas.  Owing  to  the  small  population  of  the 
State  the  demand  for  such  material  has  been  hitherto  very  slight. 

No  rocks  belonging  to  the  Cretaceous  period  have  so  far  been 
recognized  in  Nevada. 

We,  therefore,  turn  to  the  tertiary  rocks,  which  may  be  divided 
into  the  lake  beds  and  the  lavas. 

The  lake  beds  are  rather  widespread,  occurring  mainly  in  the  val- 
leys and  plains,  where  they  are  largely  covered  by  later  accumulations. 
Frequently  they  form  a  fringe  along  the  mountain  ranges,  but  never 
rise  to  any  considerable  height ;  that  is,  above  a  few  hundred  feet.  In  age, 
they  extend  from  the  Eocene  through  the  Pliocene,  the  lower  beds  (be- 
longing- to  the  Green  River  group)  occurring  only  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  State,  the  middle  and  upper  divisions  being  most  largely  developed 
in  the  western  part,  right  up  to  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas.  These 
tertiary  beds  are  made  up  of  friable  or  not  greatly  indurated  sandstones, 
shales,  calcareous  shales  and  limestones,  and,  particularly  in  the  Truckee 
or  middle  group  and  the  Humboldt  or  upper  group,  beds  of  volcanic  ash 
more  or  less  stratified.  The  Truckee  group  is  further  characterized  by 
quite  heavy  beds  of  diatomaceous  earth,  which  is  very  pure  in  some 
places.  This  has  been  used  commercially  only  to  a  slight  extent.  The 
lower  members  of  the  tertiary  are  generally  more  or  less  tilted,  even, 
in  limited  areas,  standing  vertical,  and  they  are  broken  by  series  of  small 
normal  faults.  The  Humboldt  beds  are  as  a  rule  horizontal  and  un- 
disturbed. 

So  far,   the  only  thing  of  value  that   these  formations  have  yielded 


International  Mining  Congress.  205 

is  coal  or,  more  strictly  speaking,  lignite.  Up  to  the  present  time  this 
has  not  proved  profitable  to  place  in  the  general  market,  largely  owing 
to  want  of  transportation  facilities.  However,  much  of  it  seems  to  be 
of  valu.i  for  steam  or  ordinary  heating  coal.  Mining  for  local  use  has 
been  done  near  Elko  in  the  Green  River  beds,  where  the  industry  has 
lately  been  revived;  the  Columbus  field  in  Esmeralda  County  is  sup- 
posed to  be  in  the  Miocene.  Several  other  localities  are  known  but 
have  never  been  worked.  All  of  the  above  lignites  have  been  formed 
from  layers  of  leaves  and  drift  twigs  and  stems,  some  beds  being  separ- 
ated into  a  large  number  of  thin  seams  by  narrow  layers  of  ash  or  fine 
silt.  In  fact  this  admixture  of  foreign  material  in  the  form  mainly 
of  fine  volcanic  ash  is  what  makes  much  of  the  coal  of  low  value. 

The  tertiary  volcanic  rocks  form  an  important  and  striking  feature 
of  the  geology  of  Nevada.  As  before  pointed  out,  they  bear  a  close  re- 
lationship to  the  modern  mountain  upheavals,  and  they  occur  sometimes 
ou  the  summits  spreading  out  here  and  there  towards  the  bases,  some- 
times flanking  for  many  miles  and  occasionally  shooting  out  into  the 
desert  valleys  whose  eveness  and  continuity  they  then  destroy,  while 
at  times  they  so  overwhelm  the  ranges  that  the  older  rocks  are  found 
only  with  some  difficulty  and  at  great  intervals.  Perhaps  the  best  ex- 
ample of  such  a  submerged  range  is  the  Virginia,  in  Western  Nevada, 
which  from  the  Washoe  district  for  some  40  miles  north  exhibits  almost 
nothing  but  great  masses  of  volcanic  rocks,  mostly  andesite.  It  should 
not  be  thought,  however,  that  all  of  the  ranges  show  large  areas  of 
volcanic  rocks,  for  some  are  practically  free  from  them,  as,  for  example, 
the  Toano  or  Gosiute  range  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  which  is 
sorn-*  60  miles  long,  and  the  White  Pine  mountains  already  mentioned. 

The  volcanic  rocks  of  the  State  consist  of  rhyolites,  dacitesi,  horn- 
blende or  acid  andesites,  augite  or  basic  andesites  and  basalts — the  last 
named  being  the  latest  and  generally  considered  Pleistocene  or  recent 
activity.  As  to  which  kinds  are  most  abundant,  it  would  seem  from  the 
published  accounts  that  rhyolite  covers  the  greatest  area  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  State.  However,  while  it  is  certain  that  rhyolite  is  com- 
mon, many  of  the  determinations  were  made  while  petrography  was 
still  on  an  insecure  basis,  and  have  been  found  since,  in  several  cases,  to 
fundamentally  disagree  with  modern  conceptions — what  was  once  called 
rhyolite  being  now  considered  dacite.  or  even  andesite.  This  latter  mis- 
conception seems  to  have  been  remarkably  common.  In  the  western 
part  of  the  State  the  andesites  are  undoubtedly  by  far-  the  most  abund- 
ant and  important  of  the  tertiary  lavas. 

Theso  volcanic  rocks  are  very  important  and  interesting  from  the 
economic  standpoint.  In  many  localities  geologists  and  mining  engineers 
have  looked  upon  them  as  the  determining  factor  in  the  production  of 
important  ore  deposits — either  as  associated  with  the  fissure  systems,  or 
as  initiating  the  circulation  of  underground  waters,  which  made  con- 
centration and  deposition  possible. 

Again,  they  have  been  looked  upon  as  the  direct  carriers  of  the 
precious  metals  from  the  interior  of  the  earth,  beyond  man's  reach,  to 
the  upper  crust,  where  the  active  aqueous  agencies  could  gather  them 
from  the  mass  and  concentrate  them  in  valuable  treasure  houses  with- 
in man's  grasp. 

Careful  investigations  by  Becker  on  the  Comstock  lode,  and  by  Curtia 
in  the  Eureka  district — two  of  the  greatest  wealth-producing  districts 
that  the  world  has  ever  seen — have  lent  great  weight  to,  if  they  have 
not  given  absolute  proof  of,  the  above  opinions. 

But  besides?  these  most  interesting  relationships  these  rocks  are 
found  in  many  places  as  the  direct  carriers  of  important  mineral  de- 
posits. Sometimes  these  deposits  are  in  the  form  of  distinct  fissure  veins, 
of  which  the  Comstock  lode  is  the  mightiest  and  most  noted  example. 
But  very  frequently  the  deposits  lie  along  belts  of  "solfatarized"  or  brec- 
ciated  andesite  or  rhyolite,  and  may  or  may  not  be  accompanied  with, 
distinct  gangue  minerals  such  as  quartz  or  calcite.  The  ore  sometimes 
simply  impregnates  the  decomposed  or  brecciated  zone,  or  fills  directly  the 
spaces  between  the  crushed  fragments.  Such  latter  occurrences  seem 
to  have  been  neglected  during  the  earlier  days  of  prospecting,  prob- 
ably because  there  was  no  quartz  or  "spar,"  or  even  distinct  ore  minerals 
in  evidence.  This  latter  is  brought  about  by  the  surface  decomposition 
of  the  sulphides  and  sulpho-salts  leaving  an  impregnation  of  silver  chlo- 


206  Oftcial  Proceedings 

ride,  frequently  not  distinguishable  by  the  eye.  But  such  localities  are 
being  found  now,  and  have  already  given  rise  to  several  prosperous,  if 
not  larg?,  camps  such  as  the  Olinghouse  and  Wedekind  districts  in  Washoe 
County.  Tuscarora  in  Elko  County  has  been  worked  for  many  years, 
the  district  having  attracted  attention  through  its  placers,  but  its  veins 
were  afterwards  found  in  the  andesite,  carrying  the  various  complex  silver 
ores  accompanied  by  pyrite  with  quartz  or  calcite  as  gangue,  or  deposited 
directly  in  the  decomposed  country  rock.  Tonopah  is  one  of  the  most 
recent  of  such  districts. 

Silver  ores  appear  to  predominate  in  these  volcanic  rocks,  but  some 
with  half  or  even  practically  all  their  value  in  gold  occur.  Copper  veins 
occur  under  similar  circumstances,  and  are  attracting  more  attention  now 
than  formerly.  Locally,  the  basic  volcanic  rocks  contain  iron  deposits  of 
small  extent  which  have  been  occasionally  used  as  a  flux  in  smelting 
operations  Some  important  deposits  have  been  found  associated  with, 
or  lying  in  rock  called  quartz-porphyry.  This  rock  has  often  been  con- 
sidered as  pretertiary  but  without  strong  proof,  and  in  some  cases,  if 
not  all,  appears  to  be  dikes  or  other  intruded  forms  of  the  tertiary  rhyo- 
lites.  As  examples  of  ore  deposits  in  such  rocks  may  be  mentioned  the 
ores  of  Adams  Hill,  near  Eureka,  certain  occurrences  in  the  Hawthorne 
district,  and  some  of  the  deposits  near  Virginia  City. 

Tho  Quaternary  rocks  include  certain  lavas;  mainly,  if  not  all,  ba- 
salts, with  horizontal  lake  beds  of  not  great  thickness  in  many  of  the 
valleys,  and  alluvial  and  glacial  deposits  of  various  kinds.  It  is  to  this 
period  that  the  glaciers  of  the  higher  ranges  and  the  great  lakes,  whose 
shore  lines  form  a  striking  feature  of  many  of  Nevada's  valleys,  are 
referred.  The  most  important  of  these  lakes  has  been  named  Lahontan, 
and  occrpies  a  great  area  of  the  Nevada  basi'n.  It  was  rather  broken 
in  form  arid  contained  several  ranges  as  islands.  While  it  did  not  reach 
the  magnitude  of  Lake  Bonne ville  in  Utah,  it  was  yet  a  great  body 
of  water  of  soim?  8,42ii  square  miles,  surface  area.  It  never  found  an 
outlet.  When  it  gradually  died  away,  as  was  to  be  expected,  it  left  more 
or  less  extensive  saline  deposits.  These  deposits  have  also  added  to 
the  wealth  of  the  State.  They  occupy  many  of  the  valleys,  but  especially 
thosa  on  tho  western  border,  from  the  Black  Rock  and  Smoke  Creek 
deserts  en  the  north,  to  the-  California  deserts  on  the  south.  The  most 
important  of  the  salts  obtained  are  probably  borax  and  soda,  but  com- 
mon salt,  sulphate  of  soda,  nitrates  and  other  salts  occur,  and  have 
contributed  to  the  general  value.  Near  Ragtown  the  soda  was  obtained 
from  the  waters  of  two  small  lakes,  but  the  deposits  are  generally  dry, 
though  the  surface  of  some  may  be  dissolved  by  the  winter  playas* — 
those  temporary  lakes  already  briefly  described — and  redeposited  when  the 
dry  season  returns. 

Gypsum  has  been  found  at  several  points,  and  is  now  being  quarried 
near  Mound  House.  It  is  not  certain  with  which  of  the  later  geological 
groups  it  ®hc/uM  be  connected. 

Manganese  deposits  occur  in  some  of  the  Quaternary  material  as  small 
beds  or  concretionary  deposits,  but,  so,  far  as  known,  have  never  been 
worked  economically. 

The  basalts  are  not  commonly  of  great  extent.  Some  flows  have, 
indeed,  produced  "table  mountains,"  but  they  are  very  much  more  re- 
stricted in  volume  and  in  distribution  than  the  andesites.  So  far  as 
known  they  do  not  carrj^  valuable  deposits.  Their  outpouring,  however, 
has  been  looked  upon  in  some  cases  as  having  given  rise  to  hot  springs 
and  solfataric  action,  which  is  in  many  of  the  localities  still  continuing. 
Steamboat  Springs  is  a  well-known  case  'in  point.  While  many  of  its 
older  vents  have  become  extinct,  considerable  activity  still  continues 
along  the  lower  belt  of  fissures,  and  sinter  is  still  depositing.  Here  were 
situated,  once,  quicksilver  mines,  and  cinnabar  can  still  be  seen  where  it 
has  been  deposited  in  the  decomposed  country  rock  by  the  heated  waters. 

Sulphur  has  been  found  at  several  points  in  Western  Nevada,  but  has 
proved  of  commercial  importance  only  at  the  Rabbit  Hole  mines  on  the 
eastern  border  of  the  Black  Rock  desert.  These  deposits  owe  their 
existence,  apparently,  to  solfataric  action  connected  with  the  extrusion 
of  lavas. 

Many  of  the  hot  springs,  however,  for  which  Nevada  is  noted,  seem 
to  be  undoubtedly  connected  with  the  faulting  along  the  great  mountain 
crust-blocks.  This  faulting  has  continued  down  to  very  recent  times,  and 


International  Mining  Congress.  207 

has  given  rise  to  abrupt  and  high  escarpments,  as  already  described, 
as  characteristic  of  many  of  the  Nevada  ranges.  But  the  majority  of 
these  springs  are  simply  hot  water  springs ;  and,  while  a  number  of 
them  contain  sufficient  salts  to  be  of  medicinal  value,  they  are  not 
actively  depositing  sinter  or  any  other  mineral  precipitate,  such  as  char- 
acterizes the  Steamboat  Springs  or  the  old!  Rabbit  Hole  solfataras  just 
described. 

Along  the  shores  of  the  ancient  Lake  Lanontan  tufa  deposits  are 
common,  and  in  places  are  quite  thick.  They  form  very  striking  and 
picturesque  groups  resembling  walls,  buttresses  and  towers.  They  have 
been  found  too  impure  to  utilize  fo'r  lime. 

The  placers  of  the  Quaternary  have  been  of  very  great  value  to 
the  State.  These  alluvial  deposits  in  the  ravines  and  canyons  on  the 
mountain  sides  and  flanks  have  yielded  large  quantities  of  gold,  especially 
in  their  earlier  days,  and  have  even  performed  a  greater  service  in  leading 
man  to  the  rich  lodes  from  which  they  were  derived. 

The  Tertiary  and  Quaternary  have  yielded  much  stone — sandstone, 
tuff  and  trap,  and  also  sands  and  gravels  for  building  purposes.  These 
rocks  form  notable  features  in  the  towns — as  Carson,  Virginia,  Eureka, 
Elko,  Reno,  etc. 

We  have  now  completed  our  survey  of  the  general  geological  fea- 
tures of  Nevada.  In  accordance  with  my  plan  of  presenting  the  general 
geological  characteristics  first,  and  then  their  broader  relationships  io 
the  prevailing  economic  deposits,  I  have  not  touched  upon  all  of  the 
kinds  of  valuable  deposits  that  have  been,  or  may  be,  found  in  the  State. 
There  are  many  other  things  which  have  proved;  and  will  surely  yet  prove 
of  interest  and  value,  such  as  nickel  and  tungsten  ores ;  turquoise,  garnets 
and  other  precious  stones  ;  mica,  kaolin,  etc. 

A  study  of  some  of  the  later  camps  which  are  continually  springing 
into  existence,  and  the  history  of  their  development,  shows  that  the 
early  prospecting  was  partial  and  imperfect,  and  that  the  ground  must 
be  gone  over  again  with  a  broader  knowledge  of  the  conditions  and  pos- 
sibilities. Nevada  will  never  again  witness  the  feverish — the  mad  times 
of  the  old  bonanza  craze,  when  mining  was  the  wildest,  the  most  fascinating 
form  of  gambling,  that  caught  all  in  its  powerful  dragnet,  baited  with 
glittering  visions  of  millions  in  silver  and  gold;  which,  while  it  pro- 
duced a  number  of  rich  to  maintain  the  excitement,  kept  the  majority 
an  unstable,  shiftless  crowd,  now  raised  to  the  clouds  in  temporary 
riches,  and  now  crushed  to  the  earth  in  poverty — no  repetition  of  such 
times  can  be  expected — but  for  straightforward,  rational,  business  mining, 
the  State  is  going  steadily  forward,  and  has,  undoubtedly,  a  long  and 
prosperous  future. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Dern,  of  Utah,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the 
Congress  took  a  recess  until  2  o'clock  P.  M. 


The  Congress  re-assembled  at  2  o'clock  P.  M. 

The   secretary   read    the   following   communications: 

Lewiston,   Idaho,  July  25,   1901. 

E.  L.  Shafer  and  W.  L.  Kendal,  National  Mining  Congress,  Boise,  Idaho: 
I  regret  to  say  that  the  River  and  Harbor  Committee  will  be  un- 
able to  visit  Boise..  Our  examination  of  harbors  continues  until  Friday 
ni'ght  at  Portland.  We  send  greetings  and  hope  that  the  Congress  may 
prove  a  pleasant  and  profitable  occasion  for  all  who  attend  it. 

T.   E.  BURTON,   Chairman. 
Boise,    Idaho,   July   25,    1901. 
To  the  Officers  and  Members  of  the  International  Mining  Congress: 

The  citizens  of  Boise  city  extend  to  you  a  cordial  invitation  to  at- 
tend  the  public   reception   to  be   given  at   the  Natatorium   this   evening, 


208  Official  Proceedings 

from  the  hours  of  8  to  11  o'clock,  to  the  members  of  the  Mining  Congress 
and  all  visitors.  Very  respectfully, 

W.   ALEXANDER, 

Mayor. 

F.    W.    SHUIT. 
Chairman  General  Entertainment  Committee. 

B.  F.  OLDEN. 
President  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

RALPH   P.    QUARLES, 
Chairman   Executive   Committee. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Ewing,  of  Arizona,  the  Congress  unanimously  voted 
to  accept  with  thanks  the  invitation  extended  to>  them  to  attend  the 
reception. 

MR.  FREEMAN,  OF  MONTANA :  Mr.  President,  at  the  request  of 
Secretary  Mahon,  I  will  read  a  resolution  which  was  presented  by  the 
gentleman  from  Montana,  Mr.  Stephens,  with  reference  to  the  Mineral 
Land  Commission  :  ;  •„ 

Whereas,  W.  S.  Stephens  made  a  motion  at  this  Congress  calling 
upon  the  next  Congress  of  the  United  States  to  amend  the  law  creating 
the  Mineral  Land  Commission,  and  .•'•-,  •'*'; 

Whereas,  It  was  ordered  by  this  Congress  that  said  Stephens  for- 
mulate a  resolution  in  regard  thereto,  to  be  read  and  presented  to  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions,  and  therefore,  in  compliance  with  said  order, 
the  following  amendments  are  suggested: 

Amend  Section  of  the  Act  of  February  26,  1895,  by  providing 

that  no  appointment  shall  be  made  without  the  publication  of  a  notice 
in  the  district  for  30  days,  stating  that  an  application  for  appointment 
has  been  made  by  certain  persons,  stating  their  names.,  and  calling  upon 
all  persons  interested  to  show  cause  within  a  specified  time  why  such 
appointment  should  not  be  made. 

Add  to  that  part  of  Section  which  provides  that  classification 

shall  be  made  by  said  commissioners  in  such  manner  as  the  commissioners 
may  determine,  insert  the  word's  "Provided  the  commissioners  shall  not 
have  power  to  report  less  than  a  full  township  at  any  one  time." 

Amend  that  part  of  Section  which  requires  the  commission  to 

report,  by  a  proviso  to  the  effect  that  they  shall  not  report  once  a  month, 
unless  a  full  township  has  been  examined  and  classified  during  such 
month, 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  It  will  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions. 

A  special  order,  under  the  rules,  takes  precedence  of  everything  else 
this  afternoon ;  the  rule  being  the  selection  of  a  place  for  the  meeting 
of  the  succeeding  Congress,  shall  be  the  special  order  at  the  opening  of 
the  afternoon  session  on  the  third  day. 

That  subject  Is  now  before  the  house. 

MR.  GRAYSON,  OF  OREGON:  Mr.  President,  1  name  Portland, 
Oregon,  as  the  proper  place  to  hold  the  next  Congress. 

MR.  CAMP,  OF  TENNESSEE :  Mr.  President,  I  name  Knoxville, 
Tennessee. 

MRS.  HASKELL,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  President,  I  have  been  se- 
lected by  the  delegation  to  which  I  have  the  honor  to  belong  to  place 
in  nomination  as  the  meeting  place  of  the  next  International  Mining 


International  Mining  Congress.  209 

Congress  tho  most  marvelous  city  in  the  world ;  a  city  which  in  the  annals- 
of  'history  has  no  counterpart.  I  refer,  as  you  all  know,  to  the  city  of 
Butte,  Montana. 

I  refer,  as  I  "have  said,  to  the  most  marvelous  city  in  the  world.  In 
the  year  1882  a  shaft  about  300  feet  deep  was  sunk  in  the  city  of  Butte. 
It  penetrated  an  enormous  body  of  rich  copper  ore,  and  from  that  day 
to  this  the  greatest  mining  camp  in  the  world  has  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  all  nations.  Since  1882.  over  the  limited  area  of  a  little  less 
than  two  square  miles  there  has  been  extracted  from  beneath  the  city 
of  Butte  the  enormous  sum  of  $475,000,000.  (Applause.)  It  is  a  city  of 
smelters,  in  which  the  furnaces  never  cool.  It  is  a  city  of  great  con- 
centrators, where  tins  Mining  Congress,  composed  of  engineers,  experts, 
and  '.scientific  mining  men  may  see  in  operation  the  largest  mining  plants 
on  the  face  of  the  earth.  We  have  the  largest  smelters  in  the  world, 
and  just  now,  as  we  have  nobody  to  surpass  but  ourselves,  we  are  con- 
structing in  Anaconda,  a  little  more  than  a  half-hour's  ride  from  the 
city  of  ButU,  a  single  smelter  which  is  to  have  a  daily  capacity  of  6,000 
tons. 

Now,  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  the  International  Mining  Congress,  if 
you  will  come  up  to  Butte  City  next  year  we  will  not  only  present  to 
you  the  keys  of  the  city,  as  the  mayor  of  Boise  has  so  kindly  done,  but 
we  will  present  to  you  the  keys  of  two  cities,  one  more  than  2,000  feet 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth ;  one  above  ground  and  one  below 
ground ;  a  city  in  the  depths  of  the  earth,  where  from  15,000  to  18,000 
men  every  day  in  the  year  descend  to  extract  the  precious  metals.  We 
will  show  you  nature's1  treasure  house,  the  richest  spot  on  the  face  of 
the  earth.  We  will  show  you  the  most  modern  appliances  of  mining 
machinery  for  the  crushing  and  f eduction  of  ores  that  money  and  genius 
can  furnish. 

If  the  delegates  to  this  Mining  Congress  would  see  their  fondest 
theories  practically  applied,  and  carried  out  upon  a  gigantic  'scale,  let 
them  come  to  Butte  City,  Montana. 

Furthermore,  I  have  to  say  to  you  that  Butte  City  has  four  trans- 
continental lines.  If  you  come  from  the  south  or  southeast,  from  "St. 
Louis,  Kansas  City,  or  Omaha,  you  may  take  a  through  sleeper  to  Butte 
via  the  Burlington,  and  travel  in  palace  cars  all  the  way.  If  you  come 
from  the  northeast,  from  St.  Paul  or  Minneapolis,  you  may  take  your 
choice  of  the  Great  Northern  or  the  Northern  Pacific  railroads,  and 
travel  in  a  through  sleeper  to  the  city  of  Butte,  upon  some  of  the  finest 
trains  running  on  this  continent.  If  you  come  from  the  northwest, 
from  Portland  in  the  great  State  of  Oregon,  or  from  Washington,  you 
may  travel  in  a  through  sleeper,  and  have  your  choice  of  two  railroads 
to  Butte  City.  If  you  come  from  San  Francisco  and  the  southwest,  you 
can  travel  via  the  Central  Pacific  to  Butte,  with  only  one  change  of 
cars  at  Ogden. 

We  are  a  people  where  great  enterprises  are  formulated  and  carried 
into  immediate  action.  We  are  a  city  of  great  hotels,  one  recently  having 
been  completed  which  contains  more  than  200  rooms,  and  another  enor- 
mous hotel  recently  remodeled  from  top  to  bottom.  Another  great  hotel 
is  to  be  remodeled  between  now  and  next  summer ;  and  I  say  to  the  mem- 
bers of  this  Congress  that  there  is  not  a  day  in  the  year  when  thou- 
sands of  people  are  not  entertained  at  the  hotels  of  Butte,  and  nobody 
ever  knows  they  are  there.  We  have  hotel  facilities,  and  restaurants  to. 
spare,  and  you  may  come  in  full  force  to  the  greatest  mining  camp  on 
earth,  and  there  will  be  room  for  all. 

You  may  visit  our  school  of  mines,  which  is  fostered  by  the  State  of 
Montana,  where  the  sons  and  daughters  of  these  United  States  may  take 
a  thorough  course  in  metallurgy,  assaying,  mining  and  engineering,  and  in 
every  branch  pertaining  to  the  great  industry  of  mining. 

Right  here  in  the  Montana  delegation  sits  the  personal  representa- 
tives of  Senator  W.  A.  Clark,  and  his  enormous  interests  of  the  Mon- 
tana Ore  Purchasing  Company,  with  its  plants  and  great  smelters ;  the 
personal  representative  of  the  Amalgamated  Copper  Company,  which, 
ag  I  (have  told  you  is  now  constructing  the  largest  smelter  on  earth- 
(applause)  ;  members  of  the  Silver  Bow  Club,  which  in  its  personnel 
represents  more  than  $150,000,000 ;  the  owner  and  proprietor  of  the  Mon- 
tana Iron  Mines  Works,  and  the  representatives  of  the  greait  mining  ma- 
chinery companies  of  Fraser  &  Chalmers,  of  the  Gates  Iron  Works,  and 


210  Official  Proceedings 

tho  B.  P.  All  is  Company,  of  Milwaukee.  This  delegation  represents  in 
this  Qon&remi  more  than  $500,000,000,  and  these  gentlemen  have  been 
mingling  -with  you  in  the  lobbies  of  the  hotels,  and  attending  the  delibera- 
tions of  this  body,  and  you  would  never  know  who  they  were  if  I  had 
not  volunteered  the  information.  (Applause.)  They  have  been  sent  here 
by  the  great  companies  they  represent  to  invite  you  to  visit  the  works 
and  plants  of  their  companies,  and  they  have  honored  me  by  permitting 
me  the  pvivilege  of  addressing  this  Mining  Congress  in  tiheir  behalf. 

Also  in  this  delegation  are  members  of  the  faculty  of  the  Butte 
School  of  Mines,  and  representatives  of  all  the  mining  publications  issued 
in  the  city  of  Butte. 

I  understand  that  there  is  a  resolution  that  the  ci^y  which  is  to 
have  the  next  Mining  Congress  shall  deposit  $3,000  inside  of  30  days. 
Gentlemen  of  this  Congress,  the  city  of  Butte  wants  you  to  visit  them,  and 
if  it  is  necessary  they  will  deposit  $30,000  inside  of  30  minutes.  Butte 
never  does  things  by  halves. 

In  behalf  of  the  great  State  of  Montana,  than  which  there  is  none 
on  the  face  of  the  earth  richer  in  natural  resources,  in  behalf  of  the 
active,  generous,  intelligent  people  of,  that  great  State,  in  behalf  of 
this  delegation  and  the  gigantic  interests  it  represents,  in  behalf  of  the 
Silver  Bow  Club,,  the  Butte  Citizens'  Association  of  business  men,  in 
behalf  of  the  Overland  Club,  and  the  municipal  organization  of  the  city 
of  Butte,  I  cordially  extend  to  this  Mining  Congress  an  invitation  to 
hold  your  fifth  session  in  the  most  marvelous  city  of  the  world,  located 
at  the  base  of  one  of  the  grandest  mountain  ranges  in  the  whole  Rocky 
Mountain  system;  and  I  assure  you,  members  of  this  Congress,  and 
gentlemen  of  this  convention,  that  if  you  come  to  Butte  you  shall  see 
your  fondest  theories  of  mining  crystalized  into  actual,  practical  every- 
day facts.  We  will  show  you  our  plants;  we  will  tender  to  you  the 
welcome  of  the  most  generous  city  of  the  Northwest ;  and  I  assure  you 
on  behalf  of  every  citizen  of  Montana  a  most  royal  welcome.  (Applause.) 

MR.  HECKLER,  OF  PENNSYLVANIA:  Mr.  President,  and 
ladies  and  gentlemen;  as  an  humble  delegate  to  this  convention,  bearing 
the  commission  of  the  great  old  commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  con- 
nection with  my  worthy  colleagues,  I  ariise  to  second  the  nomination  of 
that  magnificent  city,  which  has  just  been  so  eloquently  presented  by  the 
accomplished  representative  of  Montana,  (Applause.) 

Being  a  citizen  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  only  occasionally  visiting 
the  Pacific  northwest,  I  am  seriously  handicapped  by  lack  of  information, 
and  I  am  unable  to  say  to  my  fellow  delegates,  "There  is  Butte,  behold 
her !"  But,  recognizing  not  only  the  desirability,  but  the  actual  neces- 
sity of  having  the  deliberation®  of  this  International  Mining  Congress 
held  at  a  place  which  is  large  enough,  and  which  is  hospitable  enough, 
and  which  iis  energetic  enough  to  entertain  the  delegates,  gathering,  as 
they  do,  from  all  parts  of  this  glorious  country,  Pennsylvania  is  unani- 
mously for  the  city  of  Butte.  (Applause.) 

Believing  that  there  is  more  energy  in  that  wonderful  camp,  which 
has  just:  been  depicted,  believing  that  there  is  more  go-aheadativeness, 
believing  that  the  men  are  more  of  that  Western  hustling  character, 
which  is  so  graphically  shown  here,  in  the  West,  and  believing  that  the 
women  are  more  fair  there,  and  more  sociable  than  in  any  other  place  in 
the  West — of  course,  Boise  City  excepted — Pennsylvania  gladly,  cordially, 
joins  the  request  of  Montana,  and  asks  that  you  take  the  next  con- 
vention to  the  city  of  Butte,  and  Pennsylvania  believes  that  this  con- 
vention will  make  no  mistake.  (Applause.)  I  second  the  nomination. 

MR.  EWING,  OF  CALIFORNIA:  Mr.  President,  and  ladies  and 
gentlemen  of  this  convention :  In  behalf  of  those  engaged  in  mining  and 
the  mining  interests  of  the  Southwest,  covering  the  country  of  Northern 
Mexico,  Arizona,  Nevada  and  California,  I  present  the  name  of  the  city 
of  Los  Angeles,  California,  as  the  place  to  hold  the  fifth  session  of  this 
Congress. 

It  is  in  the  interests  of  this  Mining  Congress  that  Its  next  session 
should  go  to  the  southern  country,  and  the  Pacific.  If  you  will  grant 
us  this  we  will  promise  the  most  successful  session  of  the  Congress 
that  has  ever  been  held.  Denver,  Salt  Lake  City,  Milwaukee  and  Boise 
have  each  had  a  session,  and  I  am  pleased  to  see  the  growing  interest 
this  shows  in  mining  matters. 


International  Mining  Congress.  211 

Los  Angeles  is  favorably  situated,  having  so  many  railroads  enter- 
ing the  city  that  a  cheap  rate  can  easily  be  obtained  for  a  terminal  point. 
I  can  promise  you  in  behalf  of  the  mining  associations  of  that  district; 
and  the  city  of  Los  Angeles,  Cample  funds  for  taking  care  of  the  con- 
,vention.  I  need  not  state  that  we  can  put  up  that  $3,000 ;  we  can  put 
it  up  in  a  minute  and  a  half,  if  you  want  it.  We  don't  say  we  can 
put  up  $40,000  in  a  minute,  but  we  have  got  just  about  as  ri'ch  men  in 
Los  Angeles  as  anywhere  else.  Nearly  all  the  rich  men  have  come  down 
there.  Senator  Clark  and  all  the  rich  men  of  Butte  dislike  Butte  so 
much  that  they  come  down  there  and  sleep  among  the  angels.  (Laughter 
and  applause. ) 

I  call  your  attention  also  to  the  fact  that  Senator  Clark's  great  prop- 
erty, his  great  interests  that  are  paying  as  high  as  $2,500,000  a  year  alone 
in  the  southwest,  do  not  lie  in  the  north. 

Everybody  admires  the  push  and  drive  of  these  great  mining  com- 
panies of  the  north,  but  we,  in  the  South,  have  some  things,  and  we  say  to 
the  delegates  that  (have  been  in  this  Congress  year  after  year  that  we 
have  always  been  ignored,  we  are  left  out.  We  are  just  as  large  a 
country,  we  produce  one-third  of  all  the  precious  metals>  of  the  country, 
and  we  propose  to  have  the  convention  down  there,  if  you  will  grant  it 
to  us;  and  we  can  ^promise  you  a  royal  welcome,  not  only  for  the  min- 
ing interests  of  the  southern  district,  but  the  hospitable  people  of  the 
city  and  country. 

I  will  also  promise  you  that  all  who  can  .come  shall  not  only  have 
a  grand  time,  but  one  of  benefit  to  you  all.  The  city  is  prepared  to 
take  care  of  many  thousands  _of  outsiders.  They  have  had  30,000  at  a 
time  there ;  and  the  hotel®  are  so  much  grander,  so  much  better  in  every 
way,  and  every  facility  for  getting  over  the  city  is  so  much  -in  advance 
of  all  these  other  countries — but  I  make  no  plea  in  behalf  of  the  city  of 
Los  Angeles.  I  do  not  know  the  date  when  it  was  formed ;  it  is  a  whole 
lot  older  than  I  am,  and  1  am  not  a  spring  chicken.  (Laughter.)  Per- 
haps no  city  in  all  our  country  can  offer  you  so  many  inducements  to 
come  there.  Everything  sihall  be  thrown  open  ;  the  whole  country ;  the 
peach  orchards,  and  every  other  orchard.  Our  friends  here  some  of  them 
say  there  are  no  great  orchards  down  there,  and  no  mines  to  keep  them 
going.  Why,  they  can  all  throw  fruit  away,  and  still  have  more  fruit 
than  they  can  use  and  sell.  Wine?  They  will  give  you  cases  and  cases 
to  haul  home  with  you.  ( Laughter  and  applause. )  They  will  entertain  you 
in  the  most  royal  manner  in  the  world.  We  propose  to  make  this  Con- 
gress great.  Then  treat  us  as  we  should  be  treated.  Let  the  Pacific 
coast  have  a  chance,  and  we  will  go  back  to  the  Rocky  mountains  with 
you,  and  all  feel  happier  and  better  and  richer  for  having  come  among 
us. 

I  want  to  introduce  my  friend  and  colleague  here,  who  will  say  some- 
thing in  regard  to  the  city.  I  do  not  propose  to  take  up  the  time  of  this 
convention  by  any  further  remarks  on  the  subject,  only  I  would  ask  the 
secretary  to  read  two  or  three  telegrams  and  resolutions  before  Mr. 
Townsen'd  makes  his  remarks. 

The  secretary  read  the  following  communications : 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  July  24,  1901. 
To  the  President  of  the  International  Mining  Congress,  Boise,  Idaho: 

Commercial,  industrial  and  financial  interests  strongly  urge  your  body 
to  accept  the  invitation  to  hold  your  next  Congress  in  this  city.  We 
believe  no  better  selection  could  be  made.  Our  fame  for  hospitality  and 
the  ability  to  entertain  large  assemblages  will  be  fully  sustained  if  you 
accept. 

MERCHANTS    &   MANUFACTURERS'   ASSOCIATION, 

F.  J.  Z.  HANDLER,   Secretary. 

Col.  Thomas  Ewing  and  Los  Angeles  Chamber  of  Commerce,   Delegates 
to  International  Mining  Congress,  Boise,  Idaho : 
Los  Angeles   Chamber  of  Commerce  tenders   invitation   to   Interna- 


212  Official  Proceedings 

tional  Mining  Congress  to  hold  its  next  convention  in  Los  Angeles,  and 
will  assist  and  co-operate  in  every  way  possible. 

A.  D.  CASE,  President. 
Los  Angeles,    Cal.,    July   17,    1901. 
International  Mining  Congress,  Boise  City,  Idaho.     Gentlemen : 

In  behalf  of  the  commercial  and  manufacturing  interests  of  Los 
Angeles,  and  of  the  Merchants  &  Manufacturers1'  Association,  we  extend 
to  you  herewith  an  earnest  and  hearty  invitation  to  hold  your  next  Con- 
gress in  this  cJty. 

According  to  recently  published  reports  of  the  State  Mineralogist, 
Los  Angeles  County  ranks  second  as  a  mineral-bearing  county  in  the 
State  of  California.  Southern  California  has  long  since  established  a 
well-earned  reputation  by  her  hospitality  and  great  advantages  for  en- 
tertaining large  gatherings ;  and  we  feel  justified  in  assuring  you  that  your 
reception,  if  you  honor  us  with  your  next  Congress,  will  be  as  spontaneous 
and  hearty  as  any  we  have  ever  given.  Respectfully, 

C.  C.  REYNOLDS,  President, 
F.  J.  Z.  HANDLER,   Secretary. 

.,,  MR.  TOWNSEND,  OF  CALIFORNIA:  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and 
gentlemen  of  the  fourth  International  Mining  Congress,  fellow -workers 
and  friends.  In  behalf  of  the  City  of  Los  Angeles,  California,  through  its 
representative  commercial  organizations,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
Merchants  and  Manufacturers'  Association  and  its  citizens,  I  tender  to 
you  our  most  heartfelt  and  sincere  invitation  to  convene  your!  next  annual 
session  of  this  Congress  in  our  city. 

In  extending  to  you  this  invitation,  we  do  so  with  full  knowledge  as  to 
our  ability  to  take  care  of  each  and  every  one  who  may  come  to  us  as 
a-  delegate.  Our  hotel  accommodations  are  practically  unlimited,  and 
are  of  the  best.  Our  people  will  appreciate  the  honor  of  your  presence, 
and,  as  they  are  known  the  world  over  for  their  hospitality,  I  am  hereby 
authorized  to  extend  to  you  the  promise  that  each  and  every  one  who 
enters  the  gates  of  our  city  as  a  delegate  shall  receive  the  attention  of 
our  citizens,  and  his  stay  with  us  shall  be  one  of  pleasure^  and  long  to  be 
remembered'  by  him. 

The  Land  of  'Sunshine  awaits  your  coming,  and  you  have  but  to 
accept  our  invitation  and  come  and  eat  of  our  oranges,  olives  and 
fruits,  and  to  those  who  desire  we  offer  wine.  Come  and  sit  beneath  our 
vine  and  fig  tree ;  view  our  snow-topped  mountains  ;  gaze  on  our  verdant 
orange  groves,  and  pluck  the  golden  fruit.  Rest  on  the  beach  sands  of 
the  Pacific  and  bathe  in  its  limpid  waters.  Feast  on  the  firsh  of  the  deep, 
and  ride  on  its  curling  waves  to  its  far-famed  and  beautiful  Island  of 
Catalina, 

The  city  of  LoS  Angeles  is  the  railroad  terminus  of  a  number  of 
transcontinental  lines,  and  we  can  promise  to  you  that  the  Transcon- 
tinental Passenger  Association  will  give  to  you  reduced  fare,  so  that  the 
expense  of  the  trip  will  be  comparatively  small ;  our  commercial  bodies, 
in  whose  behalf  I  invite  you,  are  strong  and  will  make  it  their  duty  to 
assist  your  Committee  on  Passenger  Rates  in  securing  transportation  at 
the  lowest  rate  possible. 

We  have  halls  for  public  assemblages  that  have  ample  and  com- 
fortable seating  capacity  for  thousands,  and  out  balmy  air,  be  it  summer 
6r  winter,  assures  you  of  absolute  comfort  while  carrying  on  your  delibera- 
tions. 

Owing  to  the  vast  number  of  wealthy  travelers  of  pleasure  who  visit 
our  city  and  who  will  be  attracted  by  the  brilliant,  and  I  may  say  mag- 
nificent mineral '  display  which  we  can  make,  we  will  draw  the  attention 
of  many  thousands  to  our  cause  who  have  never  before  evinced  any  but 
a  passing  interest  in  the  great  mining  industry  of  our  country. 

Therefore,  Mr.  President,  I,  as  a  representative  of  the  Golden  State ; 
that  State  which  poured  into  the  lap  of  our  country  in  her  time  of  need 
and  peril  the  riches  of  her  sands  ;  that  State  which  first  disclosed  to  the 
eyes  of  the  world  the  fabulous  wealth  of  our  Western  States,  and,  as  a 


International  Mining  Congress.  218 

representative  of  the  people  of  the  great  city  of  Los  Angeles,  ask  that 
you  select  as  the  place  for  holding  the  fifth  annual  session  of  the  Inter- 
national Mining  Congress  of  1902  our  city  of  Los  Angeles. 

I  thank  you,  Mr.  President,  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  this  Congress. 

MR.  FITZGERALD,  OF  COLORADO:  Mr.  President,  I  hav«  the 
honor  to  come  from  the  little  State  of  Colorado,  which  has  one  county 
that  produces  more  gold  than  the  State  of  California — one  little  county. 
However,  that  is  not  the  question  to  be  discussed  before  this  Congress. 

This  is  an  association  of  mining  people,  organized  for  the  purpose 
of  discussing  matters  pertaining  to  mining,  not  pertaining  to  angels,  or 
anything  of  that  kind,  because  we  do  not  belong  to  that  class,  as  a  rule. 
(Laughter  and  applause.)  I  have  spent  most  of  my  life  in  mining  camps, 
associating  with  mining  people  and  prospectors,  and  I  have  never  discov- 
ered any  angels  running  around  that  part  of  the  country ;  therefore  I 
don't  believe  we  would  be  able  to  find  delegates  to  send  who  would  fit 
the  occasion. 

Now,  it  sterns  to  me  if  we  are  going  to  have  a  mining  congress  we 
should  have  it  in  a  mining  country.  This  congress  invites  people  from 
every  state  to  come  in  and  participate  with  us  in  these  deliberations ; 
and  it  is  a  healthy  omen  to  this  Congress  that  so  many  places  are  in- 
viting u.s  to  come  with  such  energy  and  enthusiasm.  But  we  should  meet 
in  a  mining  country,  where  we  can  see  mining  from  the  beginning  until 
the  finished  product  is  sent  to  the  mint. 

Therefore,   on  behalf  on   the   Colorado   delegation — 

MR.  MOORE  :    No,  no. 

MR.   FITZGERALD :     All  but  one,  I  second  the  selection  of  Butte: 

MR.  RICHMOND:  Mr.  President,  I  occupy  rather  a  peculiar  po- 
sition on  this  question,  somewhat  similar  to  the  man  on  his  deathbed; 
who  was  being  administered  to  by  the  clergyman,  who  asked  him  if  he 
knew  where  he  was  going.  He  said  he  didn't  give  a  cuss ;  he  had  frienda 
in  both  places.  I  am  in  that  same  condition  on  our  delegation.  I  ant 
not  going  to  get  myself  into  the  fix  that  my  friend  from  Colorado  did; 
because  I  know  that  our  delegation  is  divided.  Some  of  us  want  to 
go  to  Los  Angeles  and  have  the  privilege  of  associating  with  the  angels ; 
and  I  presume  those  who  wish  to  go  to  Butte  want  to  get  a  taste  of  what 
is  in  stoie  for  them  in  the  hereafter.  (Applause.) 

Four  years  ago  we  met  in  Denver;  Salt  Lake  City,  Omaha  and 
Los  Angeles  were  candidates  for  the  session  of  the  coming  year.  Salt 
Lake  was  the  choice ;  and  at  that  time  it  was  tacitly  understood,  if  not 
formally  promised,  that  the  next  annual  session  should  go  to  Los  Angeles, 
and  those  who  were  present  at  that  time,  I  think,  will  bear  me  out  in 
that  statement.  Now  I  think  Los  Angeles  should  have  it.  I  appreciate, 
more  than  I  can  tell  the  most  eloquent  address  that  we  received  fron* 
the  lady  from  Montana.  Nothing  that  she  said  about  the  people  of 
Montana  and  of  Butte  was  exaggerated — of  their  resources,  of  the  manner 
in  which  they  will  take  care  of  us,  of  the  money  they  will-  spend  on  us} 
of  the  sights  they  will  show  us — everything  is  exactly  as  she  said  it, 
if  not  more  so.  But  the  question  is  now  whether  we  have  the  time  to 
visit  Montana,  to  examine  the  mining  enterprise,  the  mining  plants,  the 
reduction  plants,  or  whether  we  are  going  to  meet  for  the  purpose  .of 
discussing  mining  subjects,  and  subjects  that  appertain  to  the  commercial 
economy  of  mining.  We  can  discuss  that  subject  just  exactly  as  well  iii 
Los  Angeles  as  we  can  in  Boise,  Salt  Lake,  or  Denver,  in  the  heart  of  the 
Rocky  mountains.  We  have  delegates  here  from  the  far  East  who  have 
invited  this  convention  to  meet  with  them  there.  There  is  no  reason  under 
the  sun  why  those  gentlemen  should  not  be  entitled  to  -this  convention  \ 
but  at  the  present  time  it  looks  too  inopportune  to  visit  any  other  mining 
state.  We  have  been  close  to  Butte ;  we  are  within  five  or  six  hours  of 
the  city,  and  now  it  is  my  opinion  that  it  is  the  best  interest  of  this 
Congress  not  to  meet  at  a  place  so  close  to  this. 

Another  point  that  has  been  touched  upon,  Mr.  President;  California 
is  the  mother  of  our  entire  Western  mining  interests.  It  was  from 
,that  glorious  State  that  the  sinews  of  war  came  to  us,  and  in  that  State1 
we  have  our  representatives  from  every  State  in  the  Union.  Those  peo- 


214  Official  Proceedings 

pie  come  to  us  now  and  ask  us  to  come  out  there  and  meet  the  descend- 
ants of  our  own  forefathers. 

I  believe,  Mr.  President,  that  in  this  case  it  is  our  duty  to  this  Con- 
gress and  to  the  industry  that  it  represents)  to  go  to  the  mother  lode  of 
the  country  and  hold  our  next  session,  (Applause.) 

MR.  CARRERA,  OF  NEW  MEXICO  :  Mr.  President,  I  am  in  favor 
of  Los  Angeles.  Business  is  a  very  good  thing  and  pleasure  is  a  good 
thing,  but  the  two  combined  are  much  better.  When  I  am  going  to  at- 
tend a  business  convention  if  I  can  mix  business  and  pleasure  I  am  going 
to  do  it.  I  would  like  to  get  under  the  fig  trees  and  pull  down  a  figl  once 
in  a  while.  I  dori't  say  that  all  the  people  there  are  angels,  but  the 
women  are ;  and,  as  the  angels  have  a  good  deal  to  do  with  paradise,  I 
would  like  to  go  and  see  a  country  that  is  so  intimately  related  to 
Paradise.  I  want  to  say  to  you  that  there  is  not  a  sweeter  spot  on 
fcarth  than  Los  Angeles. 

MR.  MOORE,  OF  COLORADO:  Mr.  President,  on  behalf  of,  I 
think,  a  large  proportion  of  the  delegation  from  Colorado,  I  want  to 
second  the  nomination  of  Los  Angeles.  My  sentiments  have  been  expressed 
by  the  gentleman  from  Utah,  and  my  immediate  predecessor.  I  agree  with 
them  that  angels  are  awfully  nice  company ;  and  if  I  could  get  used  to 
Associating  with  them  in  this  world  I  want  to  do  it;  it  won't  come  so 
hard  in  the  next. 

But,  joking  aside,  this  is  an  international  Congress,  and  if  we  keep 
it  inside  the  Rocky  mountains  it  is  going  to  lose  its  international  char- 
acter, and  become  a  local  affair.  It  seems  to  me  that  we  ought  to  take 
it  away  from  local  influences  and  maintain  its  international  character. 

Mr.  McANTIRE,  OF  MISSOURI:  Mr.  President,  I  am  told  in 
confidence  by  these  people  here — I  didn't  know  that  they  represented  the 
vast  interests  and  the  vast  wealth  that  the  lady  from  Helena  said  that 
they  do ;  but  they  have  told  me  in  confidence  that,  instead  of  giving  only 
jthe  keys  of  the  city,  they  will  give  to.  the  delegates  to  this  convention  the 
keys  of  a  mine,  so  you  can  go  down  and  examine  our  products ;  you  can 
go  down  and  see  that  which,  perhaps,  to  the  miner  from  all  but  these 
mountain  states  is  a  matter  of  interest,  and  one  that  they  desire  to  look 
into.  These  men  from  the  east  and  south  invest  in  the  gold,  silver  and 
copper  mines  of  the  West,  though  they  never  saw  them ;  and  if  they  are 
selected  as  delegates  they  want  to  come  to  a  city  where  they  can  see  not 
only  the  practical  operation  of  the  machinery,  but  the  practical  operation 
of  the  mines. 

I  believe  I  voice  the  sentiment  of  every  delegate  from  Missouri 
when  I  say  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  second  the  nomination  of  Butte. 

MR.  DERN,  OF  UTAH:  Mr.  President,  I  believe  the  location  of 
the  Congress  is  the  most  important  question  which  comes  before  our 
meeting  at  this  time.  We  should  be  very  careful  in  the  selection  of  a 
point  where  we  believe  that  we  can  get  the  largest  representation.  Two 
years  ago  when  the  question  of  the  place  for  the  next  Congress  came 
up  for  consideration  the  same  argument  was  advanced  which  has  been 
made  here,  as  to  taking  it  out  somewheres  on  the  prairies.  People  don't 
go  to  see  mines  and  machinery  and  the  like.  They  can  discuss  mining 
subjects  in  the  east  just  as  well  as  in  mining  states.  I  ask  you,  gentlemen, 
iyho  have  kept  track  of  it,  what  success  have  we  had?  If  you  want  a 
live,  active  mining  congress  and  have  a  good  meeting,  take  it  somewhere 
wher"e  everybody  is  interested  in  mining.  Take  it  to  a  mining  town  and 
you  will  have  success.  Take  it  to  a  city  like  Butte,  where  everybody  is 
interested  in  mines  and  the  welfare  of  mines,  and  I  assure  you  we  will 
meet  with  grand  success.  I  second  Butte  as  the  place  for  holding  the 
next  Congress.  (Applause.) 

MR.  KENNEDY,  OF  OHIO:  Mr.  President,  as  T  look  out  upon 
this  vast  sea  of  upturned  faces  of  intelligence  and  high  foreheads,  inter- 
mingled with  so  much,  beauty  and  female  loveliness.  I  am  constrained  to 
ask  mys'elf,  Where  am  I  at?  (Laughter.)  I  had  supposed  I  was  at- 
tending an  annual  session  of  the  International  Mining  Congress ;  but, 
after  listening  to  the  eloquence  with  which  we  have  been  favored  for  the 


International  Mining  Congress .  215 

last  ten  minutes,  I  think  perhaps  I  am  in  the  wrong  pew ;  that  I  am  in 
a  mutual  admiration  society ;  an  institution  arranging  for  a  junketing 
trip  to  some  kind  of  a  health  resort,  or  to  the  fruit-growing  sections  of 
this,  our  own  beautiful  Arcadia  of  America, 

Now,  in  my  judgment,  this  is  a  business  organization ;  we  are  here 
in  the  interests  of  the  mining  industries  of  this  -country.  And  if  we 
would  do  what  would  most  redound  to  our  own  interests,  in  my  judgment, 
we  would  take  this  convention  to  Butte,  Montana.  We  are  mining  men, 
not  fruit-growing  men.  We  are  looking  after  our  interests  ;  we  are  seek- 
ing for  information  along  the  lines  of  mining  and  mining  operations,  and 
we  are  going  to  find  just  what  we  seek  if  we  go  to  Butte. 

MR.  LOUDERBACK,  OF  NEVADA :  Mr.  President,  I  wish  to  sec- 
ond Los  Angeles  on  the  part  on  the  Nevada  delegation.  We  believe  that 
Montana  is  so  close  to  Idaho  that  the  Congress  should  be  taken  to  some 
mose  distant  place  in  order  to  appear  more  representative  of  the  different 
parts  of  the  country,  and  so  secure  the  interest  of  the  greatest  possible 
number  of  people.  It  would  be  well  to  make  all  of  the  people  feel  that 
it  is  not  a  private  affair  ;  that  it  is  not  locked  up  in  one  or  two  states, 
but  that  it  is  an  affair  for  the  whole  people  of  the  United  States  to  inter- 
est themselves  in.  The  representative  from  Butte  laid  great  stress  on  the 
fact  that  that  city  is  one  of  the  greatest  mining,  camps  on  earth.  If  we 
were  always  to  select  mining  camps  it  might  be  possible  that  the  Congress 
would  meet  in  the  same  place  year  after  year.  California  has  great  mining 
interests,  although  she  may  not  stand  as  high  in  the  scale  of  States  as  she 
once  did.  California  is  noted  for  the  enthusiasm  with  which  it  carries 
forward  projects  in  which  it  is  interested,  and  for  the  hospitality  it  dis- 
plays. The  presidential  party  lately  traveled  through  California,  and 
the  hospitality  shown  them  was  so  great  that  one  of  the  party  afterward 
said  that  the  only  change  of  program  he  would  suggest  was  that  they 
allow  a  few  hours  for  sleep. 

Now,  I  think,  if  we  wish  to  interest  the  people  in  the  western  part 
of  the  country  in  this  movement  that  we  should  take  the  Congress  there 
for  at  least  one  session. 

MR.  VOSS,  OF  OREGON:  Mr.  President,  ladies  and!  gentlemen: 
It  is  my  understanding  of  the  proposition  that  we  are'  discussing  the  wel- 
fare of  this  Mining  Congress,  and  not  disseminating  knowledge  along  the 
lines  that  we  have  been  discussing  here.  Mining  is  our  business ;  we 
are  not  in  the  business  of  growing  fruits.  We  like  to  eat  them,  and  we 
like*to  go  down  to  California  once  in  a  while  and  enjoy  ourselves  with 
the  people  who  raise  them,  for  they  are,  indeed,  a  hospitable  people,  if 
there  is  one  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  But  there  are  people  who  come  into 
thes'e  gatherings  with  papers  to  read,  and  open  their  addresses  with  the 
proposition  that  they  don't  know  anything  that  they  are  writing  about. 
As  mining  men,  I  think  I  voice  the  sentiments  of  every  other  mining  man 
in  this  audience  when  I  say  that  there  is  something  for  us  to  learn 
every  day  of  our  lives,  and  we  can't  learnit  too  fast,  nor  become  too 
proficient  in  our  line. 

I  am  in  favor  of  carrying  the  next  session  of  this  Congress  into  the 
greatest  mining  camp  in  the  world.  (Applause.)  I  don't  want  you  to 
be  mistaken  about  this  proposition  that  I  am  naming.  I  don't  want  this 
assemblage  to  take  it  for  granted  that  I  voice  the  sentiments  of  our  dele- 
gation, for  I  don't  know  that  I  do;  but  I  think  the  greater  number  are 
with  me  on  this  question.  I  ask  you  to  come  with  us  to  the  greatest  city 
of  its  kind  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  and  with  us  learn  something  about 
mining. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Heckler,  of  Pennsylvania,  duly  seconded  and  car- 
ried, the  nominations  were  closed. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Flenner,  of  Idaho,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the 
previous  question  was  ordered. 

A  vote  was  then  taken  by  roll  call  of  States,  resulting  as  follows : 

Votes    cast 121 

Butte 80 

Los    Angeles 41 


216  Official  Proceedings 

MR.  EWING,  OF  CALIFORNIA:  MT.  President,  I  move  that  the 
vote  be  made  unanimous  for  Butte. 

MR.  TOWNSEND,  OF  CALIFORNIA:  I  second  the  motion,  Mr. 
President. 

The  motion  was  carried  by  a  rising  vote. 

The  Committee  on  Resolutions  presented  the  following  resolution, 
with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  adopted: 

Resolved,  That  the  earnest  and  heartfelt  thanks  of  this  assembly  be, 
and  the  same  are  hereby  extended  to  the  several  ladies  and  gentlemen 
accepting  the  invitation  extended  to  them  to  prepare  and  read  papers  be- 
fore this  body. 

On  motion  duly  made  and  seconded  the  resolution  was  adopted  unani- 
mously. 

MR.  RICHMOND:  Mr.  President,  the  committee  beg  leave  to 
repo'rt  back  to  the  committee  of  the  whole,  with  the  statement  that  the 
committee  sympathize  with  this  theme,  but  do  not  believe  it  advisable  to 
take  any  action  other  than  that  of  sympathy : 

Whereas,  The  present  tariff  of  freight  rates  on  ores,  mining  pro- 
ducts and  mining  machinery  on  various  railway  lines  is  unnecessarily 
high  and  burdensome  and  prevent  the  development  and  operation  of 
mines  containing  low-grade  ores,  and 

Whereas,  The  interests  of  Western  mining  districts  demand  a  reduc- 
tion of  said  freight  rates  and  tariff  sufficiently  low  to  permit  the  opera- 
tion of  mines  producing  low-grade  ores1;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  this  International  Mining  Congress  approves  of  the 
sentiments  therein  expressed. 

The  committee  simply  reports  sympathy  with  the  resolution,  but  with 
no  recommendation. 

It  was  moved  and  seconded  that  the  resolution  be  adopted. 

MR.  FELTHAM,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President;  the  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions  does  not  present  to  this  Congress  what  that 
resolution  was.  Before  this  Congress  can  intelligently  take  up  and  vote 
upon  the  matter  as  it  was  originally  presented,  I  ask  that  the  resolution 
as  originally  presented  be  read,  so  that  I  may  speak  to  this  assembly 
upon  the  matter. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  reading  of  the  resolution  is  called 
for.  Is  the  original  resolution  in  the  hand®  of  the  committee? 

MR.  RICHMOND:  Mr.  Prt-*»i«ent.  the  resolution  was  passed  up  to 
the  secretary. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :     The  resolution  will  be  read. 

SECRETARY  MAHON :  (Reading).  Whereas,  The  present  tariff 
of  freight  rates  on  ores,  mining  products  and  mining  machinery  on  vari- 
ous railway  lines  is  unnecessarily  high  and  burdensome,  and  prevent  the 
development  and  operation  of  mines  containing  low-grade  ores,  and 

Whereas,  The  interests  of  Western  mining  districts  demand  a  re- 
duction of  said  freight  rates  and  tariffs1  sufficiently  low  to  permit  the 
operation  of  mines  containing  low-grade  ores, 

MR.  FELTHAM:  Now,  I  ask  that  the  balance  of  that  resolution, 
as  it  was  presented  in  this  Congress  this  morning,  be  read  without 
alteration. 

SECRETARY  MAHON:  (Reading)  Therefore,  be  it  Resolved, 
That  a  standing  committee  of  15  persons  be  appointed  by  the  Exe- 
cutive Committee  with  full  powers  to  confer  with  railway  com- 


International  Mining  Congress.  217 

panies  and  earnestly  solici-  them  to  at  once  consider  favorably  a  sub- 
stantial reduction  of  the  present  freight  rates  upon  ores,  concentrates, 
fuels,  fluxes  and  all  mineral  products  and  mining  machinery ;  and  that 
said  committee  shall  report  to  the  next  annual  meeting  of  this  Congress 
the  reductions  and  concessions  secured  by  it  from  said  railway  lines. 

MR.  FELTHAM:  Mr.  President,  as  the  mover  of  that  resolution, 
I  would  like  permission  to  address  this  Congress  from  the  platform,  if 
I  may  have  the  privilege. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  Let  the  chair  state  the  question,  if  you 
please. 

The  Committee  on  Resolutions  reports  a  resolution  for  the  con- 
sideration of  this  body.  A  motion  was  made  that  the  resolution  be 
adopted.  Does  the  gentleman  from  Idaho  move  to  substitute  the  resolu- 
tion as  originally  introduced? 

MR.  FELTHAM :  Yes,  sir ;  the  original  resolution  as  introduced 
this  morning,  and  as  recently  read  by  the  secretary  of  this  Congress. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  You  wish  to  substitute  that  for  the  resolu- 
tion reported  by  the  committee. 

MR.   FELTHAM:     For  the  substitute  presented  by  the  committee. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  Very  good.  The  question  is  on  the 
amendment  to  the  report.  The  gentleman  from  Idaho  has  the  floor. 

MR.  HUTCHINSON,  OF  IDAHO:  Mr.  President,  if  Mr.  Feltham 
will  allow  me  just  a  minute — I  do  not  desire  to  speak  anything  upon  the 
proposition  at  all ;  but  if  you  will  yield  the  floor  for  me  to  make  a 
statement  before  you  commence  I  will  be  much  obliged. 

MR.  FELTHAM  :     I  will. 

MR.  HUTCHINSON:  Will  the  president  allow  me  to  take  the  last 
part  of  that  paper  from  the  Resolutions  Committee? 

Mr.  President,  I  hope  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions 
is  present  because  this  convention,  I  think,  does  not  clearly  understand 
the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions;  and  I  will  state  for  the 
benefit  of  this  convention  that  the  Committee  on  Resolutions:  did  do 
something  besides  express  itsi  sympathy  with  that  resolution.  It  said : 
"Therefore,  Be  it  Resolved,  that  this  International  Mining  Congress  ex- 
presses its  approval  of  the  spirit  of  the  resolutions,  and  pray  that  said 
reductions  be  made." 

A  DELEGATE:     Is  that  the  form  of  the  resolution  or  motion? 
MR.   HUTCHINSON:     It   is   in   the  formal   report   of  the   Committee 
on  Resolutions. 

A  DELEGATE:     Are  you  moving  its  adoption? 

MR.  HUTCHINSON :  No,  sir.  I  am  not  doing  anything  of  the  kind. 
I  am  stating  for  the  benefit  of  the  speaker  who  has  the  floor  that  the 
Committee  on  Resolulions  did  recommend  something  besides  its  sym- 
pathy. There  is  something  stronger  than  sympathy.  (Applause.) 

This  is  what  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  reported :  That  this 
International  Mining  Congress  expresses  its  approval  of  the  spirit  of 
the  resolutions,  and  prays  that  the  reduction  be  made. 

With  that  statement,  so  that  the  Congress  may  clearly  understatnd 
that  the  Resolutions  Committee  did  something  besides  express  its 
sympathy,  I  desire  to  withdraw  in  favor  of  the  speaker  who  'desires  to 
address  the  convention. 

MR.  FELTHAM :  Mr.  President,  and  members  of  this  Congress : 
I  once  heard  a  story  of  a  scene  in  a  passenger  car,  where  a  poor  little 
child  was  crying  and  begging  for  assistance  to  enable  it  to  return  to  its 


218  Official  Proceedings 

home.  The  people  filed  by,  said  a  kindly  word  to  the  child,  and  expressed 
sympathy  for  it;  and  finally  a  great  square-shouldered  fellow,  with 
callous  upon  his  "hands,  and  the  look  of  an  honest  man  in  his  face, 
stepped  upon  the  car  seat  and  said  to  that  crowd  of  people :  "Yes,  you 
are  all  in  sympathy  with  this  child,  you  feel  for  this  child ;  now  how 
much  dou  you  feel  for  it?  How  many  dollars  worth  of  sympathy  have 
you  got  for  this  child  to  send  it  on  its  way  home?'' 

This  Congress,  from  its  very  opening  to  this  moment,  has  been  ready 
with  expressions  of  sympathy  and  friendship  and  favor  to  the  prospector, 
to  the  miner,  to  the  operating  man  who  digs  the  mineral  from  the  earth 
and  puts  it  into  the  market  of  the  world.  A  speaker  upon  this  stand, 
the  first  day  of  the  Congress,  read  a  paper,  in  which  he  declared  that 
a  crying  evil  of  the  condition  of  this  country  was  that  the  profits  of 
the  miner's  industry  were  eaten  up  by  the  transportation  companies.  If 
he  did  not  express  it  in  that  language,  that  was  the  intent  and  purport 
of  his  paper. 

I  stand  here  in  behalf  of  the  producer,  offering  a  resolution  before 
this  body,  to  make  this  matter  tangible  and  certain  that  is  uncertain 
and  very  indefinite  at  this  time.  A  resolution  was  presented  this  morn- 
ing by  me,  and  was  sent  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions.  The  commit- 
tee has  returned  that  resolution  so  garbled  and  so  distorted  out  of  its 
natural  function,  out  of  its  true  and  real  function,  that  it  does  not 
bear  the  countenance  that  it  started  with.  It  has  changed  color,  com- 
plexion and  form.  It  says.  We  are  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  resolu- 
tion :  we  are  heartily  with  the  sentiment  therein  expressed,  but  we  can't 
do  anything  for  you. 

Why,  'the  vital  question  before  this  Congress  today  is  to  benefit  the 
miner.  If  it  is  not,  then  I  have  come  here  under  a  mistaken  idea,  and 
I  believe  dozens  of  people  have  come  here  under  a  mistaken  idea.  If 
you  are  not  here  for  the  purpose  of  doing  something  that  is  tangible 
and  beneficial  to  the  producer  you  have  come  here  for  naught.  If  you 
have  come  here  to  sing  high-sounding  praises,  if  you  have  come  here 
to  throw  bouquets  at  the  prospector,  then  I  say  you  have  come  here . 
in  vain. 

I  ask  in  this  resolution  that  a  committee  of  15  be  appointed,  it  said 
by  the  Executive  Committee.  I  was  misinformed  upon  that  matter.  I 
understood  there  was  an  Executive  Committee  of  this  Congress. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :     There  is. 

MR  FELTHAM:  There  is  one?  Well,  then  I  was  just  informed 
again  that  there  was  not. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  Certainly  there  is  an  Executive  Commit- 
tee. 

MR.  FELTHAM:  For  that  reason  I  was  drifting  a  little  bit.  But 
the  resolution  asks  that  a  committee  be  appointed  by  the  Executive 
Committee,  with  power  and  authority  to  take  up  this  matter,  discuss  it 
with  the  railway  companies  and  the  transportation  companies,  present 
the  matter  from  the  standpoint  of  the  miner  to  them,  and  ask  for  a 
reduction  of  freight  rates  upon  ores  and  mining  products.  The  com- 
mittee admits  that  that  is  a  glaring  evil,  and  say  they  are  in  sympathy 
with  it. 

Let  me  specify  more  particularly.  We  are  in  the  very  heart  of  the 
mountain  system ;  we  have  no  competing  railway  lines.  About  you  on 
every  hand  you  have  mining  districts  in  an  embryonic  state.  Thousands 
of  tons  of  ore  have  been  exposed  upon  the  surface ;  thousands  of  tons 
are  prospectively  near  the  surface,  and  not  one  ton  out  of  this  capable 
of  shipment.  What  is  the  matter?  Why,  the  matter  is  simply  this: 
That  the  tariff  of  freight  rates  is  so  high  it  is  utterly  impossible  to  get 
it  out  of  this  country ;  because  we  have  no  smelters,  because  we  have 
no  means  for  the  reduction  of  our  low-grade  ores  our  entire  country  is 
kept  back,  and  we  do  not  have  the  development  we  naturally  would  have 
under  favorable  conditions. 

Now,  I  believe,  as  a  prospector  and  miner,  that  the  railroad  com- 
pany does  not  thoroughly  understand  the  situation,  or  they  would  change 
the  rates.  And  the  object  of  this  resolution  was  to  have  a  standing  com- 
mitte  of  15  persons,  or  more,  if  you  see  fit,  select  one  from  each  of  the 
mineral  States  if  you  see  fit,  selecting  one  from  each  of  the  individual 


International  Mining  Congress.  219 

States,  so  that  the  correspondence  may  flow  from  each  State  as  a  unit, 
so  that  they  may  work  in  perfect  unison  each  with  the  other  through- 
out the  mineral-producing  districts,  so  that  they  may  apply  to  the 
individual  railway  companies  for  a  general  reduction,  a  reduction  which 
will  make  it  possible  to  send  the  ores  of  this  State  and  other  States 
to  the  markets  of  the  world,  to  the  smelters,  to  plants  where  they  can 
be  ^profitably  treated  for  the  miner  as  well  as  for  the  smelter  owner, 
and  all  people  that  have  to  do  with  the  product. 

Isn't  that  a  tangible  question,  isn't  it  the  real  question,  isn't  it 
the  live  question  for  you  prospectors? 

I  see  men  right  in  this  audience  now  who  are  owners  of  claims 
who  are  not  shipping  a  dollar's  worth  of  ore ;  I  can  call  their  names 
by  the  dozen  in  this  country  ;  they  have  claims  that  have  thousands  of 
tons  of  sulphurets  carrying-  galena,  iron  pyrites,  carrying  gold  and  silver, 
and  not  shipping  a  dollar's  worth  of  ore ;  and  I  am  seeking  by  this 
resolution  to  put  into  existence  an  actual,  tangible  working  force  that  will 
bring  that  matter  fairly  and  squarely  before  the  railroads  of  this  coun- 
try and  ask  them  in  all  candor  to  do  the  right  thing  by  the  prospector 
and  the  producer.  Is  it  wrong?  I  would  like  to  know  what  is  the 
reason  that  this  committee  turns  down  a  proposition  like  this.  Why, 
that  declaration  fell  on  my  head  like  a  thunderbolt.  I  have  stood  in 
the  court  room  when  the  jury  brought  in  its  verdict,  a  verdict  in  which 
I  was  personally  interested,  sitting  there  as  an  advocate,  or  as  a  party 
interested  in  the  financial  result  of  a  case,  and  never  in  my  life  did  I 
feel  the  weight  of  a  blow  deeper  than  when  I  heard  the  report  of  the 
committee  that  refused  to  act  directly  in  the  interests  of  the  people  that 
are  here  represented.  I  do  not  understand  that  this  is  a  convention  of 
railroad  men  :  I  do  not  understand  that  this  is  a  convention  of  capital- 
ists, who  are  speculating  on  the  resources  of  this  country.  I  under- 
stand that  this  is  a  convention  of  miners,  and  people  who  are  inter- 
ested in  mining,  interested  in  taking  the  raw  material  from  the  bowels 
of  the  earth  and  putting  it  into  the  markets  of  the  world  :  and  if  you 
are  why  not  pass  this  resolution?  Why  not  carry  this  out?  I  say  you 
have  a  right,  this  convention  has  the  authority,  to  create  any  committee, 
standing:  or  temporary,  that  will  do  any  work  that  subserves  the  pur- 
poses of  this  Congress.  Why  not?  That  is  what  we  are  here  for. 

I  am  a  member  of  this  Congress,  and  I  am  a  prospector,  and  I 
have  a  right  to  be  heard  upon  this  floor,  and  that  is  why  I  am  address- 
ing myself  to  this  Congress,  asking  that  they  pass  this  resolution  in  the 
interests  of  this  and  adjoining  States.  I  ask  that  it  be  done.  I  am 
willing  to  do  my  part,  to  help  along  that  line ;  and  there  are  dozens  in 
this  convention  who  are  willing  to  extend  all  the  assistance  in  their 
powei  to  bring  about  the  desired  result.  Why  not? 

I  say  to  you,  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  this  Congress,  in  all  candor, 
it  is  right  that  this  resolution  should  be  passed.  If  it  does  not  con- 
form in  every  feature  to  what  you  consider  to  be  right,  change  it,  re- 
form it,  but  sustain  the  principle,  sustain  the  proposition  as  it  is  stated; 
sustain  the  effort  to  organize  effective  effort  in  this  direction.  The  fault 
of  this  Congress  here  today  is  that  it  is  a  conglomerate  mass,  made  up 
of  somebody  from  somewhere,  with  no  distinct  entity,  no  distinct  plans' — 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:     Your  time  is   up. 

MR.  FELTHAM:  I  thank  the  Congress  for  the  opportunity  to  be 
heard. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  question  is  on  the  amendment  offered 
by  the  gentleman  from  Idaho  to  strike  out  the  resolution  reported  by  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions,  retaining  the  preamble,  and  inserting  the 
resolution  as  he  originally  introduced  it.  Are  you  ready  for  the  ques- 
tion V 

MR.  MOORE,  OF  COLORADO:  Mr.  President,  that  resolution 
wag  very  carefully  considered  by  the  committee  when  it  came  before  them. 
The  gentleman  who  has  just  spoken  is  quite  mistaken  in  thinking  that 
we  laid  that  to  one  side  and  did  not  consider  the  principle.  It  seems  to 
me  that  the  resolution  which  has  been  proposed  by  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions  does  conform,  not  in  sympathy  merely,  but  contains  an 


220  Official  Proceedings 

absolute  and  strong  approval  of  the  principle  contained  in  the  original 
resolution.  It  seemed  to  us  in  the  committee  that  the  fact  of  fifteen — 
or  appointing  a  committee  of  any  kind  as  a  third  party  to  deal  between 
the  producer  and  the  transporter  was  not  good  policy,  not  in  accordance 
with  sound  business  principles.  It  seemed  to  us,  therefore,  that  if  we 
did  affirm  our  active  sympathy,  and  strong  approval  of  that  principle, 
it  would  be  as  far  as  we  could  go. 

I   am,   therefore,  not   in   favor   of   the  amendment. 

The  amendment,  upon  vote  being  taken,   was  lost. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  question  is  now  on  the  adoption  of 
the  report  of  the  committee. 

The  chair  takes  the  liberty  of  suggesting  to  the  chairman  of  that 
committee,  if  he  is  present,  that  the  resolution,  as  reported,  refers  to 
something  that  does  not  exist.  It  says  that  this  International  Congress 
expresses  its  approval  of  the  spirit  of  the  resolutions.  There  are  no 
resolutions ;  there  is  nothing  but  a  preamble. 

MR.  FITZGERALD,  OF  COLORADO:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  move  to 
lay  the  preamble  on  the  table. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  Of  course  the  chair  will  put  the  motion 
on  the  report  of  the  committee,  but  it  really  ought  to  be  put  in  a  little 
different  shape. 

On  being  put  to  vote  the  report  of  the  committee  was  not  concurred 
in  by  the  house,  the  motion  to  adopt  being  lost. 

Secretary  Mahon  read  the  following  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Permanent  Organization : 

To  the  International  Mining  Congress,  in  convention  assembled : 
Your  Committee  on  Pernr.anent  Organization  reports  the  following  re- 
commendations : 

1.  In  future,   only  such  as  have  fully  paid  all  dues  up  to  annual 
meeting   of   1902    (payable   in    advance)    shall   be   eligible   to   vote   upon 
any  question  relative   to  officers  and  organization. 

2.  Suggests   a   call   of   those   present   by   the   chair   to   enroll   their 
names  as  permanent  members. 

3.  Future  meetings  shall  be  held  beginning  the  first  Tuesday  in  Oc- 
tober and    continue   not   to   exceed   five   days. 

4.  The   following   committee   to   draft   constitution    and   by-laws    to 
present  to  next  meeting : 

Col.  Thomas  Ewing,  California;  E.  L.  Shafner,  Ohio;  L.  M.  Brad- 
ley, Illinois;  W.  B.  Heyburn,  Idaho;  Albert  Kleinschmidt,  Montana. 

5.  That  the  secretary  receive  $1,000  per  year  from  the  treasury  for 
salary  and  expenses. 

6.  The  Executive  Committee  to  be  Messrs.  Ewing,   Shafner,  Klein- 
sclimidt,  Bradley  and  Heyburn.  —.j 

7.  A  Committee  on  Transportation  of  three  members,  Messrs.  Ewing 
and  Shafner  to  select  the  third  member  from  Colorado. 

8.  No  State  to  cast  more  than  10  votes. 

9.  We  recommend  the  following  officers  for  the  next  year:     Presi- 
dent. L.  Bradford  Prince,  New  Mexico ;  first  vice-president,  E.  L.  Shafner, 
Ohio;  second  vice-president,  J.  T.  Grayson,  Oregon ;  third  vice-president, 
Clarence  E.  Allen,  Utah ;  secretary,   Irwin  Mahon,  Pennsylvania ;   treas- 
urer, E.  C.   Camp,  Tennessee ;  sergeant-at-arms,   Willard  White,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  This  report  includes  so  many  subjects  that 
I  imagine  it  will  have  to  be  taken  up  in  sections.  The  first  clause  of 


International  Mining  Congress.  221 

the  report,  as  the  chair  understood  it,  is  an  amendment  to  the  constitu- 
tion, and  is  not  in  order. 

MR,  DERIS',  OF  UTAH:  Mr.  President,  unless  there  is  some  ob- 
jection it  would  not  be  necessary  to  take  it  up  in  sections. 

In  order  to  properly  bring  it  before  the  house,  I  will  move  the  adop- 
tion of  the  report  of  the  committee. 

Motion  seconded. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE  :  There  are  two  portions  of  the  report  that 
are  entirely  unconstitutional.  It  is  impossible  to  act  on  the  first  clause ; 
it  is  an  amendment  to  the  constitution,  and  has  not  been  proposed  for 
one  day.  That  proposes  an  Executive  Committee  of  more  members  than 
are  provided  for  in  the  constitution,  and  more  than  can  be  elected. 

MR.  WHITE,  OF  MASSACHUSETTS :  Mr.  President,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  that  committee,  I  dare  say  that  no  member  of  the  committee  had 
any  idea  that  any  constitution  had  ever  been  adopted ;  therefore  we 
made  certain  recommendations  for  the  government  of  this  body  in  the 
future.  We  have  not  been  able  to  discover  from  the  president,  the  secre- 
tary, or  anybody,  that  there  is  any  constitution  or  by-laws  of  this  Con- 
gress. That  was  the  unanimous  result  of  our  opinion  in  the  meeting  of 
the  committee  tdday. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  The  chair  would  be  glad  to  permit  the 
consideration  of  any  of  these  matters,  but  they  are  absolutely  precluded 
by  the  constitution  as  it  stands,  as  to  the  clause  I  have  spoken  of.  The 
constitution  was  the  result  of  the  greater  part  of  the  labor  of  the  last 
session.  It  i's  under  the  title  "Organization."  It  is  not  printed  there  in 
full,  but  it  is  in  the  record  of  the  last  Congress.  The  method  of  amend- 
ment is  in  article  6.  It  requires  a  two-thirds  vote,  after  one  day's  notice. 

MR.  DRAKE,  OF  OREGON:  Mr.  President,  I  move,  sir,  that  the 
report  of  the  committee  be  taken  up  by  sections,  or  paragraphs,  and 
considered  and  acted  upon  in  that  form. 

MR.  DERN:  Under  the  ruling  of  the  chair,  I  will  withdraw  my 
motion. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  motion  is  that  it  be  considered  by 
paragraphs. 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 

The  report  was  then  read  by  Secretary  Mahon  by  sections,  as  follows : 

"1.  In  future  only,  such  as  have  fully  paid  all  dues  up  to  the 
annual  meeting  of  1902  (payable  in  advance)  shall  be  eligible  to  vote 
upon  any  question  relative  to  officers  and  organisation." 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  That  would  be  an  amendment  to  Article 
3  of  the  constitution,  and  cannot  be  considered  at  this  time. 

"2.  We  recommend  that  by  announcement  from  the  chair  all  per- 
sons now  present  wishing  to  become  members  by  paying  $5  enroll  their 
names  in  the  list  now  in  the  hands  of  the  secretary  and  receive  their 
evidence  of  having  become  permanent  members. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  The  same  rule  apples.  The  recommen- 
dation might  be  made  that  persons  become  members  under  the  second) 
clause  of  membership.  There  is  no  objection  that  I  know  of  to  a  re- 
commendation of  that  kind.  That  is  one  of  the  methods  of  becoming 
a  member.  I  think  that  is  entirely  competent.  What  is  your  pleasure 
with  regard  to  this  section? 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Grayson,  of  Oregon,  duly  seconded  and  carried, 
the  section  was  adopted. 

"3.     Your   Committee   on   Permanent   Organization   recommend    that 


222  Official  Proceedings 

future  meetings  of  the  Congress  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October, 
and  that  the  sessions  continue  not  to  exceed  five  days." 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Tibbies,  of  Utah,   duly  seconded  and  carried,   the 
section   was    adopted. 

"4.  That  the  following  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  draft  and 
present  for  adoption  at  the  next  session  of  the  Congress  a  constitution 
and  by-laws : 

Col.  Thomas  Ewing,  of  Arizona;  E.  L.  Shafner,  of  Ohio;  L.  M. 
Bradley,  of  Illinois;  W.  B.  Heyburn,  of  Idaho;  Albert  Kleinschmidt,  of 
Montana. 

On  motion,  .duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  section  was  adopted. 

"5.  That  the  permanent  secretary  shall  receive  from  the  treasurer 
of  the  Congress  the  sum  of  $1,000  per  annum  for  his  salary  and  personal 
expenses." 

On  motion,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  section  was  adopted. 

"6.  That  a  committee  consisting  of  Col.  Thomas  Ewing,  Arizona; 
E.  L.  Shafner,  Ohio;  Albert  Kleinschmidt,  Montana;  L.  M.  Bradley, 
Illinois,  and  W.  B.  Heyburn,  Idaho,  be  elected  to  act  in  connection  with 
the  president,  the  secretary  and  the  treasurer  as  tl-je  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Congress." 

MR.  STEFKENS,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  President,  I  move  that 
that  section  be  stricken  out. 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 

"7.  That  the  following  be  elected  a  Committee  on  Transportation : 
Thomas  Ewing  and  E.  L.  Shafner,  who  shall  have  power  to  select  a  third 
member,  who  shall  be  from  the  State  of  Colorado." 

On  motion,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  section  was  adopted. 

"8.     That  no  State  shall  cast  more  than  ten  votes." 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:     That  is  already  in  the  constitution. 

"9.  That  the  following  list  of  officers  be  elected  for  the  next  Con- 
gress :  President,  L.  Bradford  Prince,  New  Mexico ;  first  vice-president, 
E.  L.  Shafner,  Ohio;  second  vice-president,  J.  T.  Grayson,  Oregon;  third 
vice-president,  Clarence  E.  Allen,  Utah ;  secretary,  Irwin  Mahon,  Penn- 
sylvania ;  treasurer,  E.  C.  Camp,  Tennessee ;  sergeant-at-arms,  Willard 
White,  Massachusetts." 

Mr.  Stephens,  of  Montana,  moved  the  adoption  of  the  section  as 
read. 

Motion  seconded. 

MR.  KENDALL,  OF  OHIO:  Mr.  President,  I  move  that  this  sec- 
tion of  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization  relat- 
ing to  the  election  of  officers  be  amended  to  read :  "That  the  election  of 
officers  for  the  ensuing  year  be  made  by  the  Mining  Congress  in  con- 
vention assembled." 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  Con- 
gress then  proceeded  to  the  election  of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year. 

The  president  called  Mr.  White,  of  Massachusetts,  to  the  chair  to 
preside  over  the  meeting. 

Nominations  for  president  being  in  order,  the  following  named  gentle- 
men were  placed  in  nomination  for  that  office : 

L.  Bradford  Prince.  New  Mexico. 

E.  L.  Shafner,  Ohio. 

John  T.  Grayson,  Oregon. 

W.  B.   Goodsell.   Illinois. 


International  Mining  Congress.  223 

The  roll  of  States  was  then  called  by  the  secretary. 
At  the  conclusion  of  the  roll-call,  and  before  the  announcement  of 
the    result,    the    following    named    gentlemen    withdrew    their    names    as 
candidates  for  president. 

W.  B.  Goodsell,  John  T.  Grayson  and  L.  Bradford  Prince. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Prince,  seconded  by  Mr.  Grayson,  the  election  of 
Mr.  Shafner  was  made  unanimous. 

Mr.  Shafner  was  then  called  to  the  platform,  and  spoke  as  follows : 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Congress:  This  elec- 
tion comes  to  me  as  a  great  surprise.  I  would  very  much  rather  have 
had  my  friend,  Mr.  Prince,  remain  as  president  of  the  International  Min- 
ing Congress,  for  many  reasons.  First,  he  is  a  man  of  great  executive 
ability ;  again,  he  is  familiar  with  parliamentary  usages,  and  I  believe  in 
past  years  he  has  guided  this  Congress  to  its  present  success.  I,  however, 
feel  gratified  with  the  courtesy  and  honor  that  have  been  shown  me,  as 
representing  the  State  of  Ohio  at  this  Congress,  in  electing  me  its  presi- 
dent for  the  ensuing  year.  I  trust  that  in  the  deliberations  of  this  Con- 
gress I  shall  have  the  hearty  support  and  co-operation  of  every  member, 
to  the  end  that  the  very  best  work  may  be  done  to  further  the  interests 
of  this  Congress  as  an  international  organization. 

I  thank  you  most  heartily,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  for  your  kindness 
in  electing  me,  and  trust  that  you  will  be  with  me  at  all  times  in  work- 
ing for  the  success  of  this  Congress.  (Applause.) 

Nominations  for  vice-president  then  being  in  order,  the  following 
named  gentlemen  were  nominated  for  that  office: 

F.  R.  Reed,  Idaho. 

John  T.   Grayson,    Oregon. 

On  motion,  duly  made,  seconded  and  carried,  nominations  were 
closed. 

A  vote  was  then  taken  by  calling  the  roll  of  States  and  resulted  as 
follows : 

Votes   cast 103 

Reed 

Grayson    : 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Grayson,  duly  seconded,  the  election  of  Mr.  Reed 
as  vice-president  was  made  unanimous. 

Nominations  for  secretary  then  being  in  order,  Mr.  Irwin  Mahon  was 
placed  in  nomination  for  the  office  of  secretary  for  the  ensuing  year. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Flenner,  of  Idaho,  duly  seconded  and  carried, 
nominations  for  secretary  were  closed. 

The  chairman  thereupon  declared  Mr.  Irwin  Mahon  elected  secre- 
tary of  the  Congress  for  the  ensuing  year. 

In  response  to  calls  for  "Speech,"  Mr.  Mahon  spoke  as  follows: 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Congress:  I  am  un- 
able to  express  to  you  how  sincerely  I  appreciate  the  honor  you  have 
conferred  upon  me ;  and  if  within  my  power  to  accomplish  it  I  promise  to 
give  you  one  of  the  grandest  sessions  at  Butte,  Montana,  in  1902,  that 
we  have  ever  recorded  for  this  Congress. 

To  the  citizens  of  Boise  I  return  my  sincere  thanks  for  the  aid 
and  assistance  they  have  rendered  me  from  start  to  finish,  in  making  this 
Congress  the  great  success  that  it  is. 

I  wish  to  specially  thank  the  Governor  of  this  State,  who  has  stood 


224  Official  Proceedings 

very  close  to  me  from  the  hour  I  touched  the  soil  of  Idaho,  up  to  the 
present  time. 

I  now  have  but  one  favor  to  ask  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  so 
nicely  and  so  acceptably  to  myself  elected  me  for  the  fifth  time  as  their 
secretatry,  that  they  will  remove  from  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Permanent  Organization  the  salary  that  they  have  appropriated  for  me 
and  for  my  expenses  of  $1,000.  I  ask  that,  and  I  hope  before  we  ad- 
journ that  some  gentleman  will  kindly  move  that  it  be  stricken  out. 

I  thank  you  kindly.  (Cries  of  "No.")  Some  gentleman  says  No. 
I  cannot  and  will  not  accept  it. 

MR.  FLENNER,  OF  IDAHO-  Mr.  President,  I  move  that  that  be 
stricken  out,  and  that  it  be  made  $1,500. 

Motion  seconded. 

THE  PRESIDENT:  The  next  order  of  business  is  the  election  of 
a  treasurer. 

The  following  named  were  nominated  for  the  office  of  treasurer  of  the 
Congress  for  the  ensuing  year : 

Mrs.  E.  C.  Atwood.  Colorado. 

E.  C.  Camp,  Tennessee. 

A  vote  was  then  taken  by  roll-call  of  States,  resulting  as  follows: 

Votes   cast 85 

Mrs.   Camp    47 

Mrs.  Atwood 38 

E.  C.  Camp  was  declared  elected  treasurer  for  the  ensuing  year. 

Nominations  being  in  order  for  members  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
the  following  named  were  nominated: 

L.  Bradford  Prince,  New  Mexico. 

Mrs.  Ella  Knowles  Haskell,  Montana. 

John  T.   Grayson,  Oregon. 

On  motion,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  above  named  were  elected 
by  acclamation  the  members  of  the  Executive  Committee  for  the  en- 
suing year. 

The  president  then  resumed  the  chair. 

PRESIDENT   PRINCE:     This   concludes   the   election   of  officers. 

Each  State  and  Territory  is  entitled  to  name  a  State  vice-presi- 
dent and  a  State  secretary,  and  they  are  expected  to  take  care  of  the 
interests  of  the  Congress  in  their  respective  States  and  Territories, 
and  promote  them  as  far  as  possible.  They  are  to  be  named  by  the 
delegation  of  the  States  and  Territories  respectively,  and  theiir  names 
handed  in  to  the  secretary. 

In  response  to  the  calling  of  the  roll  of  States  by  the  secretary,  the 
following  were  named  as  the  State  vice-presidents  and  State  secretaries 
for  the  ensuing  year: 

MR.  WHITE,  OF  MASSACHUSETTS:  Mr.  President,  I  move  you, 
sir,  that  the  new  president  be  empowered  to  appoint  a  committee  of 
five  to  be  named  in  the  future  to  take  into  account  the  question  of 
legislation  respecting  mineral  interests,  and  confer  with  the  powers  at 
Washington  with  reference  to  the  appointment  of  a  cabinet  officer  for 
the  mineral  realm. 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 

MR.  FLENNER,  OF  IDAHO :  Mr.  President,  I  understand  that  Mr. 
Mahon  will  not  accept  the  secretaryship  with  the  provision  for  $1,000  as 
his  salary.  I  don't  know  whether  the  objection  is  to  any  salary  at  all, 
or  whether  it  is  not  enough.  I  am  sure  the  members  of  this  Congress 


International  Mining  Congress.  225 

will  take  pleasure  in  raising  that  salary  to  meet  the  wishes  of  Mr.  Mahon. 
Consequently  I  would  like  to  know  about  this  matter. 

MR.  SHAFNER:  Mr.  President,  I  should  judge  $2,000  would  be 
small  enough  compensation  to  Mr.  Mahon  for  his  services  during  the 
coming  year.  If  it  would  meet  with  the  approval  of  the  organization 
I  would  like  to  make  a  motion  to  that  effect. 

MR.  FLENNER :  Mr.  President,  we  will  have  to  first  reconsider  the 
action  by  which  that  was  adopted,  before  taking  such  action.  I  move 
that  we  reconsider  that  part  of  the  report  providing  for  a  salary  of 
$1,000. 

MR  SHAFNER  :  If  it  is  the  sense  of  the  body,  it  might  be  well 
to  leave  that  to  the  Executive  Committee — the  entire  matter,  if  you  so  de- 
sire. 

MR.  FLENNER:  There  is  no  objection.  Then,  Mr.  President,  I 
move  that  we  leave  this  matter  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  As  it  stands  now,  at  $1,000,  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  could  add  to  it,  if  desirable.  Do  you  make  the  motion? 

MR.  FLENNER:     Yes;  that  it  be  left  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

MR.  STEPHENS,  OF  MONTANA :  That  what  be  left  to  the  Exe- 
cutive Committee? 

MR.   FLENNER:     The  salary. 

MR.  STEPHENS:  The  salary  is  $1,000.  Now  what  is  going  to 
be  left  to  the  Executive  Committee? 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE :  All  these  business  matters  go  to  the  Exe- 
cutive Committee  without  motion  in  the  interim. 

MR.  FLENNER:  I  would  like  to  ask,  Mr.  President,  whether  we 
have  passed  a  resolution  allowing  the  secretary  $1,000. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:     Yes 

MR.  FLENNER:     Then  I  move  that  we  reconsider  that. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:     Very  well.     Is  that  motion  seconded? 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 

MR.  STEPHENS,  OF  MONTANA:  Mr.  President.  I  make  the 
point  that  it  requires  a  two-thirds  vote  to  carry  it. 

PRESIDENT  PRINCE:  A  majority  vote  is  sufficient.  It  is  re- 
considered, and  it  is  now  before  you.  The  question  is  upon  the  adoption 
of  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization,  which  fixes 
a  saTary  of  $1.000  for  the  secretary.  What  is  your  pleasure. 

MR.  FLENNER:  Mr.  President,  I  move  to  amend  that  report  by 
fixfnsr  the  salary  of  the  secretary  at  $2,000. 

MR.  BRADLEY.  OF  ILLINOIS:  Mr.  President,  I  move  to  amend 
that  by  leaving  it  with  the  Executive  Committee. 

Motion   seconded. 

MR.  FLENNER :     I  will  withdraw  my  motion,  Mr.  President. 

MR.  BRADLEY,  OF  ILLINOIS:  Mr.  President,  I  move  to  amend 
the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization  by  leaving  the 
matter  of  the  salary  of  the  secretary  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

Motion   seconded   and  carried. 

.    At  the  request  of  the  president  Mr.  White,  of  Massachusetts,  took 
the  chair. 

MR  SHAFNFR:  Mr.  Chairman  and  gentlemen  of  the  Congress: 
I  think  it  would  \>e  nice  to  extend  a  vote  of  thanks  to  ex-Gov.  Prince 
for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  has  presided  over  this  meeting,  and  1 
make  that  motion. 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 


226  Official  Pro&xdwgs 

MR,  BELL,  OF  IDAHO:  I  move  you,  Mr.  President,  that  a  vote 
of  thanks  be  extended  to  the  secretary,  Mr.  Mahon,  and  all  other  offi- 
cers of  this  International  Mining  Congress  for  their  faithful  services 
during  the  past  year. 

Motion  seconded  and  carried. 

President  Prince  then  resumed  the  chair. 

PRESIDENT1  PRINCE :  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  I  have  the  pleasure 
of  presenting  to  you  the  president-elect  of  this  organization,  and  who  is 
now  your  president,  Mr.  Shafner,  of  Ohio,  and  I  welcome  him  to  the 
chair.  ( Applause. ) 

Mr.  Shafner,  the  president  for  the  coming  year,  then  took  the  chair. 

PRESIDENT  SHAFNER:  Gentlemen  of  the  convention,  is  there 
any  further  business  to  come  before  this  convention?  If  there  is  no 
further  business,  a  motion  to  adjourn  will  be  in  order. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Carrera,  of  New  Mexico,  duly  seconded  and 
carried,  the  Congress  then  adjourned. 

LOUIS  0.  JAQUISH,  Stenographer, 

Baker  City,  Oregon. 


International  Mining  Congress.  227 


RULES  GOVERNING  THE  CONGRESS. 


The  International  Mining  Congress,  organized  for  the  purpose  of 
promoting  the  general  mining  interests  of  North  and  South  America,  has 
adopted  the  following  rules  and  regulations  for  its  government, 

NAME. 

First:  The  name  of  this  organization  shall  be  "The  International 
Mining  Congress, 

OBJECTS. 

Second:  Its  objects  shall  be  those  for  which  it  was  originally 
created,  and  has  been  sustained  during  its  existence,  namely,  the  foster- 
ing of  fraternal  relations  among  those  engaged  in  mining  and  kindred 
pursuits  in  various  countries  and  the  United » States ;  the  advancement  of 
the  interests  of  those  pursuits ;  and  especially,  until  those  objects  are  at- 
tained, the  improvement  of  the  mining  laws  of  the  United  States  to 
conform  with  the  teachings  of  experience  and  changed  conditions  of  the 
country,  and  the  establishment  of  a  National  Department  of  Mining. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

Third :  Any  person  interested  in  mining  and  kindred  pursuits,  who 
shall  pay  into  the  treasury  of  the  Congress,  the  sum  of  five  dollars  ($5) 
annually,  and  such  members  shall  be  accredited  to  their  respective  coun- 
tries, States  or  Territories. 

REPRESENTATION  BY  DELEGATES. 

Fourth :  Shall  consist  of  such  delegates  as  are  appointed  by  the 
Chief  Executive  of  countries,  States  and  Territories,  the  mayors  of  cities 
and  towns,  boards  of  trade,  boards  of  county  commissioners,  scientific 
associations,  mining  exchanges,  mining  bureaus,  chambers  of  commerce, 
and  such  other  business  organizations  as  may  from  time  to  time  be  fixed 
by  the  Congress  or  its  Executive  Committee. 

EX-OFFICIO  DELEGATES. 

Fifth:  Representatives  of  foreign  countries,  governors  of  States  and 
Territories,  members  of  the  United  States  Congress,  and  ex-presidents 
of  this  Congress,  are  ex-officio  delegates,  with  all  the  privileges,  ex- 
cept those  of  voting  and  election  of  officers. 

VISITING   DELEGATES. 

Sixth:  The  Executive  Committee  is  authorized  to  extend  invita- 
tions to  any  person  to  attend  any  session  of  the  Congress  ;  to  take  part 
in  its  discussion© ;  such  persons  shall  have  all  the  privileges  of  delegates, 
excepting  those  of  voting  and  election  to  office.  The  names  and  addresses 
of  all  such  persons  thus  invited  must  be  reported  to  the  Congress  at  its 
opening  session. 


228  Official  Proceedings 

VOTING   POWER. 

Seventh :  The  members  from  each  country,  State  or  Territory,  shall 
each  cast  one  vote  up  to  the  number  of  ten,  which  shall  be  the  limit  of 
the  vote  of  any  such  civil  dhlsion. 

MEETING. 

Eighth:  A  meeting  of  the  Congress  shall  be  held  once  in  each  year 
at  a  place  designated  by  the  preceding  Congress,  and  at  a  time  designated 
by  such  preceding  Congress,  and  in  case  of  necessity  by  the  Executive 
Committee. 

OFFICERS, 

Ninth:  The  officers  of  the  Congress  shall  be  a  president,  a  vice- 
president,  a  secretary  and  treasurer,  who  shall  be  elected  by  the  Congress, 
and  together  with  the  other  officers  shall  hold  their  position  until  their 
successors  are  elected,  and  installed  at  the  next  succeeding  Congress. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Tenth:  There  shall  be  an  Executive  Committee  of  seven  (7)  mem- 
bers, consisting  of  the  president,  vice-president,  secretary  and  treasurer, 
together  with  three  (3)  other  members  to  be  elected  in  like  manner  as 
the  officers  heretofore  named. 

STATE    VICE-PRESIDENTS    AND    SECRETARIES. 

Eleventh:  There  shall  be  a  vice-president  and  a  secretary  elected 
for  each  County,  State  or  Territory,  by  the  members  therefrom  present  at 
each  Congress,  whose  duties  shall  be  to  foster  the  interests  of  the  Con- 
gress in  their  respective  localities. 

DUTIES  OF  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Twelfth:  The  Executive  Committee  shall  have  general  charge  of  the 
work  and  interests  of  the  Congress ;  shall  supervise  the  work  of  all  spe- 
cial committees,  fix  the  time  of  meeting,  when  not  previously  determined 
by  the  Congress,  or  when  necessary  to  change  from  one  location  to  an- 
other, fix  the  time  of  meeting  and  make  all  arrangements  for  holding 
same;  arrange  the  program  of  subjects  to  be  discussed,  and  announce 
them  in,  or  as  nearly  so  as  possible,  the  official  call,  take  such  steps  as 
it  may  deem  necessary  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the  Congress,  including 
the  securing  of  national  legislation  in  accordance  therewith ;  shall  have 
control  of  the  funds  of  the  Congress,  and  such  funds  as  may  be  used  to 
defray  the  expenses  thus  incurred. 

COMMITTEE  ON  RESOLUTIONS. 

Thirteenth:  The  Committee  on  Resolutions  shall  report  at  such 
times  as  the  Congress  may  direct  upon  all  resolutions  referred  to  them 
and  return  the  same  to  the  secretary  of  the  Congress  with  their  action 
indorsed  thereon. 

THE  SECRETARY. 

The  secretary  of  the  Congress  shall  take  entire  charge  of  the  work 
as  outlined  by  the  Congress,  and  the  Executive  Committee  of  said  Con- 
gress. He  shall  in  due  time  open  international  headquarters  in  the  place 
designated  for  holding  said  assembly.  He  shall  have  charge  of  all  books 


International  Mining  Congress.  229 

pamphlets  and  documents  belonging  to  said  organization,  keep  a  register 
of  the  names  and  addresses  of  all  members  and  of  all  delegates  of  whose 
appointment  he  is  officially  advised,  showing  by  whom  such  appointment 
has  been  made,  and  such  register  as  shall  be  accepted  by  the  Congress, 
as  the  official  list  of  members  and  duly  accredited  delegates.  Collect  all 
moneys  due  the  Congress,  and  keep  an  account  of  same ;  take  care  of  all 
correspondence,  and  attend  to  all  duties  that  naturally  belong  to  the  office 
of  secretatry. 

He  shall  be  paid  a  reasonable  salary  for  his  services,  also  traveling 
and  other  necessary  expenses  while  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as 
secretary. 

COMMITTEE  ON   PERMANENT  ORGANIZATION  AND  ELECTION 

OF  OFFICERS. 

The  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization  sihall  nominate  a  presi- 
dent, vice-president,  secretary  and  treasurer  and  report  such  nomina- 
tions on  the  morning  of  the  last  day  of  the  session,  at  which  time  the 
election  shall  take  place. 

RULES. 

1.  The    session    of   the   Congress   shall   open   at   10   A.    M.,   and    2 
P.  M.,    and   7:30   P.   M.,   unless  otherwise  determined  by   the  Executive 
Committee,  or  by  vote. 

2.  Cushing's  Manual  shall  govern  the  deliberations  of  the  Congress. 

3.  All  resolutions  shall  be  submitted  in  writing,   in  duplicate,  with 
full  name  of  the  mover,  and  of  State  to  which  he  belongs,  and  sihall  be 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  without  debate,  but  the  mover 
shall  be  allowed  five  minutes  for  explanation,  if  desired.     The  duplicate 
copy  shall  be  retained  by  the  secretary. 

4.  Subjects  to  be  discussed  shall  be  confined  to  mines,  mining  and 
kindred  interests,  and  such  other  matters  as  may  be  named  in  the  pro- 
gram. 

No  subject  which  has  been  made  a  party  issue  in  politics  shall  be 
placed  on  the  program,  nor  shall  any  resolutions  referring  to  any  such 
subject  be  considered. 

5.  Discussions  of  resolutions,  as  reported  by  the  committee,  shall  be 
limited  to  40  minutes  each,  no  person  speaking  more  than  ten  minutes.. 

Papers  read  or  addresses  made  shall  be  limited  to  30  minutes,  un- 
less by  consent  of  the  Congress. 

ORDER  OF  BUSINESS. 

The  order  of  business  each  daily  session  shall  be  as  follows : 

1.  Miscellaneous. 

2.  Introduction    of   resolutions. 

3.  Reports   of   committees. 

4.  Discussion  and  vote  on  committee  reports. 

5.  Reading  of  papers,  or  addresses,  on  subjects  named  in  program. 

6.  Selection  of  place   for  holding   the   next   Congress,   special   for  4 
o'clock  last  day  of  the  session. 

AMENDMENTS. 

These  rules  and  regulations  may  be  added  to  or  amended  by  a  ma- 
jority vote,  on  one  day's  notice. 


230  Official  Proceedings 


COMMITTEES. 


LEGISLATIVE    COMMITTEE. 

Willard  White,  Boise,  Idaho;  E.  L.  Shafner,  Cleveland,  Ohio;  Irwin 
Mahon,  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania;  L.  Bradford  Prince,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexi- 
co; John  Dern,  Salt  Lake,  Utah. 

AUXILIARY   LEGISLATIVE    COMMITTEE. 

Senator  M.  A.  Hanna,  Cleveland,  Ohio;  Representative  S.  D.  Woods, 
Stockton,  California;  Senator  T.  M.  Patterson,  Denver,  Colorado;  Sena- 
tor Eugene  Hale,  Ellsworth,  Maine;  Senator  W.  A.  Clark,  Butte,  Mon- 
tana; Senator  Boise  Penrose,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

LEGISLATIVE  APPROPRIATION  COMMITTEE  OF  STATE  SCHOOL 

OF   MINES. 

Prof.  Erasmus  Hawonth,  Lawrence,  Kansas;  Prof.  J.  A.  Holmes, 
Chappel  Hill,  North  Carolina;  Prof.  R.  B.  Fulton,  New  Oxford,  Missis- 
sippi; Prof.  E.  A.  Babcock,  Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota;  Prof.  E.  A. 
Smith,  University,  Alabama. 

TRANSPORTATION    COMMITTEE. 

Thomas    Ewing,    Los   Angeles,    California;    E.    L.    Shafner,    Cleveland, 
Ohio;    C.   J.  Moore,    Cripple   Creek,    Colorado. 

COMMITTEE   ON   CONSTITUTION  AND   BY-LAWS. 

Thomas  Ewing,  Los  Angeles,  California;  E.  L.  Shafner,  Cleveland, 
Ohio;  W.  B.  Heyburn,  Spokane,  Washington;  Albert  Kleinschmidt, 
Helena,  Montana. 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 

Irwin  Mahon,  Carlisle;  Pennsylvania,  secretary;  E.  L.  Shafner,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio;  Ex-Gov.  L.  Bradford  Prince,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico;  Major 
Fred  R.  Reed  Boise,  Idaho;  Col.  John  T.  Grayson,  Baker  City,  Oregon; 
E.  C.  Camp,  Knoxville,  Tennessee;  Mrs.  Ella  Knowles  Haskell,  Butte, 
Montana. 

STATE   VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

Alaska     Hon.  A.  P.  Swineford Ketchikan 

Alabama    Dr.  P.  H.  Bell Auburn 

Arizona    Prof.  Wm.  C.  Blake   Tucson 

Arkansas Randale  Silverman   Hamberg 

California .Col.  Thomas  Ewing Los  Angeles 

Colorado    G.    E.   Alexander Cripplo   Creek 

Georgia     ,.Prof.  S.  W.  McCalla Atlanta 

Idaho    A.    G.    Kearns    Wallace 

Illinois    B.  W.  Goodsell 33  S.  Canal,  Chicago 

Indiana   JST.   Galbert Michigan  City 


International  Mining  Congress.  231 

Iowa    Thomas  Burke Des  Moines 

Kentucky  J.  B.  Stubbins Bowling1  Green 

Kansas    H.    F.    Brickman Dillon 

Maine    Elmer   D.    Smith Pittsfleld 

Michigan     A.  L.  Flewelling Crystal  Falls 

Minnesota    N.    C.   Westerfleld St.   Paul 

Missouri    George    P.    Paxton,    M.    E Joplin 

Montana    Prof.   N.  .R.  Leonard Butte 

Maryland    Henry  Shriver Mt.  Savage 

Nebraska     H.    M.    Rice .'...Lincoln 

New  Mexico    T.  Turley Santa  Fe 

North  Carolina  J.    Franklin    Wilkes Charlotte 

North  Dakota    Prof.  E.  J.  Babcock Grand  Forks 

New  York    John  T.  Gard,  20  N.  Div.  St Buffalo 

New  Jersey Hon.  F.  A.  Canfield Dover 

Nevada    Prof.   George  D.  Louderbeck Reno 

Oregon    Col.   John  P.   Grayson Baker  Cl'ty 

Ohio W.   L.    Kendall Cleveland 

Oklahoma    Hon.  W.   C.  Renfrow Oklahoma  City 

Pennsylvania E.    N.    Carpenter Wllkesbarre 

South  Dakota  D.  O.  Bear Lead  City 

South  Carolina   Dr.  Jos.  Mclntosh Newberry 

Tennessee    jS.   C.    Camp Knoxvllle 

Texas     Hon.  Roger  Q.  Mills Corsicana 

Utah    Hon.  John  Dern Salt  Lake  City 

Vermont    Gen.  "W.  "W.  Grout Johnsbury 

Virginia    Hon.   J.  Hoge  Tyler Richmond 

West  Virginia   Wm.  N.  Page Anstead 

Washington    Col.    Carl    Kleinschmldt ...Seattle 

Washington,   D.   C Washington  City 

Wisconsin    M.   H.   Richards Platteville 

Wyoming    Will    Reed    Rawlfns 

Province  of  Ontario  — Hon.  E.  J.  Davis Toronto 

STATE    SECRETARIES. 

Alaska    Revllla 

Alabama    W.  B.  Knox Annlston 

Arizona   P.    C.    Bicknell Williams 

Arkansas    

California   J.  Trwlng  Crowell Los  Angeles 

Colorado   Mrs.  E.  C.  Atwood Denver 

Georgia    W.  W.  Williams Macon 

Idaho    J.    D.    Flanner Boise 

Illinois    Mrs.   Pauline  Holland %.... Galena 

Indiana    L.   P.   Newsby Knightstown 

Iowa    J.  A.  Green Stone  City 

Kentucky    M.  H.  Crump Bowling  Green 

Kansas    Tames    Bastlgen Atchlson 

Maine    George  H.   Morse Plttsfleld 

Michigan     E.  N.  Breltlng Marquette 

Minnesota    J.  C.  Stout St.  Paul 

Missouri    O.  J.  Raymond Webb  City 

Montana    T.  H.  Trerlse Butte 

Maryland    Charles  Matt Baltimore 

Nebraska   T.   T.    Dorgan Lincoln 


232  Official  Proceedings 

New  Mexico  Prof.  J.  C.  Carrera Las  Cruces 

North  Carolina   A.   H.    Isbell Murphy 

North  Dakota  Prof.  E.  J.  Babcock Grand  Forks 

New   York    W.  J.  Johnson,  35  Liberty New  York 

New  Jersey    George  W.   Maynard Mansfield 

Nevada 

Oregon ....S.  F.  Biler .' Baker  City 

Ohio    H.  F.  Fulton Cleveland 

Oklahoma    H.  E.   Glasier Guthrie 

Pennsylvania    C.  F.  Heckler,  825  Heed  Bid Philadelphia 

South   Dakota    Jos.  Hinton Central  City 

South    Carolina    Earl   Sloan    Charleston 

Tennessee    T.  J.  Stephenson Knoxville 

Texas    

Utah   '. w.  C.  Higgins Salt  Lake  City 

Vermont   G.   M.  Mansur ...Newport 

Virginia     George  W.  Miles Radford 

West  Virginia  T.  E.  Huston Elkhorn 

Washington    D.    C.    Johnson Everett 

Washington,  D.  C Dr.  A.  W.  McKnight Washington  City 

Wisconsin    M.  D.  Kelley Milwaukee 

Wyoming1    J.  M.  Thomas,  Jr Battle  Lake 

Province  of  Ontario  . . '. . Hon.  Thomas  W.  Gibson Toronto 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Title  Page   1 

Official   Roster   of   Officers 3 

Sessions    of    Congress    Held 5 

Official  Roster  of  Officer®  Fifth  Session 7 

Proceedings  of  Fourth  Annual  Session 9 

Mining  Products    ' 21 

Basis  of  Representation    22 

Order  of  Business 22 

The  Geology  of  Utah,  by  Dr.  James  E.  Talmage 42 

The  Geology  and  Geological  Resources  of  Iowa,  by  Samuel  Calvin 52 

The  Geology  of  West  Virginia,  by  I.  C.  White 56 

Applications  of  Geology  to  Economic  Problems  in  New  Mexico,  by  C. 

L.    Herrick 61 

An  Outline  of  Idaho  Geology,  and  of  the  Prinicipal  Ore  Deposits  of 

Lemhi  and  Custer  Counties.  Idaho,  by  Robert  Bell 64 

The  Value  of  Science  and  Training  in  the  Mining  Industry,  by  E.  J. 

Babcock 80 

The  Formation  of  the  Cripple  Creek  Mining  District.  Teller  County, 

Colorado,  by  Charles1  J.  Moore 87 

Cripple  Creek   Statistical   Map 91 

Should  Mining  Men  Be  Politicians?  by  Mrs.  Pauline  L.  Holland 01 

Black  Hills  Ore  Deposits,  by  Prof.  C.  C.  O'Harra 07 

Official  Roster  of  Delegates  to  Fourth  Annual  Session 103 

Sketch  of  the  Iron  Ores  of  Minnesota,  by  N.  H.  Winchell 136 

Revision  of  Our  Mining  Laws,  by  W.  B.  Heyburn 145 

Square  Claims    . 149 

The  Geology  of  Minnesota,  by  Prof.  C.  W.  Hall 165 

Some  Ethical  Aspect  of  Mining,  by  Mrs.  Hutton 172 

The  Forma  t'on  of  the  Leadville  Mining  District.  Lake  County,  Colo- 
rado, by  Charles   J.    Moore 175 

Leadville    Statistical    Table !70 

Treasurer's    Report    179 

Stamp  Mill  Construction,  by  J.  J.  Demming 1 

Honest  Methods  in  Mine  Promoting,  by  W.  R.  Everett 102 

Geology  and  Mining  Interests  of  Kansas 196 

General  Geological  Features  of  Nevada,  and  their  Relationships  to  the 

Prevailing  Economic  Deposits,   by   George  D.  Louderbach    200 

Invitation  to  Hold  Next  Meeting  of  Congress  at  "Rutte.-  Montana,  by 

Mrs.    Haskell    20}? 

Rules   Governing   the    Congress 227 

Committees    •  •  •  •   2-W 


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